Criminal responsibility for crimes against children in USA

Children require special legal protection, including criminal law protection, in all countries since they are one of the most vulnerable categories of population. Crimes against children inflict harm not only to victims but also affect further development of society as a whole. The US experience in the field of criminal law protection of children has significant specifics and is of scientific interest. The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe characteristic features of American criminal law in this area and its applicability in Russia. To reach the goal formal-legal, comparative-legal and other methods are used. American laws create legal duty to report acts that constitute child abuse. Failure to report constitutes crime. Statutes of several US states contain special chapters devoted to crimes against children. Parents or other caregivers may not inflict harm the child directly but also, by inaction, allow third party to do so. Such inaction is deemed a crime. Using reasonable force to discipline children is legal in the USA if the punishment does not inflict harm greater than transient pain and other legal requirements are met. Parents or other caregivers must control children and never leave them unattended at home if they are younger than state`s law or recommendations of state`s authorities prescribe. «Hot car» laws prohibit to leave children unattended in a vehicle if they have not reached the age prescribed by law. Violation of such duties is a crime in some cases. The applicability of such experience in Russia is analyzed for each criminal law prohibition. It is concluded that many rules of the US criminal law are redundant. The features that are of certain interest for our country have been identified and studied

Modified coordinate method to solve multicriteria optimization problems on combinatorial configurations.

We propose an approach to solve a multicriteria optimization problem on combinatorial configuration of permutations by using graph theory, taking into account the properties and structure of the set of permutations. The subprogram of the method of searching for configuration points that uses the coordinate method in the proposed modified approach is described

An approach to solving discrete vector optimization problems over a combinatorial set of permutations.

Complex discrete multicriteria problems over a combinatorial set of permutations are analyzed. Some properties of an admissible domain for a combinatorial multicriteria problem embedded into an arithmetic Euclidian space are considered. Optimality conditions are obtained for different types of effective solutions. A new approach to solving the problems formulated is constructed and substantiated

А. М. Remizov and Folklore: on the Issue of Research Methodology

В статье рассматривается фольклорно-литературное взаимодействие в творчестве А. М. Ремизова.The article presents a critical review of research works on the topic "Folklore-literary interaction in the creative activity of A. M. Remizov" published in Russian

Search for double beta decay of Zinc and Tungsten with the help of low-background ZnWO4 crystal scintillators

Double beta processes in 64-Zn, 70-Zn, 180-W, and 186-W have been searched for with the help of large volume (0.1-0.7 kg) low background ZnWO4 crystal scintillators at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories of the INFN. Total time of measurements exceeds 10 thousands hours. New improved half-life limits on double electron capture and electron capture with positron emission in 64-Zn have been set, in particular (all the limits are at 90% C.L.): T1/2(0nu2EC)> 1.1e20 yr, T1/2(2nuECbeta+)>7.0e20 yr, and T1/2(0nuECbeta+)>4.3e20 yr. The different modes of double beta processes in 70-Zn, 180-W, and 186-W have been restricted at the level of 1e17-1e20 yr.Comment: 20 p., submitted to Phys. Rev.

METABOLIC SYNDROME MARKERS AT TEENAGERS WITH ESSENTIAL ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND GALL BLADDER DYSFUNCTION

Purpose: To estimate the appearance frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) markers at teenagers with essential arterial hypertension (EAH) and biliary dyskinesia to reveal its importance as risk factors of this nosologic syntropy.Materials and Methods: 50 teenagers at the age from 13 to 16 years were examined. Level of glucose, uric acid, cholesterol (ChS), ChS of high density lipoproteins (HDL), ChS of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and ChS of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), concentration of triacylglycerides (TAG), the level of Willibrandt factor, the cortisol level were estimated in the serum of blood of all examined teenagers (on the empty stomach)Results: Momomarkers of MS were found at 38 teenagers with EAH and biliary dyskinesia, that consisted 76% among all examined teenagers.Summary: Teenagers with biliary dyskinesia on the early steps of EAH formation had both and monomarkers of MS and their combination

THE ROLE OF ANTIOXYDANT ENZYMES IN PATHOGENESIS OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AT TEENAGERS

Purpose: to study antioxidant enzymatic state of rythrocytes at arterial hypertension (AH) at teenagers.Materials and methods: venous blood taken from cubital vein and stabilized by heparin was used for investigation. 20 teenagers from 13 to 16 years was examinated. Main antioxidant enzymes: superoxidedismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPO) and level of reductive form of glutathione (GSH) were investigated in the purpose to estimate the state of antioxidant system.Results: teenagers with AH has had dysbalance in the first line of antioxidant system (increasing SOD activity and inhibition of catalase) in combination with more intensive work of second line of antioxidant enzymes (significant activation of GPO).Summary: clinico-biochemical analisis has shown that nonspecific adaptational changes have formed at teenagers that can be included into laboratory algorithms of diagnostic of AH

Functional nitric oxide conjugate systems state/restored heart thiols of rats in modeling isadrine-pituitrin’s myocardial infarction using metabolite-tropic cardioprotector “Angiolin”

Background: According to modern researches, endothelial dysfunction (ED) is one of the primary pathogenetic elements of cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction [MI], ischemic heart diseases, cerebral ischemic stroke, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and dilated cardiomyopathy) as well as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and hyperhomocysteinemia. The aim of this work was to study the influence of potential metabolitotropic cardioprotector “Angiolin” on the parameters of conjugate systems nitric oxide (NO)/restored thiols in heart under isadrine-pituitrin MI.Methods: This study was performed on Wistar white rats weighing 190-210 g. Biochemical, immune-enzyme analysis and histoimmunechemical study were performed.Results: In histological sections of hearts of the rats receiving Angiolin in parenteral dosing 50 mg/kg 30 mins before each pituitrin injection the density of endothelial NO-synthase (NOS)-positive cells increased by 29% and the density of inducible NOS-positive cells decreased by 23.3%. In cytosolic fraction of myocardium homogenate NOS activity increased by 27%, the concentration of NO stable metabolites increased by 70% and the content of nitrosative stress marker nitrotyrosine decreased by 42% when compared with control group. At the same time in similar samples of heart homogenate the increase of restored thiol groups’ level by 53.3%, methionine - by 35.1%, cysteine - by 170% and activity of glutathione reductase - by 186% was noted. The administration of reference drug mildronate to the animals with MI in dose 100 mg/kg did not result in significant changes of the studied parameters of thiol-disulfide system and NO system of the heart when compared with control group.Conclusions: Angiolin does not influence directly on NOS in MI, but at the same time protects NO from nitrosative stress increasing restored equivalents of thiol-disulfide system