Live cell fluorescence microscopy to study microbial pathogenesis

Advances in microscopy and fluorescent probes provide new insight into the nanometer-scale biochemistry governing the interactions between eukaryotic cells and pathogens. When combined with mathematical modelling, these new technologies hold the promise of qualitative, quantitative and predictive descriptions of these pathways. Using the light microscope to study the spatial and temporal relationships between pathogens, host cells and their respective biochemical machinery requires an appreciation for how fluorescent probes and imaging devices function. This review summarizes how live cell fluorescence microscopy with common instruments can provide quantitative insight into the cellular and molecular functions of hosts and pathogens.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72689/1/j.1462-5822.2009.01283.x.pd

In Vivo Imaging Reveals Distinct Inflammatory Activity of CNS Microglia versus PNS Macrophages in a Mouse Model for ALS

Mutations in the enzyme superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause hereditary variants of the fatal motor neuronal disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Pathophysiology of the disease is non-cell-autonomous: neurotoxicity is derived not only from mutant motor neurons but also from mutant neighbouring non-neuronal cells. In vivo imaging by two-photon laser-scanning microscopy was used to compare the role of microglia/macrophage-related neuroinflammation in the CNS and PNS using ALS-linked transgenic SOD1G93A mice. These mice contained labeled projection neurons and labeled microglia/macrophages. In the affected lateral spinal cord (in contrast to non-affected dorsal columns), different phases of microglia-mediated inflammation were observed: highly reactive microglial cells in preclinical stages (in 60-day-old mice the reaction to axonal transection was ∼180% of control) and morphologically transformed microglia that have lost their function of tissue surveillance and injury-directed response in clinical stages (reaction to axonal transection was lower than 50% of control). Furthermore, unlike CNS microglia, macrophages of the PNS lack any substantial morphological reaction while preclinical degeneration of peripheral motor axons and neuromuscular junctions was observed. We present in vivo evidence for a different inflammatory activity of microglia and macrophages: an aberrant neuroinflammatory response of microglia in the CNS and an apparently mainly neurodegenerative process in the PNS

Olivier Mattéoni. Un prince face à Louis XI. Jean II de Bourbon, une politique en procès. Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 2012

Nadrigny Xavier. Olivier Mattéoni. Un prince face à Louis XI. Jean II de Bourbon, une politique en procès. Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 2012. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 2012, tome 170, livraison 1. Versailles. De la résidence au musée Espaces, usages, institutions XVIIe-XXe siècle Études et documents réunis par Fabien Oppermann, sous la direction de Fabien Oppermann. pp. 263-266

Plan des formes, plan des forces

Entre Negerplastik (1915) et Afrikanische Plastik (1921), le regard de Carl Einstein s’infléchit. Cet auteur, qui compte parmi les premiers penseurs de l’art africain et de sa portée pour les avant-gardes, passe d’une approche esthétique hors-sol, sans référence aux pratiques et croyances qui donnent corps aux objets, au souci de les rattacher à des aires géographiques et à des styles. Mais son œuvre dépasse le débat attendu entre approches esthétique et ethnologique. Son originalité est d’avoir su penser ces œuvres tout à la fois comme supports de croyance et comme solutions plastiques, en travaillant à partir des concepts et des thèses du formalisme. Cette voie, qui pense la charge spirituelle de l’objet et de son image, permet de comprendre la portée de l’art africain chez les peintres modernes : non sur le plan des formes, comme le voudrait la théorie de l’imitation primitiviste, mais sur le plan des forces, ou plutôt en pensant ce que les formes doivent aux forces.Between Negerplastik (1915) and Afrikanische Plastik (1921), there is a shift in Carl Einstein’s perspective. This author, who was one of the first thinkers on African art and its scope for the avant-gardes, avoids a disembedded aesthetic approach lacking reference to the practices and beliefs which give substance to objects, and is instead concerned to connect them to geographical areas and styles. But his work goes beyond the expected debate between aesthetic and ethnological approaches. His originality is to have been able to conceive of these works both as conduits of belief and as plastic solutions, working on the basis of the concepts and theses of formalism. This approach, which reflects upon the spiritual load of the object and its image, makes it possible to understand the scope of African art among modern painters, not in terms of forms, as the theory of primitive imitation would argue, but in terms of forces, or rather by thinking about what the forms owe to the forces

Sous la direction de Maïté Billoré et Myriam Soria. La rumeur au Moyen Âge. Du mépris à la manipulation (Ve-XVe siècle). Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2011

Nadrigny Xavier. Sous la direction de Maïté Billoré et Myriam Soria. La rumeur au Moyen Âge. Du mépris à la manipulation (Ve-XVe siècle). Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2011. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 2011, tome 169, livraison 2. pp. 660-662

Nicolas Offenstadt. Faire la paix auMoyen Âge. Discours et gestes de paix pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, 2007

Nadrigny Xavier. Nicolas Offenstadt. Faire la paix auMoyen Âge. Discours et gestes de paix pendant la guerre de Cent Ans, 2007. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 2008, tome 166, livraison 1. De l’Ancien Régime à l’Empire : mutations de l’État, avatars des archives, sous la direction de Bruno Delmas, Dominique Margairaz et Denise Ogilvie. pp. 258-260