84 research outputs found

    Le rĂŽle du lactate et du N-acĂ©tylcystĂ©ine intra-tympanique dans la prĂ©vention de l’ototoxicitĂ© secondaire au cisplatin

    Full text link
    Objectifs Aucun agent n’a Ă©tĂ© approuvĂ© pour prĂ©venir l’ototoxicitĂ© secondaire au cisplatin. Nos objectifs consistaient Ă  Ă©valuer la protection auditive offerte par le lactate et le N-acĂ©tylcystĂ©ine (NAC) intra-tympaniques aprĂšs injection de cisplatin, ainsi que l’absorption systĂ©mique du NAC intra-tympanique. MĂ©thodes Seize cochons d’inde formaient 2 groupes ayant reçu une solution de lactate et de NAC Ă  20% dans l’oreille testĂ©e. L’oreille contro-latĂ©rale a reçu une solution saline contrĂŽle. AprĂšs 30 minutes, une injection intrapĂ©ritonĂ©ale de 3 mg/kg de cisplatin a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e et rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©e une fois par semaine jusqu’à une dose finale de 24 mg/kg. Les potentiels Ă©voquĂ©s auditifs du tronc cĂ©rĂ©bral (PEATC) ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©s avant les injections, aprĂšs 9 mg/kg et 24 mg/kg de cisplatin. Les cochlĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©es au microscope Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage. La diffusion systĂ©mique du NAC a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par chromatographie en phase liquide. RĂ©sultats Pour les oreilles contrĂŽles, les seuils auditifs des PEATC ont augmentĂ© uniformĂ©ment sur toutes les frĂ©quences (28,4 dB en moyenne). Le groupe lactate montrait une augmentation moins importante (17,0 dB). Les basses frĂ©quences Ă©taient nettement moins affectĂ©es. Le groupe NAC a subi une augmentation des seuils de 89 dB. La microscopie Ă©lectronique a dĂ©montrĂ© une prĂ©servation partielle des cellules ciliĂ©es externes des cochlĂ©es traitĂ©es au lactate et une destruction complĂšte de celles traitĂ©es au NAC. La chromatographie n’a dĂ©montrĂ© aucune diffusion de NAC. Conclusions Le lactate offre une protection partielle significative contre l’ototoxicitĂ© induite par le cisplatin. Les injections de NAC n’offrent pas de protection lorsque administrĂ©es en concentrations Ă©levĂ©e. Le NAC intra-tympanique ne se diffuse pas systĂ©miquement.Objectives There is no approved agent to prevent cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Our objectives are to identify and compare the protective effect of intratympanic injections of lactate or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and to study systemic diffusion of intratympanic NAC. Methods Sixteen guinea pigs, forming two groups, received respectively intratympanic lactate and 20% NAC in one ear. The contra-lateral ears received a control saline solution. After 30 minutes, an intra-peritoneal cisplatin injection of 3 mg/kg was performed and repeated once a week to achieve a final dose of 24mg/kg. Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded before any injection, after 9mg/kg and after 24mg/kg of cisplatin for the frequencies 2, 4, 6 and 8kHz. Cochleas were analyzed under scanning electron microscope. Systemic diffusion of NAC was studied using high performance liquid chromatography. Results For the control ears, ABR thresholds increased uniformly by an average of 28.4dB. The lactate group showed a lower threshold increase by an average of 17.0dB. The NAC showed an important threshold increase of 89.0dB. Lactate showed a significant hearing protection at 2000Hz (p<0.01). Electron microscopy revealed partial preservation of cochlear outer hair cells stereocilia for the ears treated with lactate and severe disruption for NAC group. No systemic diffusion of NAC was observed with chromatography. Conclusion Lactate offers significant partial protection against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. NAC does not offer any protection when administered in high concentrations. Intratympanic NAC does not diffuse systemically

    A preliminary study of phosphodiesterases and adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway on red blood cell deformability of sickle cell patients

    Get PDF
    Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy characterized by chronic anemia, intravascular hemolysis, and the occurrence of vaso-occlusive crises due to the mechanical obstruction of the microcirculation by poorly deformable red blood cells (RBCs). RBC deformability is a key factor in the pathogenesis of SCD, and is affected by various factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling pathway modulation and different phosphodiesterase (PDE) modulatory molecules on the deformability and mechanical stress responses of RBC from SCD patients (HbSS genotype) by applying 5 Pa shear stress with an ektacytometer (LORRCA). We evaluated RBC deformability before and after the application of shear stress. AC stimulation with Forskolin had distinct effects on RBC deformability depending on the application of 5 Pa shear stress. RBC deformability was increased by Forskolin before shear stress application but decreased after 5 Pa shear stress. AC inhibition with SQ22536 and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition with H89 increased RBC deformability before and after the shear stress application. Non-selective PDE inhibition with Pentoxifylline increased RBC deformability. However, modulation of the different PDE types had distinct effects on RBC deformability, with PDE1 inhibition by Vinpocetine increasing deformability while PDE4 inhibition by Rolipram decreased RBC deformability after the shear stress application. The effects of the drugs varied greatly between patients suggesting some could benefit from one drug while others not. Developing drugs targeting the AC signaling pathway could have clinical applications for SCD, but more researches with larger patient cohorts are needed to identify the differences in the responses of sickle RBCs

    Oxygen gradient ektacytometry-derived biomarkers are associated with acute complications in sickle cell disease

    Get PDF
    We investigated the potential of the point of sickling (PoS; the pO2 tension at which red cells start to sickle), determined by oxygen gradient ektacytometry to serve as a biomarker associated with the incidence of acute sickle cell disease-related complications in 177 children and 50 adults. In the pediatric cohort, for every 10 mmHg increase in PoS reflecting a greater likelihood of sickling, the likelihood of an individual experiencing >1 type of acute complication increased; the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.65. For every 0.1 increase in minimum elongation index (EImin; reflecting improved red blood cell deformability at hypoxia), the aOR was 0.50. In the adult cohort, for every 10 mmHg increase in PoS, we found an aOR of 3.00, although this was not significant after correcting for multiple testing. There was a trend for an association between higher PoS and greater likelihood of vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs; children aOR, 1.35; adults aOR, 2.22). In children, only EImin was associated with VOEs (aOR, 0.68). When data of both cohorts were pooled, significant associations with PoS and/or EImin were found for all acute complications, independently and when >1 type of acute complication was assessed. These findings indicate that oxygen gradient ektacytometry generates novel biomarkers and provides a rationale for further development of these biomarkers in the assessment of clinical severity, evaluation of novel therapies, and as surrogate clinical trial end points. These biomarkers may be useful in assessing efficacy of novel therapies like pyruvate kinase activators, voxelotor, and L-glutamine

    Silencing Nociceptor Neurons Reduces Allergic Airway Inflammation

    Get PDF
    Lung nociceptors initiate cough and bronchoconstriction. To elucidate if these fibers also contribute to allergic airway inflammation, we stimulated lung nociceptors with capsaicin and observed increased neuropeptide release and immune cell infiltration. In contrast, ablating Nav1.8(+) sensory neurons or silencing them with QX-314, a charged sodium channel inhibitor that enters via large-pore ion channels to specifically block nociceptors, substantially reduced ovalbumin- or house-dust-mite-induced airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We also discovered that IL-5, a cytokine produced by activated immune cells, acts directly on nociceptors to induce the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP then stimulates CD4(+) and resident innate lymphoid type 2 cells, creating an inflammatory signaling loop that promotes allergic inflammation. Our results indicate that nociceptors amplify pathological adaptive immune responses and that silencing these neurons with QX-314 interrupts this neuro-immune interplay, revealing a potential new therapeutic strategy for asthma

    Effects of Genotypes and Treatment on Oxygenscan Parameters in Sickle Cell Disease

    Get PDF
    (1) Background: The aim of the present study was to compare oxygen gradient ektacytometry parameters between sickle cell patients of different genotypes (SS, SC, and S/ÎČ+) or under different treatments (hydroxyurea or chronic red blood cell exchange). (2) Methods: Oxygen gradient ektacytometry was performed in 167 adults and children at steady state. In addition, five SS patients had oxygenscan measurements at steady state and during an acute complication requiring hospitalization. (3) Results: Red blood cell (RBC) deformability upon deoxygenation (EImin) and in normoxia (EImax) was increased, and the susceptibility of RBC to sickle upon deoxygenation was decreased in SC patients when compared to untreated SS patients older than 5 years old. SS patients under chronic red blood cell exchange had higher EImin and EImax and lower susceptibility of RBC to sickle upon deoxygenation compared to untreated SS patients, SS patients younger than 5 years old, and hydroxyurea-treated SS and SC patients. The susceptibility of RBC to sickle upon deoxygenation was increased in the five SS patients during acute complication compared to steady state, although the difference between steady state and acute complication was variable from one patient to another. (4) Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that oxygen gradient ektacytometry parameters are affected by sickle cell disease (SCD) genotype and treatment

    Abstracts from the 3rd International Genomic Medicine Conference (3rd IGMC 2015)

    Get PDF

    Modulators of red blood cell rheology and eryptosis in sickle cell anemia : the cornerstone between red blood cell microparticles and vascular dysfunction ?

    No full text
    La drĂ©panocytose est la premiĂšre maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique en France et dans le monde. Cette hĂ©moglobinopathie mĂšne Ă  la production d’une hĂ©moglobine mutĂ©e, appelĂ©e hĂ©moglobine S (HbS), qui a la particularitĂ© de polymĂ©riser en condition dĂ©soxygĂ©nĂ©e, ce qui mĂšne Ă  la falciformation des globules rouges (GRs). Les GRs des patients drĂ©panocytaires (SS) sont plus fragiles et moins dĂ©formables que des globules rouges d’individus non malades. Les patients souffrent ainsi d’une anĂ©mie hĂ©molytique chronique, de crises vaso-occlusives douloureuses rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es et de nombreuses autres complications aiguĂ«s et chroniques. Cependant, ce mĂ©canisme physiopathologique ne permet pas d’expliquer le caractĂšre extrĂȘmement polymorphe de l’expression clinique de la maladie. D’une maladie considĂ©rĂ©e Ă  l’origine comme uniquement Ă©rythrocytaire, la drĂ©panocytose est ainsi aujourd’hui Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©e sous le prisme d’une pathologie vasculaire, oĂč anomalies du globule rouge et dysfonction vasculaire seraient Ă©troitement liĂ©es. Le stress oxydant et les facteurs pro-inflammatoires majorĂ©s ainsi que la biodisponibilitĂ© du monoxyde d’azote abaissĂ©e participeraient fortement Ă  la physiopathologie de la maladie et notamment Ă  la survenue d’une dysfonction vasculaire chronique. Nous avons montrĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse que le plasma des patients SS ainsi que des molĂ©cules plasmatiques inflammatoires augmentĂ©es dans la maladie exerçaient un effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre sur la rhĂ©ologie de leurs GRs, rhĂ©ologie qui participe Ă  la survenue des complications cliniques. Nous avons Ă©galement identifiĂ© que le stress oxydant majorĂ© et la biodisponibilitĂ© du NO abaissĂ©e chez les malades altĂ©raient la rhĂ©ologie des GRs. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient donc expliquer le bĂ©nĂ©fice clinique de l’utilisation de la plasmaphĂ©rĂšse dans des rares cas de complications sĂ©vĂšres rĂ©sistantes Ă  l’érythraphĂ©rĂšse. Nous avons Ă©galement mis en Ă©vidence que le stress oxydant et le NO modulaient le phĂ©nomĂšne d’éryptose ou mort du globule rouge chez les patients. Ce mĂ©canisme s’accompagnerait de l’émission de microparticules de GRs (GR-MPs), qui se trouvent en concentration majorĂ©e chez les patients et de façon plus importante lors des crises. Nos Ă©tudes ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence un lien entre ces GRs-MPs et la dysfonction macrovasculaire des patients. Nous avons Ă©galement montrĂ© que des GR-MPs directement isolĂ©es chez les patients exerçaient un rĂŽle dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre in vitro sur des cellules endothĂ©liales de la macrocirculation. Celles-ci favorisaient l’expression de molĂ©cules d’adhĂ©rence et la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires impliquĂ©es dans la dysfonction vasculaire et dans les complications de la maladie. Nos rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que ces propriĂ©tĂ©s toxiques des GR-MPs pourraient ĂȘtre due Ă  l’activation du rĂ©cepteur TLR4 sur l’endothĂ©lium. Des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es sur le stress oxydant, le NO ou encore TLR4 pourraient permette ainsi de limiter ces phĂ©nomĂšnes et donc la survenue de complications. Le traitement de rĂ©fĂ©rence est actuellement l’hydroxyurĂ©e. Le mĂ©canisme d’action principal de cette molĂ©cule repose sur l’augmentation de la production d’hĂ©moglobine fƓtale et donc la diminution de la concentration en HbS. Cette thĂšse a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence que l’hydroxyurĂ©e augmentait Ă©galement la biodisponibilitĂ© du NO chez les patients, en lien probable avec un effet donneur de NO. Cet effet permettrait d’amĂ©liorer la dĂ©formabilitĂ© des GRs au travers d’une s-nitrosylation de la ÎČ-spectrine mais Ă©galement d’abaisser le stress oxydant Ă©rythrocytaire. Ce traitement pourrait donc potentiellement rĂ©duire les phĂ©nomĂšnes d’éryptose et d’émission de GR-MPs par ses propriĂ©tĂ©s sur le mĂ©tabolisme du NO. Enfin, l’hydroxyurĂ©e menait Ă©galement Ă  inhiber la voie de production du NO intra-Ă©rythrocytaire. Les mĂ©canismes Ă  l’origine de cette inhibition ainsi que ses consĂ©quences sur la production endogĂšne de NO par les GRs restent cependant Ă  ĂȘtre explorĂ©s.Sickle cell disease is the first genetic disorder in France and worldwide. This hemoglobinopathy leads to the production of a mutated hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) which has the property to polymerize in deoxygenated condition, leading to red blood cell (RBC) sickling. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) patient RBCs are more fragile and less deformable than RBC from healthy individuals. Patients suffer from hemolytic anemia, repeated painful vaso-occlusive crisis and other acute and chronical complications. However, this physiopathological mechanism cannot explain the clinical expression variability of the disease. Therefore, SCA is now considered as both as an erythrocyte disease and a vascular disease where RBC alterations and vessels dysfunction are closely linked. Oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factors and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability could contribute to the physiopathology of the disease and to a chronic vascular dysfunction. We showed that plasma from SCA patients and inflammatory plasma factors that are majored in patient blood had deleterious effects on SCA RBC rheology, rheology that is known to participate to clinical complications. We also identified that majored oxidative stress and decreased NO altered RBC deformability. Those results could explain the clinical benefits of plasmapheresis which is used in severe complications that are resistant to blood transfusion. We also observed that oxidative stress and NO modulated eryptosis i.e.: the red blood cell death. This mechanism could be accompanied by red blood cell microparticles (RBC-MPs) release. The concentration of RBC-MPs is majored in patient blood at steady state and even more during crisis. Our study revealed a link between SCA patients RBC-MPs concentration and macrovascular dysfunction. We also showed that RBC-MPs directly isolated from patient blood had deleterious effect in vitro on macrovascular endothelial cells. Indeed, they promoted the expression of adhesion molecules and the production of inflammatory cytokines that are involved in vascular dysfunction and clinical complications. Our results also showed that those toxic properties could be attributed to their ability to activate TLR4 on endothelial cells. Therefore, therapies targeting oxidative stress, NO or TLR4 could limit those mechanisms and the onset of complications. Currently, hydroxyurea is the reference medication in SCA. Hydroxyurea increased the production of fetal hemoglobin and so decreased the concentration of HbS. This thesis also showed that this drug could increase NO bioavailability in patients, potentially in link with its NO donor property. This effect could improve SCA RBC deformability by promoting the S-Nitrosylation of the ÎČ-spectrine protein and could also decrease RBC oxidative stress. Therefore, this treatment could potentially decrease eryptosis and RBC-MPs released by its effects on NO metabolism. Finally, we showed that hydroxyurea therapy inhibited RBC NO production pathway. The mechanisms at the origin of this inhibition and the consequences on the endogenous NO production still need to be explore

    Modulateurs de la rhĂ©ologie Ă©rythrocytaire et de l’éryptose dans la drĂ©panocytose : pierre angulaire entre microparticules Ă©rythrocytaires et dysfonction vasculaire ?

    No full text
    Sickle cell disease is the first genetic disorder in France and worldwide. This hemoglobinopathy leads to the production of a mutated hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) which has the property to polymerize in deoxygenated condition, leading to red blood cell (RBC) sickling. Sickle cell anemia (SCA) patient RBCs are more fragile and less deformable than RBC from healthy individuals. Patients suffer from hemolytic anemia, repeated painful vaso-occlusive crisis and other acute and chronical complications. However, this physiopathological mechanism cannot explain the clinical expression variability of the disease. Therefore, SCA is now considered as both as an erythrocyte disease and a vascular disease where RBC alterations and vessels dysfunction are closely linked. Oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factors and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability could contribute to the physiopathology of the disease and to a chronic vascular dysfunction. We showed that plasma from SCA patients and inflammatory plasma factors that are majored in patient blood had deleterious effects on SCA RBC rheology, rheology that is known to participate to clinical complications. We also identified that majored oxidative stress and decreased NO altered RBC deformability. Those results could explain the clinical benefits of plasmapheresis which is used in severe complications that are resistant to blood transfusion. We also observed that oxidative stress and NO modulated eryptosis i.e.: the red blood cell death. This mechanism could be accompanied by red blood cell microparticles (RBC-MPs) release. The concentration of RBC-MPs is majored in patient blood at steady state and even more during crisis. Our study revealed a link between SCA patients RBC-MPs concentration and macrovascular dysfunction. We also showed that RBC-MPs directly isolated from patient blood had deleterious effect in vitro on macrovascular endothelial cells. Indeed, they promoted the expression of adhesion molecules and the production of inflammatory cytokines that are involved in vascular dysfunction and clinical complications. Our results also showed that those toxic properties could be attributed to their ability to activate TLR4 on endothelial cells. Therefore, therapies targeting oxidative stress, NO or TLR4 could limit those mechanisms and the onset of complications. Currently, hydroxyurea is the reference medication in SCA. Hydroxyurea increased the production of fetal hemoglobin and so decreased the concentration of HbS. This thesis also showed that this drug could increase NO bioavailability in patients, potentially in link with its NO donor property. This effect could improve SCA RBC deformability by promoting the S-Nitrosylation of the ÎČ-spectrine protein and could also decrease RBC oxidative stress. Therefore, this treatment could potentially decrease eryptosis and RBC-MPs released by its effects on NO metabolism. Finally, we showed that hydroxyurea therapy inhibited RBC NO production pathway. The mechanisms at the origin of this inhibition and the consequences on the endogenous NO production still need to be exploredLa drĂ©panocytose est la premiĂšre maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique en France et dans le monde. Cette hĂ©moglobinopathie mĂšne Ă  la production d’une hĂ©moglobine mutĂ©e, appelĂ©e hĂ©moglobine S (HbS), qui a la particularitĂ© de polymĂ©riser en condition dĂ©soxygĂ©nĂ©e, ce qui mĂšne Ă  la falciformation des globules rouges (GRs). Les GRs des patients drĂ©panocytaires (SS) sont plus fragiles et moins dĂ©formables que des globules rouges d’individus non malades. Les patients souffrent ainsi d’une anĂ©mie hĂ©molytique chronique, de crises vaso-occlusives douloureuses rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es et de nombreuses autres complications aiguĂ«s et chroniques. Cependant, ce mĂ©canisme physiopathologique ne permet pas d’expliquer le caractĂšre extrĂȘmement polymorphe de l’expression clinique de la maladie. D’une maladie considĂ©rĂ©e Ă  l’origine comme uniquement Ă©rythrocytaire, la drĂ©panocytose est ainsi aujourd’hui Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ©e sous le prisme d’une pathologie vasculaire, oĂč anomalies du globule rouge et dysfonction vasculaire seraient Ă©troitement liĂ©es. Le stress oxydant et les facteurs pro-inflammatoires majorĂ©s ainsi que la biodisponibilitĂ© du monoxyde d’azote abaissĂ©e participeraient fortement Ă  la physiopathologie de la maladie et notamment Ă  la survenue d’une dysfonction vasculaire chronique. Nous avons montrĂ© au cours de cette thĂšse que le plasma des patients SS ainsi que des molĂ©cules plasmatiques inflammatoires augmentĂ©es dans la maladie exerçaient un effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre sur la rhĂ©ologie de leurs GRs, rhĂ©ologie qui participe Ă  la survenue des complications cliniques. Nous avons Ă©galement identifiĂ© que le stress oxydant majorĂ© et la biodisponibilitĂ© du NO abaissĂ©e chez les malades altĂ©raient la rhĂ©ologie des GRs. Ces rĂ©sultats pourraient donc expliquer le bĂ©nĂ©fice clinique de l’utilisation de la plasmaphĂ©rĂšse dans des rares cas de complications sĂ©vĂšres rĂ©sistantes Ă  l’érythraphĂ©rĂšse. Nous avons Ă©galement mis en Ă©vidence que le stress oxydant et le NO modulaient le phĂ©nomĂšne d’éryptose ou mort du globule rouge chez les patients. Ce mĂ©canisme s’accompagnerait de l’émission de microparticules de GRs (GR-MPs), qui se trouvent en concentration majorĂ©e chez les patients et de façon plus importante lors des crises. Nos Ă©tudes ont permis de mettre en Ă©vidence un lien entre ces GRs-MPs et la dysfonction macrovasculaire des patients. Nous avons Ă©galement montrĂ© que des GR-MPs directement isolĂ©es chez les patients exerçaient un rĂŽle dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre in vitro sur des cellules endothĂ©liales de la macrocirculation. Celles-ci favorisaient l’expression de molĂ©cules d’adhĂ©rence et la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires impliquĂ©es dans la dysfonction vasculaire et dans les complications de la maladie. Nos rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que ces propriĂ©tĂ©s toxiques des GR-MPs pourraient ĂȘtre due Ă  l’activation du rĂ©cepteur TLR4 sur l’endothĂ©lium. Des thĂ©rapies ciblĂ©es sur le stress oxydant, le NO ou encore TLR4 pourraient permette ainsi de limiter ces phĂ©nomĂšnes et donc la survenue de complications. Le traitement de rĂ©fĂ©rence est actuellement l’hydroxyurĂ©e. Le mĂ©canisme d’action principal de cette molĂ©cule repose sur l’augmentation de la production d’hĂ©moglobine fƓtale et donc la diminution de la concentration en HbS. Cette thĂšse a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence que l’hydroxyurĂ©e augmentait Ă©galement la biodisponibilitĂ© du NO chez les patients, en lien probable avec un effet donneur de NO. Cet effet permettrait d’amĂ©liorer la dĂ©formabilitĂ© des GRs au travers d’une s-nitrosylation de la ÎČ-spectrine mais Ă©galement d’abaisser le stress oxydant Ă©rythrocytaire. Ce traitement pourrait donc potentiellement rĂ©duire les phĂ©nomĂšnes d’éryptose et d’émission de GR-MPs par ses propriĂ©tĂ©s sur le mĂ©tabolisme du NO. Enfin, l’hydroxyurĂ©e menait Ă©galement Ă  inhiber la voie de production du NO intra-Ă©rythrocytaire. Les mĂ©canismes Ă  l’origine de cette inhibition ainsi que ses consĂ©quences sur la production endogĂšne de NO par les GRs restent cependant Ă  ĂȘtre explorĂ©s

    Lebanon 1975-1990 : the strength in the fragility of an internal composition or brittle in maintaining a consensual peace

    No full text
    Une montage-refuge pendant des siĂšcles pour les minoritĂ©s de la rĂ©gion, le Liban, pays dĂ©mocratique fondĂ© sur le respect de la libertĂ© d’opinion, de croyance, et d’expression faisait exception. Cependant, c’est aussi un pays qui, depuis qu’il a accĂ©dĂ© Ă  l’indĂ©pendance en 1943, vit une instabilitĂ© qui se traduit par des crises politiques pouvant parfois le faire basculer dans la guerre civile. Son instabilitĂ© semble ĂȘtre liĂ©e Ă  un systĂšme confessionnel et Ă  une gĂ©opolitique compliquĂ©e oĂč facteurs locaux, rĂ©gionaux et internationaux s’entremĂȘlent de façon toujours plus complexe. Ce travail se propose de revenir sur les Ă©vĂ©nements de 1975-1990 en vue d’étudier les donnĂ©es internes pour Ă©tudier ultĂ©rieurement les donnĂ©es externes de la guerre. Nous essayerons d’élucider les causes qui font exploser la violence dans le pays selon un cycle Ă  peu prĂšs rythmĂ©. L’étude procĂšdera ensuite Ă  une analyse du systĂšme consociatif libanais pour mettre la lumiĂšre sur les lacunes qui y existent.A mountain refuge for hundreds of years for the minorities in the region, Lebanon, the democratic country that was founded on respect for freedom of opinion, belief, and expression was an exception. However, it is also a country which, since it gained independence in 1943, lives instability resulting in political crises that have sometimes resulted in civil wars. Its instability seems to be linked to a denominational system and a complicated geopolitical one where local, regional and international factors intertwine ever more intricately. This work intends to revisit the events of 1975-1990 to study the internal data of war to further study the external givens of war. We will try to elucidate the causes of violence that blew in the country in an almost rhythmic cycle. The study then conducts an analysis of the Lebanese consociational system to shed light on the gaps present there
    • 

    corecore