11,260 research outputs found
The impact of public reforms on the productivity of the Spanish ports: a parametric distance function approach
This paper tries to analyse the evolution of total factor productivity and its
decomposition between 1986 and 2005 in the Spanish port authorities using a
parametric distance function approach. Panel data for different outputs and
inputs for the last 20 years have been constructed. During this period, the
Spanish port authorities suffered three important regulatory changes. The results
show that technical progress and scale efficiency gains contributed to improve
total factor productivity whereas pure technical efficiency affected negatively. The
change in the model of port management from a service port model to a landlord
port model, the adoption of certain technologies and the possible existence of
overcapacity caused by an increasing port competition, could explain these
results
Estimating allocative efficiency in port authorities with demand uncertainty
This paper aims to analyse the impact of port demand variability on the allocative efficiency
of Spanish port authorities during the period 1986-2007. From a distance function model we
can obtain a measure of allocative efficiency using two different approaches: error
components approach and parametric approach. We model the variability of port demand
from the cyclical component of traffic series by applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The
results show that the inclusion of variability does not affect the efficiency measures, except in
the case of containerised general cargo. Moreover, we demonstrate that port authorities have
excess capacity and their resources are misallocated. Finally we establish that the allocative
inefficiency of Spanish port authorities is difficult to resolve given the limited substitution
possibilities among the different pairs of inputs
The effect of port activity on urban employment: an analysis for the Spanish functional urban areas
This study aims to evaluate the impact of port activity on local employment in Spain. To do so, we have used a novel panel data at the functional urban areas (FUAs) level, considering cities' functional and economic extent based on daily people's movements. We have estimated a set of equations related to the port throughput-employment relationship for 2010-2020. Several estimation techniques are applied to different employment equation specifications to check the robustness of the results to the methodology employed. Additionally, three different samples have been used to assess whether the results significantly change when non-port FUAs are considered. Our results are robust to the different specifications, finding that employment elasticity to port activity ranges between 0.005 and 0.008. We find that industrial employment is more sensitive to changes in the volume of port operations than total or service employment. Finally, the analysis shows that the results significantly change when non-port FUAs are not considered in the analysis
Un modelo genérico de funcionamiento para los centros tecnológicos españoles
La creciente presión competitiva sobre las empresas les obliga a mejorar constantemente sus procesos y los productos que ofrecen al mercado. Por lo tanto, la innovación se convierte en un requisito para la supervivencia y el crecimiento empresarial. Sin embargo, la capacidad de las empresas para innovar depende no sólo de la explotación de sus recursos internos sino también, y cada vez en mayor medida, de su habilidad para utilizar el conocimiento de otras organizaciones de su entorno. Dentro de estas organizaciones los centros tecnológicos desempeñan un papel clave
Technological spillovers from multinational firms
This paper aims to identify genuine technological spillovers from multinational firms (MNEs). To this end, we use data on R&D from MNEs to measure spillovers, while most of the existing literature uses output to measure the foreign presence in an industry (what we call output-based spillovers). In line with the existing literature, we distinguish between horizontal spillovers (i.e., intra-industry linkages) and vertical spillovers (i.e., backward ?or downstream? and forward ?or upstream? inter-industry linkages). Our results show that the three types of technological spillovers from MNEs are positive, with the horizontal spillovers the larger ones, followed by backward spillovers. The effect of forward spillovers is much smaller in magnitude. Moreover, we find that not controlling for industry size (i.e., technological spillovers from all firms in an industry) leads to underestimating both horizontal and backward spillovers from MNEs, and to overestimating forward spillovers from MNEs. Finally, we find that the distinction between technological and output-based spillovers is of great relevance. The size of backward technological spillovers is approximately 44% of the size of output-based backward spillovers, while for horizontal spillovers both types of spillovers are quite similar. Importantly, output-based forward spillovers are negative while technological forward spillovers are positive
Diseño sostenible en la sociedad del 2020: análisis de tendencias y desarrollo de un proyecto editorial
[ES] "Diseño sostenible en la sociedad del 2020: análisis de tendencias y desarrollo de un proyecto editorial", es el nombre que recibe. Como se puede intuir por el título, el trabajo va a abarcar temas como el diseño sostenible, la sostenibilidad, el diseño editorial y el análisis de tendencias, usuarios y mercados. Además de estos, el proyecto también va a profundizar en otros campos, como lo son el ecodiseño, el diseño social, el diseño activista, la sociología, el ecologismo, la psicología, ¿ Respecto al diseño sostenible, la sostenibilidad y el desarrollo sostenible se puede asegurar que se tratan de temas con una gran repercusión mediática y social en el año 2019-2020. Desde discursos políticos hasta slogans comerciales utilizan estos conceptos para hacer aflorar en los usuarios sentimientos y emociones. Lo que buscan estas personas, empresas o instituciones es la aceptación de la sociedad, una sociedad que cada día busca un estilo de vida más consecuente con los recursos que ofrece nuestro planeta y que tímidamente está comenzando a cambiar sus hábitos de vida y de consumo. Se puede afirmar con certeza que la sostenibilidad y el ecodiseño se han convertido en toda una tendencia en el mundo del diseño. Se va a intentar analizar de qué manera la sociedad del 2020 entiende y actúa cuando se habla de diseño sostenible y desarrollo sostenible. ¿Son conscientes los consumidores de la importancia del diseño sostenible? ¿Se comprende la gravedad de la situación climática actual? ¿La sociedad exige cambios? ¿Comienzan a existir hábitos de consumo sostenible? A través de la investigación, la realización de encuestas, el estudio de los usuarios, la creación de un proyecto editorial colaborativo y sostenible, la concienciación de las nuevas generaciones y la aplicación de los valores del diseño sostenible, social y activista se va a intentar comprender y reflexionar sobre nuestra sociedad. ¡Esto es vivir en el 2020![EN] "Sustainable design in 2020 society: trend analysis and development of a publishing project" is the name it receives. As can be intuited by the title, the work will cover topics such as sustainable design, sustainability, editorial design and the analysis of trends, users and markets. In addition to these, the project will also delve into other fields, such as ecodesign, social design, activist design, sociology, ecologism, psychology, ... Concerning sustainable design, sustainability and sustainable development, it can be said that these issues will have great media and social repercussions in the year 2019-2020. From political discourses to commercial slogans they use these concepts to bring out feelings and emotions in the users. What these people, companies or institutions are looking for is the acceptance of society, a society that every day seeks a lifestyle more consistent with the resources offered by our planet and that is timidly beginning to change its habits of life and consumption. It can be affirmed with certainty that sustainability and eco-design have become a trend in the world of design. An attempt will be made to analyse how society in 2020 understands and acts when talking about sustainable design and sustainable development. Are consumers aware of the importance of sustainable design? Do we understand the gravity of the current climate situation? Does society demand changes? Do habits of sustainable consumerism begin to exist? Through research, the carrying out of surveys, the study of users, the creation of a collaborative and sustainable editorial project, the awareness of new generations and the application of the values of sustainable, social and activist design, we are going to try to understand and reflect on our society. This is living in 2020!Cuello Núñez, R. (2019). Diseño sostenible en la sociedad del 2020: análisis de tendencias y desarrollo de un proyecto editorial. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/128813TFG
Incertidumbre en la demanda y sobrecapacidad en la infraestructura portuaria: el papel de los pasajeros y el efecto de la regulación.
ABSTRACT. This paper tries to assess the possible existence of excess of capacity for the Spanish port infrastructures. In order to do this, we estimate a cost function system considering the existence of demand uncertainty of cargo and passengers for port authorities. We find that, in order to fulfil the regularity conditions of the cost function system, we have to specify both demands as uncertain. The results show the importance of passenger variability in terms of demand of variable inputs and the use of quasi-fixed input. We also demonstrate the excess of capacity from the calculation of the shadow price of the quasi-fixed input after controlling demand uncertainty. Finally, some factors as the size of the port authorities’ hinterland, the relative specialization in containerised general cargo or passengers, the size of ports, the profitability rate or port regulation are considered as determinants of this excess of capacity.RESUMEN. Se estudia la posible existencia de exceso de capacidad en las infraestructuras portuarias españolas. Para ello se estima un sistema de costes para las autoridades portuarias españolas en el que se incluye la incertidumbre en la demanda tanto para el tráfico de mercancía como para el de pasajeros. Se ha encontrado que para que sistema de costes cumpla todas las condiciones de regularidad es necesario incluir en la especificación la incertidumbre. Los resultados muestran la importancia de la variabilidad de pasajeros dado su efecto en las demandas de los factores productivos y en el uso del input quasi-fijo. También se demuestra la existencia de sobrecapacidad a partir del cálculo del precio sombra del input quasi-fijo una vez controlada la incertidumbre de la demanda. Finalmente, algunos factores tales como el tamaño del hinterland en el que la autoridad portuaria está localizada, la especialización relativa de la autoridad portuaria en los tráficos de contenedores y pasajeros, el tamaño de los puertos o su rentabilidad han sido considerados como posibles determinantes de este exceso de capacidad
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