22 research outputs found
Ăvaluation des compĂ©tences en laparoscopie : comparaison de la fiabilitĂ© des outils dâĂ©valuation globale et des outils dâĂ©valuation de la confiance
Background: Competence by design (CBD) residency programs increasingly depend on tools that provide reliable assessments, require minimal rater training, and measure progression through the CBD milestones. To assess intraoperative skills, global rating scales and entrustability ratings are commonly used but may require extensive training. The Competency Continuum (CC) is a CBD framework that may be used as an assessment tool to assess laparoscopic skills. The study aimed to compare the CC to two other assessment tools: the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and the Zwisch scale.
Methods: Four expert surgeons rated thirty laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos. Two raters used the GOALS scale while the remaining two raters used both the Zwisch scale and CC. Each rater received scale-specific training. Descriptive statistics, inter-rater reliabilities (IRR), and Pearsonâs correlations were calculated for each scale.
Results: Significant positive correlations between GOALS and Zwisch (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), CC and GOALS (r = 0.79, p < 0.001), and CC and Zwisch (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) were found. The CC had an inter-rater reliability of 0.74 whereas the GOALS and Zwisch scales had inter-rater reliabilities of 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Compared to GOALS and Zwisch scales, the CC had the highest inter-rater reliability and required minimal rater training to achieve reliable scores.
Conclusion: The CC may be a reliable tool to assess intraoperative laparoscopic skills and provide trainees with formative feedback relevant to the CBD milestones. Further research should collect further validity evidence for the use of the CC as an independent assessment tool.Contexte : Les programmes de rĂ©sidence structurĂ©s autour de la compĂ©tence par conception (CPC) dĂ©pendent de plus en plus dâoutils qui fournissent des Ă©valuations fiables, nĂ©cessitent une formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs et mesurent la progression dans les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences peropĂ©ratoires, les Ă©chelles dâĂ©valuation globale et de confiance sont couramment utilisĂ©es mais peuvent nĂ©cessiter une formation approfondie. Le Continuum des compĂ©tences (CC) est un cadre de la CPC qui peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme outil dâĂ©valuation des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques. LâĂ©tude visait Ă comparer le CC Ă deux autres outils dâĂ©valuation : lâĂ©valuation globale opĂ©ratoire des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques (GOALS) et lâĂ©chelle de Zwisch.
MĂ©thodes : Quatre chirurgiens experts ont Ă©valuĂ© trente vidĂ©os de cholĂ©cystectomie laparoscopique. Deux Ă©valuateurs ont utilisĂ© lâĂ©chelle GOALS tandis que les deux autres ont utilisĂ© lâĂ©chelle Zwisch et le CC. Chacun dâeux avait reçu une formation spĂ©cifique Ă lâĂ©chelle utilisĂ©e. Des statistiques descriptives, la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs (FIĂ) et des corrĂ©lations de Pearson ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es pour chaque Ă©chelle.
RĂ©sultats : Des corrĂ©lations positives significatives ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©es entre les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch (r=0.75, p<0.001), CC et GOALS (r=0.79, p<0.001), et CC et Zwisch (r=0.90, p<0.001). Le CC avait une fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,74 tandis que les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch avaient des fiabilitĂ©s inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,44 et 0,43, respectivement. Par rapport aux Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch, le CC avait la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs la plus Ă©levĂ©e et ne nĂ©cessitait quâune formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs pour obtenir des scores fiables.
Conclusion : Le CC constituerait un outil fiable pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences laparoscopiques peropĂ©ratoires et pour fournir aux stagiaires une rĂ©troaction formatrice pertinente pour les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Des recherches supplĂ©mentaires devraient ĂȘtre entreprises pour recueillir plus de preuves de validitĂ© pour lâutilisation du CC comme outil dâĂ©valuation indĂ©pendant
Une occasion dâintroduire une rĂ©forme : l'impact environnemental des dĂ©placements faits pour se rendre Ă une entrevue de stage en chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale
Background: In light of the global climate emergency, it is worth reconsidering the current practice of medical students traveling to interview for residency positions. We sought to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with travel for general surgery residency interviews in Canada, and the potential avoided emissions if interviews were restructured.
Methods: An 8-item survey was constructed to collect data on cities visited, travel modalities, and costs incurred. Applicants to the University of Ottawa General Surgery Program during the 2019/20 Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) cycle were invited to complete the survey. Potential reductions in CO2 emissions were modeled using a regionalized interview process with either one or two cities.
Results: Of a total of 56 applicants, 39 (70%) completed the survey. Applicants on average visited 10 cities with a mean total cost of $4,866 (95% CI=3,995-5,737) per applicant. Mean CO2 emissions were 1.82 (95% CI=1.50-2.14) tonnes per applicant, and the total CO2 emissions by applicants was estimated to be 101.9 (95% CI=84.0 â 119.8) tonnes. In models wherein interviews are regionalized to one or two cities, emissions would be 57.9 tonnes (43.2% reduction) and 84.2 tonnes (17.4% reduction), respectively. Overall, 74.4% of respondents were concerned about the environmental impact of travel and 46% would prefer to interview by videoconference.
Conclusion: Travel for general surgery residency interviews in Canada is associated with a considerable environmental impact. These findings are likely generalizable to other residency programs. Given the global climate crisis, the CaRMS application process must consider alternative structures.Contexte: Compte tenu de la situation dâurgence climatique mondiale, il convient de reconsidĂ©rer lâusage actuel selon lequel les Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine se dĂ©placent pour se prĂ©senter aux entrevues en vue dâobtenir un poste de rĂ©sidence. Nous avons tentĂ© dâestimer les Ă©missions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) causĂ©es par les dĂ©placements pour les entretiens de rĂ©sidence en chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale au Canada, et les Ă©missions potentielles Ă©vitĂ©es si les entretiens Ă©taient organisĂ©s autrement.
MĂ©thodes : Un sondage comportant huit questions a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© pour recueillir les donnĂ©es sur les villes visitĂ©es, les modalitĂ©s de voyage et les coĂ»ts encourus. Les candidats au programme de chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale de lâUniversitĂ© dâOttawa au cours du cycle 2019/20 du Service canadien de jumelage des rĂ©sidents (CaRMS) ont Ă©tĂ© invitĂ©s Ă y rĂ©pondre. Les rĂ©ductions potentielles des Ă©missions de CO2 ont Ă©tĂ© modĂ©lisĂ©es Ă lâaide dâun processus dâentrevue rĂ©gionalisĂ© avec une ou deux villes.
RĂ©sultats : Sur un total de 56 candidats, 39 (70 %) ont rĂ©pondu au sondage. Les candidats ont visitĂ© en moyenne 10 villes, pour un coĂ»t total moyen de 4â866 dollars (IC 95 % = 3 995-5 737) par candidat. Les Ă©missions moyennes de CO2 Ă©taient de 1,82 (IC 95 % = 1,50-2,14) tonne par candidat, et le total des Ă©missions de CO2 pour lâensemble des candidats Ă©tait estimĂ© Ă 101,9 (IC 95 % = 84,0 - 119,8) tonnes. DâaprĂšs les modĂšles oĂč les entrevues sont rĂ©gionalisĂ©es avec une ou deux villes, les Ă©missions seraient respectivement de 57,9 tonnes (43,2 % de rĂ©duction) et 84,2 tonnes (17,4 % de rĂ©duction). Dans lâensemble, 74,4 % des personnes interrogĂ©es se disent prĂ©occupĂ©es par lâimpact environnemental des dĂ©placements et 46 % prĂ©fĂ©reraient que lâentretien se fasse par vidĂ©oconfĂ©rence.
Conclusion : Les dĂ©placements pour les entrevues de rĂ©sidence en chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale au Canada ont un impact environnemental considĂ©rable. Ces conclusions sont probablement gĂ©nĂ©ralisables Ă dâautres programmes de rĂ©sidence. Compte tenu de la crise climatique mondiale, il conviendrait dâenvisager dâautres modalitĂ©s dâorganisation des entrevuespour le processus de candidatures du CaRMS
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world.
Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231.
Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05â2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001).
Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication
Surgical exploration and discovery program: inaugural involvement of otolaryngology â head and neck surgery
Abstract
Background
There is significant variability in undergraduate Otolaryngology â Head and Neck Surgery (OTOHNS) curricula across Canadian medical schools. As part of an extracurricular program delivered jointly with other surgical specialties, the Surgical Exploration and Discovery (SEAD) program presents an opportunity for medical students to experience OTOHNS. The purpose of this study is to review the participation and outcome of OTOHNS in the SEAD program.
Methods
The SEAD program is a two-week, 80-hour, structured curriculum that exposes first-year medical students to nine surgical specialties across three domains: (1) operating room observerships, (2) career discussions with surgeons, and (3) simulation workshops. During observerships students watched or assisted in surgical cases over a 4-hour period. The one-hour career discussion provided a specialty overview and time for studentsâ questions. The simulation included four stations, each run by a surgeon or resident; students rotated in small groups to each station: epistaxis, peritonsillar abscess, tracheostomy, and ear examination. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the program to evaluate changes in career interests; self-assessment of knowledge and skills was also completed following each simulation. Baseline and final evaluations were compared using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test.
Results
SEAD participants showed significant improvement in knowledge and confidence in surgical skills specific to OTOHNS. The greatest knowledge gain was in ear examination, and greatest gain in confidence was in draining peritonsillar abscesses. The OTOHNS session received a mean rating of 4.8 on a 5-point scale and was the most popular surgical specialty participating in the program. Eight of the 18 participants were interested in OTOHNS as a career at baseline; over the course of the program, two students gained interest and two lost interest in OTOHNS as a potential career path, demonstrating the potential for helping students refine their career choice.
Conclusions
Participants were able to develop OTOHNS knowledge and surgical skills as well as refine their perspective on OTOHNS as a potential career option. These findings demonstrate the potential benefits of OTOHNS departments/divisions implementing observerships, simulations, and career information sessions in pre-clerkship medical education, either in the context of SEAD or as an independent initiative
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools
Swimming pools, can pose a public health risk to users due to their bacterial contamination especially if they were drug resistant. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality and the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools. Approximately two thirds (66.7%) of the examined pool water samples in this study failed to meet the Egyptian standards of bacteriological indicators P. aeruginosa was found in 26 (21.7%) samples. Indoor pools showed higher isolation rates than outdoor pools (33.3 versus 16.7%, respectively). Isolation of P. aeruginosa was positively correlated with pH, HPC, TC, and Escherichia coli, while it was negatively correlated with chlorine. Nine (34.6%) P. aeruginosa isolates were multidrug resistant. The findings of this study indicate that P. aeruginosa strains in swimming pools can be multidrug resistant which creates a hazard especially for individuals at high risk for infections
Assessment of laparoscopic skills: Comparing the reliability of global rating and entrustability tools
Background: Competence by design (CBD) residency programs increasingly depend on tools that provide reliable assessments, require minimal rater training, and measure progression through the CBD milestones. To assess intraoperative skills, global rating scales and entrustability ratings are commonly used but may require extensive training. The Competency Continuum (CC) is a CBD framework that may be used as an assessment tool to assess laparoscopic skills. The study aimed to compare the CC to two other assessment tools: the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and the Zwisch scale.Methods: Four expert surgeons rated thirty laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos. Two raters used the GOALS scale while the remaining two raters used both the Zwisch scale and CC. Each rater received scale-specific training. Descriptive statistics, inter-rater reliabilities (IRR), and Pearsonâs correlations were calculated for each scale.Results: Significant positive correlations between GOALS and Zwisch (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), CC and GOALS (r = 0.79, p < 0.001), and CC and Zwisch (r = 0.90, p < 0.001) were found. The CC had an inter-rater reliability of 0.74 whereas the GOALS and Zwisch scales had inter-rater reliabilities of 0.44 and 0.43, respectively. Compared to GOALS and Zwisch scales, the CC had the highest inter-rater reliability and required minimal rater training to achieve reliable scores.Conclusion: The CC may be a reliable tool to assess intraoperative laparoscopic skills and provide trainees with formative feedback relevant to the CBD milestones. Further research should collect further validity evidence for the use of the CC as an independent assessment tool.Contexte : Les programmes de rĂ©sidence structurĂ©s autour de la compĂ©tence par conception (CPC) dĂ©pendent de plus en plus dâoutils qui fournissent des Ă©valuations fiables, nĂ©cessitent une formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs et mesurent la progression dans les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences peropĂ©ratoires, les Ă©chelles dâĂ©valuation globale et de confiance sont couramment utilisĂ©es mais peuvent nĂ©cessiter une formation approfondie. Le Continuum des compĂ©tences (CC) est un cadre de la CPC qui peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© comme outil dâĂ©valuation des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques. LâĂ©tude visait Ă comparer le CC Ă deux autres outils dâĂ©valuation : lâĂ©valuation globale opĂ©ratoire des compĂ©tences laparoscopiques (GOALS) et lâĂ©chelle de Zwisch.MĂ©thodes : Quatre chirurgiens experts ont Ă©valuĂ© trente vidĂ©os de cholĂ©cystectomie laparoscopique. Deux Ă©valuateurs ont utilisĂ© lâĂ©chelle GOALS tandis que les deux autres ont utilisĂ© lâĂ©chelle Zwisch et le CC. Chacun dâeux avait reçu une formation spĂ©cifique Ă lâĂ©chelle utilisĂ©e. Des statistiques descriptives, la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs (FIĂ) et des corrĂ©lations de Pearson ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©es pour chaque Ă©chelle.RĂ©sultats : Des corrĂ©lations positives significatives ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©es entre les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch (r=0.75, p<0.001), CC et GOALS (r=0.79, p<0.001), et CC et Zwisch (r=0.90, p<0.001). Le CC avait une fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,74 tandis que les Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch avaient des fiabilitĂ©s inter-Ă©valuateurs de 0,44 et 0,43, respectivement. Par rapport aux Ă©chelles GOALS et Zwisch, le CC avait la fiabilitĂ© inter-Ă©valuateurs la plus Ă©levĂ©e et ne nĂ©cessitait quâune formation minimale des Ă©valuateurs pour obtenir des scores fiables.Conclusion : Le CC constituerait un outil fiable pour Ă©valuer les compĂ©tences laparoscopiques peropĂ©ratoires et pour fournir aux stagiaires une rĂ©troaction formatrice pertinente pour les Ă©tapes de la CPC. Des recherches supplĂ©mentaires devraient ĂȘtre entreprises pour recueillir plus de preuves de validitĂ© pour lâutilisation du CC comme outil dâĂ©valuation indĂ©pendant
A chance for reform: The environmental impact of travel for general surgery residency interviews
Background: In light of the global climate emergency, it is worth reconsidering the current practice of medical students traveling to interview for residency positions. We sought to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with travel for general surgery residency interviews in Canada, and the potential avoided emissions if interviews were restructured.Methods: An 8-item survey was constructed to collect data on cities visited, travel modalities, and costs incurred. Applicants to the University of Ottawa General Surgery Program during the 2019/20 Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) cycle were invited to complete the survey. Potential reductions in CO2 emissions were modeled using a regionalized interview process with either one or two cities.Results: Of a total of 56 applicants, 39 (70%) completed the survey. Applicants on average visited 10 cities with a mean total cost of $4,866 (95% CI=3,995-5,737) per applicant. Mean CO2 emissions were 1.82 (95% CI=1.50-2.14) tonnes per applicant, and the total CO2 emissions by applicants was estimated to be 101.9 (95% CI=84.0 â 119.8) tonnes. In models wherein interviews are regionalized to one or two cities, emissions would be 57.9 tonnes (43.2% reduction) and 84.2 tonnes (17.4% reduction), respectively. Overall, 74.4% of respondents were concerned about the environmental impact of travel and 46% would prefer to interview by videoconference.Conclusion: Travel for general surgery residency interviews in Canada is associated with a considerable environmental impact. These findings are likely generalizable to other residency programs. Given the global climate crisis, the CaRMS application process must consider alternative structures.Contexte : Compte tenu de la situation dâurgence climatique mondiale, il convient de reconsidĂ©rer lâusage actuel selon lequel les Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine se dĂ©placent pour se prĂ©senter aux entrevues en vue dâobtenir un poste de rĂ©sidence. Nous avons tentĂ© dâestimer les Ă©missions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) causĂ©es par les dĂ©placements pour les entretiens de rĂ©sidence en chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale au Canada, et les Ă©missions potentielles Ă©vitĂ©es si les entretiens Ă©taient organisĂ©s autrement.MĂ©thodes : Un sondage comportant huit questions a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© pour recueillir les donnĂ©es sur les villes visitĂ©es, les modalitĂ©s de voyage et les coĂ»ts encourus. Les candidats au programme de chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale de lâUniversitĂ© dâOttawa au cours du cycle 2019/20 du Service canadien de jumelage des rĂ©sidents (CaRMS) ont Ă©tĂ© invitĂ©s Ă y rĂ©pondre. Les rĂ©ductions potentielles des Ă©missions de CO2 ont Ă©tĂ© modĂ©lisĂ©es Ă lâaide dâun processus dâentrevue rĂ©gionalisĂ© avec une ou deux villes.RĂ©sultats : Sur un total de 56 candidats, 39 (70 %) ont rĂ©pondu au sondage. Les candidats ont visitĂ© en moyenne 10 villes, pour un coĂ»t total moyen de 4â866 dollars (IC 95 % = 3 995-5 737) par candidat. Les Ă©missions moyennes de CO2 Ă©taient de 1,82 (IC 95 % = 1,50-2,14) tonne par candidat, et le total des Ă©missions de CO2 pour lâensemble des candidats Ă©tait estimĂ© Ă 101,9 (IC 95 % = 84,0 - 119,8) tonnes. DâaprĂšs les modĂšles oĂč les entrevues sont rĂ©gionalisĂ©es avec une ou deux villes, les Ă©missions seraient respectivement de 57,9 tonnes (43,2 % de rĂ©duction) et 84,2 tonnes (17,4 % de rĂ©duction). Dans lâensemble, 74,4 % des personnes interrogĂ©es se disent prĂ©occupĂ©es par lâimpact environnemental des dĂ©placements et 46 % prĂ©fĂ©reraient que lâentretien se fasse par vidĂ©oconfĂ©rence.Conclusion : Les dĂ©placements pour les entrevues de rĂ©sidence en chirurgie gĂ©nĂ©rale au Canada ont un impact environnemental considĂ©rable. Ces conclusions sont probablement gĂ©nĂ©ralisables Ă dâautres programmes de rĂ©sidence. Compte tenu de la crise climatique mondiale, il conviendrait dâenvisager dâautres modalitĂ©s dâorganisation des entrevues pour le processus de candidatures du CaRMS
Use of bilateral internal thoracic artery during coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Canada: The bilateral internal thoracic artery survey.
The internal thoracic artery is the gold standard conduit in coronary artery bypass grafting. Although the right and left internal thoracic arteries are excellent conduits, the use of the bilateral internal thoracic artery is not widespread. A recent report of the Society of Thoracic Surgery revealed that only a small percentage of patients receive a bilateral internal thoracic artery in North America. The aim of this study was to determine the current use of the bilateral internal thoracic artery during coronary artery bypass grafting among cardiac surgeons in Canada and identify the main concerns that limit the use of these conduits. We developed an online survey with 17 questions about the use of the bilateral internal thoracic artery in different clinical scenarios. An invitation to participate was sent to all the adult cardiac surgeons currently in practice in Canada. A total of 101 surgeons (69%) of 147 currently in practice across 27 different hospitals completed the survey. Forty percent of surgeons use the bilateral internal thoracic artery only sometimes (6%-25% of cases), 37% of surgeons use the bilateral internal thoracic artery very infrequently (50%). The most common concerns in the use of the bilateral internal thoracic artery are the risk of sternal wound infection and the unknown superiority of the right internal thoracic artery over other conduits. The majority of Canadian cardiac surgeons consider few clinical features, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or morbid obesity, as contraindications to the use of bilateral internal thoracic artery. However, the reported use of the bilateral internal thoracic artery is low. A wider diffusion of this technique is warranted to improve the results of coronary surgery