Diastereoselective deacylative aldol reaction of 3-acetyl-3-fluorooxindoles with aldehydes

The deacetylative aldol reaction of N-methyl-3-acetyl-3-fluoro-2-oxindole is optimized with benzaldehyde and the most appropriate conditions are used for the survey of the scope of this transformation with different aldehydes. The relative configuration of the resulting compounds is also confirmed. The reaction is diastereoselective and affords the syn-stereoisomer in good yields. DFT calculations are used for the explanation of this diastereoselectivity through a traditional chair-like transition state.We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project RED2018-102387-T) the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU) (projects CTQ2016-76782-P, CTQ2016-80375-P, CTQ2017-82935-P, PID2019-104090RB-100 and PID2019-107268GB-I00), the Generalitat Valenciana (IDIFEDER/2021/013, CIDEGENT/2020/058 and APOTIP/2020/002), Medalchemy S. L. (Medalchemy-18T) and the University of Alicante (VIGROB-068, UAUSTI21-05). P.M. thanks the Regional Government of Aragon (Grupos 17R-34 and a pre-doctoral contract to M.P.) for financial support. The authors thankfully acknowledge the resources from the super-computers "Memento" and “Cierzo”, technical expertise and assistance provided by BIFI-ZCAM (Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain)

Genetic Control of Reproductive Traits in Tomatoes Under High Temperature

[EN] Global climate change is increasing the range of temperatures that crop plants must face during their life cycle, giving negative effects to yields. In this changing scenario, understanding the genetic control of plant responses to a range of increasing temperature conditions is a prerequisite to developing cultivars with increased resilience. The current work reports the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) involved in reproductive traits affected by temperature, such as the flower number (FLN) and fruit number (FRN) per truss and percentage of fruit set (FRS), stigma exsertion (SE), pollen viability (PV) and the incidence of the physiological disorder tipburn (TB). These traits were investigated in 168 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RIL) and 52 Introgression Lines (IL) derived from the cross between Solanum lycopersicum var. "MoneyMaker" and S. pimpinellifolium accession . Mapping populations were cultivated under increased temperature regimen conditions: T1 (25 degrees C day/21 degrees C night), T2 (30 degrees C day/25 degrees C night) and T3 (35 degrees C day/30 degrees C night). The increase in temperature drastically affected several reproductive traits, for example, FRS in Moneymaker was reduced between 75 and 87% at T2 and T3 when compared to T1, while several RILs showed a reduction of less than 50%. QTL analysis allowed the identification of genomic regions affecting these traits at different temperatures regimens. A total of 22 QTLs involved in reproductive traits at different temperatures were identified by multi-environmental QTL analysis and eight involved in pollen viability traits. Most QTLs were temperature specific, except QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12. Moreover, a QTL located in chromosome 7 was identified for low incidence of TP in the RIL population, which was confirmed in ILs with introgressions on chromosome 7. Furthermore, ILs with introgressions in chromosomes 1 and 12 had good FRN and FRS in T3 in replicated trials. These results represent a catalog of QTLs and pre-breeding materials that could be used as the starting point for deciphering the genetic control of the genetic response of reproductive traits at different temperatures and paving the road for developing new cultivars adapted to climate change.Sara Gimeno was supported by the program "Youth Employment Initiative" from the European Union and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. This work was supported by the European Commission H2020 research and innovation program through the TOMGEM project agreement No. 679796.Gonzalo, MJ.; Li, Y.; Chen, K.; Gil, D.; Montoro, T.; Nájera, I.; Baixauli, C.... (2020). Genetic Control of Reproductive Traits in Tomatoes Under High Temperature. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11:1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00326S11511Abdul-Baki, A. A. (1991). 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Identification of tomato accessions as source of new genes for improving heat tolerance: from controlled experiments to field

[EN] Background Due to global warming, the search for new sources for heat tolerance and the identification of genes involved in this process has become an important challenge as of today. The main objective of the current research was to verify whether the heat tolerance determined in controlled greenhouse experiments could be a good predictor of the agronomic performance in field cultivation under climatic high temperature stress. Results Tomato accessions were grown in greenhouse under three temperature regimes: control (T1), moderate (T2) and extreme heat stress (T3). Reproductive traits (flower and fruit number and fruit set) were used to define heat tolerance. In a first screening, heat tolerance was evaluated in 219 tomato accessions. A total of 51 accessions were identified as being potentially heat tolerant. Among those, 28 accessions, together with 10 accessions from Italy (7) and Bulgaria (3), selected for their heat tolerance in the field in parallel experiments, were re-evaluated at three temperature treatments. Sixteen tomato accessions showed a significant heat tolerance at T3, including five wild species, two traditional cultivars and four commercial varieties, one accession from Bulgaria and four from Italy. The 15 most promising accessions for heat tolerance were assayed in field trials in Italy and Bulgaria, confirming the good performance of most of them at high temperatures. Finally, a differential gene expression analysis in pre-anthesis (ovary) and post-anthesis (developing fruit) under heat stress among pairs of contrasting genotypes (tolerant and sensitive from traditional and modern groups) showed that the major differential responses were produced in post-anthesis fruit. The response of the sensitive genotypes included the induction of HSP genes, whereas the tolerant genotype response included the induction of genes involved in the regulation of hormones or enzymes such as abscisic acid and transferases. Conclusions The high temperature tolerance of fifteen tomato accessions observed in controlled greenhouse experiments were confirmed in agronomic field experiments providing new sources of heat tolerance that could be incorporated into breeding programs. A DEG analysis showed the complex response of tomato to heat and deciphered the different mechanisms activated in sensitive and tolerant tomato accessions under heat stress.This work was supported by the European Commission H2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the TomGEM project, grant agreement No. 679796, and HARNESSTOM, grant agreement No. 101000716.Gonzalo, MJ.; Nájera, I.; Baixauli, C.; Gil, D.; Montoro, T.; Soriano, V.; Olivieri, F.... (2021). Identification of tomato accessions as source of new genes for improving heat tolerance: from controlled experiments to field. BMC Plant Biology. 21(1):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03104-4S12821

Expression, regulation and clinical relevance of the ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) in human cancers

Recent findings in colon cancer cells indicate that inhibition of the mitochondrial H(+)-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase by the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) promotes aerobic glycolysis and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signal that enhances proliferation and cell survival. Herein, we have studied the expression, biological relevance, mechanism of regulation and potential clinical impact of IF1 in some prevalent human carcinomas. We show that IF1 is highly overexpressed in most (>90%) of the colon (n=64), lung (n=30), breast (n=129) and ovarian (n=10) carcinomas studied as assessed by different approaches in independent cohorts of cancer patients. The expression of IF1 in the corresponding normal tissues is negligible. By contrast, the endometrium, stomach and kidney show high expression of IF1 in the normal tissue revealing subtle differences by carcinogenesis. The overexpression of IF1 also promotes the activation of aerobic glycolysis and a concurrent ROS signal in mitochondria of the lung, breast and ovarian cancer cells mimicking the activity of oligomycin. IF1-mediated ROS signaling activates cell-type specific adaptive responses aimed at preventing death in these cell lines. Remarkably, regulation of IF1 expression in the colon, lung, breast and ovarian carcinomas is exerted at post-transcriptional levels. We demonstrate that IF1 is a short-lived protein (t(1/2) ∼100 min) strongly implicating translation and/or protein stabilization as main drivers of metabolic reprogramming and cell survival in these human cancers. Analysis of tumor expression of IF1 in cohorts of breast and colon cancer patients revealed its relevance as a predictive marker for clinical outcome, emphasizing the high potential of IF1 as therapeutic target

Comportamiento agronómico de diferentes cvs. de alcachofa multiplicadas por semilla

Se estudia el comportamiento agronómico y las características morfológicas de una colección de 12 cultivares (cvs) de alcachofa (Cynara scolymus) multiplicadas por semilla, comparadas con los cvs. Blanca de Tudela y Violeta de Provence, de multiplicación vegetativa. Los cvs. multiplicados por semilla se sembraron el 14 de junio de 2005, transplantando toda la experiencia el 1 de agosto. Todas las plantas fueron sometidas a tres tratamientos sucesivos con ácido giberélico con una concentración de 30 ppm. con abono foliar al 0,1%, aplicaciones que se realizaron los días 20 de septiembre, 5 y 20 de octubre. El mayor rendimiento comercial se obtuvo con el cv. Madrigal que fue también el más tardío. La mayor precocidad correspondió al cv. Blanca de Tudela, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas (e.s.) en la producción acumulada en enero respecto a los cvs. A-106, Victoria y Lorca. El peso medio de los capítulos osciló entre los 184 y 183 g de los cvs. AR-1 y Madrigal durante el mes de marzo, frente a 97 y 99 g de los cvs. Victoria y Lorca, en ese mismo mes

Control genético de caracteres reproductivos bajo diferentes regímenes de temperatura en poblaciones segregantes de tomate

El aumento de temperatura producido por el calentamiento global del planeta tiene a la agricultura entre los principales sectores afectados, provocando una disminución en la producción de la mayoría de los cultivos de regiones templadas y tropicales. En el caso del tomate, ampliamente cultivado en esas áreas geográficas, las altas temperaturas producen daños tanto a nivel fisiológico como morfológico afectando a los órganos reproductivos. Por ello, en este trabajo, se ha estudiado el control genético de caracteres reproductivos en varias poblaciones de líneas consanguíneas derivadas de los cruces entre entradas de S. pimpinelifolium y cultivares de tomate (MoneyMaker x TO-937, E9xL5 and E6203xLA1589) y entre cultivares tolerantes y sensibles a altas temperaturas cultivadas en diferentes condiciones de estrés térmico

Yield response of seedless watermelon to different drip irrigation strategies under Mediterranean conditions

[EN] Water is an essential resource for food production, as agriculture consumes close to 70% of the total freshwater, and its shortage is becoming critical in arid and semiarid areas of the world. Therefore, it is important to use water more efficiently. The objectives of this project are to determine the productive response and the irrigation water use efficiency of seedless watermelon to three irrigation management strategies over two growing seasons. This was done by applying 100, 75 and 50% of the irrigation water requirements (IWR) the first year, in the second year added six additional treatments, of which three treatments were regulated deficit irrigation with 75% IWR during the vegetative growth, fruit development and fruit ripening stages, and the other three treatments were with 50% IWR during the same stages. The exposure of watermelon plants to severe deficit irrigation resulted in a reduction in dry biomass, total and marketable yield, average fruit weight, fruit number and harvest index, and without improvement of marketable fruit quality. The fruit ripening was the less sensitive stage to water deficits. Relative water content and cell membrane stability index decreased as the water deficit increased. Irrigation water use efficiency decreased to a lesser extend during the fruit ripening stage than when water restriction were applied during different growth stages. If water is readily available, irrigating with 100% of water requirements is recommended, but in the case of water scarcity, applying water shortage during fruit ripening stage would be advisable.Abdelkhalik, A.; Pascual-Seva, N.; Nájera, I.; Giner, A.; Baixauli Soria, C.; Pascual España, B. (2019). Yield response of seedless watermelon to different drip irrigation strategies under Mediterranean conditions. Agricultural Water Management. 212:99-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.0449911021

Tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para adultos: Una revisión selectiva

Antecedentes: los tratamientos psicológicos han mostrado su eficacia, efectividad y eficiencia para el abordaje de los trastornos mentales; no obstante, considerando el conocimiento científico generado en los últimos años, no se dispone de trabajos de actualización en español sobre cuáles son los tratamientos psicológicos con respaldo empírico. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión selectiva de los principales tratamientos psicológicos empíricamente apoyados para el abordaje de trastornos mentales en personas adultas. Método: se recogen niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación en función de los criterios propuestos por el Sistema Nacional de Salud de España (en las Guías de Práctica Clínica) para diferentes trastornos psicológicos. Resultados: los resultados sugieren que los tratamientos psicológicos disponen de apoyo empírico para el abordaje de un amplio elenco de trastornos psicológicos. El grado de apoyo empírico oscila de bajo a alto en función del trastorno psicológico analizado. La revisión sugiere que ciertos campos de intervención necesitan una mayor investigación. Conclusiones: a partir de esta revisión selectiva, los profesionales de la psicología podrán disponer de información rigurosa y actualizada que les permita tomar decisiones informadas a la hora de implementar aquellos procedimientos psicoterapéuticos empíricamente fundamentados en función de las características de las personas que demandan ayuda. Background: Psychological treatments have shown their efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency in dealing with mental disorders. However, considering the scientific knowledge generated in recent years, in the Spanish context, there are no updating studies about empirically supported psychological treatments. The main goal was to carry out a selective review of the main empirically supported psychological treatments for mental disorders in adults. Method: Levels of evidence and degrees of recommendation were collected based on the criteria proposed by the Spanish National Health System (Clinical Practice Guidelines) for different psychological disorders. Results: The results indicate that psychological treatments have empirical support for the approach to a wide range of psychological disorders. These levels of empirical evidence gathered range from low to high depending on the psychological disorder analysed. The review indicates the existence of certain fields of intervention that need further investigation. Conclusions: Based on this selective review, psychology professionals will be able to have rigorous, up-to-date information that allows them to make informed decisions when implementing empirically based psychotherapeutic procedures based on the characteristics of the people who require help

Regulated Deficit Irrigation as a Water-Saving Strategy for Onion Cultivation in Mediterranean Conditions

Field experiments were performed for two growing seasons in Spain under Mediterranean conditions to evaluate the response of onion growth, plant water status, bulb yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and gross revenue to regulated deficit irrigation strategies (RDI). Seven irrigation treatments were utilized, including the application of 100% irrigation water requirements (IWR) during the entire growing season and the application of 75% or 50% of the IWR during one of the following growth stages: the vegetative growth, bulbing, and bulb ripening stages. The deficit irrigation strategies tested decreased marketable yields to greater or lesser extents; therefore, if water is readily available, full irrigation would be recommended. The RDI with 50% of the IWR during the bulb ripening stage led to important water savings (22%) and to slight decreases in yield (9%), improving IWUE (20%) compared with full irrigation, and this strategy can be recommended under a severe water shortage. A satisfactory bulb yield was obtained with RDI with 75% of the IWR during the bulb ripening stages, resulting in a lower reduction in yield (4%) and in an increased IWUE (9%); this strategy is an advisable strategy for onion production under a mild water shortage in Mediterranean conditions