Management of work-relevant upper limb disorders: a review

Background Upper limb disorders (ULDs) are clinically challenging and responsible for considerable work loss. There is a need to determine effective approaches for their management. Aim To determine evidence-based management strategies for work-relevant ULDs and explore whether a biopsychosocial approach is appropriate. Methods Literature review using a best evidence synthesis. Data from articles identified through systematic searching of electronic databases and citation tracking were extracted into evidence tables. The information was synthesized into high-level evidence statements, which were ordered into themes covering classification/diagnosis, epidemiology, associations/risks and management/treatment, focusing on return to work or work retention and taking account of distinctions between non-specific complaints and specific diagnoses. Results Neither biomedical treatment nor ergonomic workplace interventions alone offer an optimal solution; rather, multimodal interventions show considerable promise, particularly for occupational outcomes. Early return to work, or work retention, is an important goal for most cases and may be facilitated, where necessary, by transitional work arrangements. The emergent evidence indicates that successful management strategies require all the players to be onside and acting in a coordinated fashion; this requires engaging employers and workers to participate. Conclusions The biopsychosocial model applies: biological considerations should not be ignored, but psychosocial factors are more influential for occupational outcomes. Implementation of interventions that address the full range of psychosocial issues will require a cultural shift in the way the relationship between upper limb complaints and work is conceived and handled. Dissemination of evidence-based messages can contribute to the needed cultural shift

Improving work for the body - a participatory ergonomic intervention aiming at reducing physical exertion and musculoskeletal pain among childcare workers (the TOY-project): Study protocol for a wait-list cluster-randomized controlled trial

Background: The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is persistently high throughout the world. Work-related factors such as high physical workload (lifting, bending and twisting of the back) are considered to be among the main causes of MSP. Work in childcare includes the need to lift, carry, and support children in a range of activities, requiring several demanding postures and movements, such as bending forward and twisting of the back and sitting on the floor. Participatory ergonomics may represent a solution for decreasing the physical workload to reduce MSP. We present the protocol of a study aiming to evaluate the effect and process of a participatory ergonomics intervention designed to reduce physical exertion during work and MSP (including MSP interfering with work) among childcare workers. Methods/design: This study will use a two-arm cluster-randomized design employing a wait-list control, with childcare institutions forming the clusters. Three workshops will be conducted during the 4-month intervention period. Participants will identify risk factors for strenuous work and MSP, develop solutions for reducing the identified risk factors, and implement them in their team. An ergonomic consultant will guide the process. The data collection will consist of questionnaires and objective measures of heart rate and physical activity, observations of physical workload, and information on sickness absence based on company records. Primary outcomes are physical exertion during work and MSP (including pain-related work interference) measured at 4 months. Secondary outcomes measured at 4months are sickness absence due to MSP; objectively measured occupational physical activity and heart rate; and self-reported self-efficacy, employee involvement, and need for recovery. Alongside the trial, a process evaluation and an economic evaluation will be conducted. Discussion: The study will evaluate the effect and process of a participatory ergonomics intervention to reduce physical exertion at work and MSP among childcare workers. By performing a cluster-randomized controlled trial with an effect evaluation based on both objective and self-reported measures with the addition of a process evaluation and economic evaluation, this study will contribute to the evidence for prevention of MSP among a less studied occupational group. Results are expected in 2018-2019

Diabetic Retinopathy Predicts Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Danish Registry-Based Nationwide Cohort Study

Background: Retinal neurodegeneration is evident in early diabetic retinopathy (DR) which may be associated with other neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: To investigate diabetes and DR as a risk marker of present and incident AD. Methods: A register-based cohort study was performed. We included 134,327 persons with diabetes above 60 years of age, who had attended DR screening, and 651,936 age-and gender-matched persons without diabetes. Results: At baseline, the prevalence of AD was 0.7% and 1.3% among patients with and without diabetes, respectively. In a multivariable regression model, patients with diabetes were less likely to have AD at baseline (adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.59-0.68). During follow-up, incident AD was registered for 1473 (0.35%) and 6,899 (0.34%) persons with and without diabetes, respectively. Compared to persons without diabetes, persons with diabetes and no DR had a lower risk to develop AD (adjusted HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.93), while persons with diabetes and DR had higher risk of AD (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.43). When persons with diabetes and no DR were used as references, a higher risk of incident AD was observed in persons with DR (adjusted HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18-1.53). Conclusion: Individuals with diabetes without DR were less likely to develop AD compared to persons without diabetes. However, individuals with DR had a 34% higher risk of incident AD, which raise the question whether screening for cognitive impairment should be done among individuals with DR

Efeitos do condicionamento físico sobre pacientes com fibromialgia Efectos del condicionamiento físico en pacientes con fibromialgia Effects of physical conditioning over patients with fibromyalgia

INTRODUÇÃO: Fibromialgia é uma síndrome crônica, caracterizada por dor músculo-esquelética generalizada. A possibilidade de atenuação dos sintomas com a atividade física abriu novas perspectivas para o tratamento desta doença. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de condicionamento físico sobre a capacidade funcional, dor e qualidade de vida de pacientes com fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: Adotado o desenho de coorte para avaliar 18 mulheres, média de 46,4 &plusmn; 5,8 anos de idade, com a síndrome em média de 10,6 &plusmn; 5,7 anos, submetidas a um ano de condicionamento físico supervisionado, predominantemente aeróbio. No início do estudo e trimestralmente foram realizados: teste de esforço cardiopulmonar para determinação da capacidade funcional; avaliação da intensidade de dor empregando a escala analógica visual; contagem dos pontos dolorosos e determinação do limiar de dor à pressão com o uso do algômetro de pressão; aplicação do questionário de qualidade de vida Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) traduzido e adaptado para a população brasileira. RESULTADOS: A capacidade funcional melhorou a partir do terceiro mês (p < 0,05), o limiar de dor aumentou a partir do sexto mês (p < 0,05), houve diminuição da dor pós-esforço (p < 0,05) e do número de pontos sensíveis (p < 0,05) no nono mês. A intensidade de dor diminuiu no 12º mês (p < 0,05). Com exceção do item "estado geral de saúde" (p > 0,05), os demais domínios do questionário de qualidade de vida melhoraram em diferentes períodos do estudo (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: As pacientes com fibromialgia submetidas ao programa de condicionamento físico supervisionado apresentaram melhora da capacidade funcional, da dor e da qualidade de vida.<br>INTRODUCCIÓN: La fibromialgia es un síndrome crónico, caracterizado por dolor músculo-esquelético generalizado. La posibilidad de atenuación de los síntomas con la actividad física abrió nuevas perspectivas para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de condicionamiento físico sobre la capacidad funcional, dolor y calidad de vida de pacientes con fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: Adoptado el método de aglomeración para evaluar 18 mujeres, con edad media de 46,4 &plusmn; 5,8 años, con el síndrome en media hace 10,6 &plusmn; 5,7 años, sometidas a un ano de condicionamiento físico supervisado, predominantemente aeróbico. Al iniciar el estudio y trimestralmente, fueron realizados: test de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar para determinar la capacidad funcional; evaluación de la intensidad de dolor empleando la escala analógica visual; contaje de puntos dolorosos y determinación del límite del dolor a la presión con el uso del algómetro de presión; aplicación de cuestionario de calidad de vida "Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey" (SF-36) traducido y adaptado para la población brasileña. RESULTADOS: La capacidad funcional mejoró a partir del tercer mes (p < 0,05), la resistencia al dolor aumentó a partir del sexto mes (p < 0,05), hubo disminución de dolor pos esfuerzo (p < 0,05) y el número de puntos sensibles (p < 0,05) al noveno mes. La intensidad de dolor disminuyó al décimo segundo mes (p < 0,05). Con excepción del ítem "estado general de salud" (p > 0,05), los demás dominios del cuestionario de calidad de vida mejoraron en diferentes periodos del estudio (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Las pacientes con fibromialgia sometidas al programa de condicionamiento físico supervisado presentaron mejora de la capacidad funcional, dolor y calidad de vida.<br>INTRODUCTION: Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. Possible symptom attenuation with physical exercise has opened new perspective for treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effects of a program of physical exercises (SPPE) on the functional ability, perceived pain and life quality of patients with fibromyalgia. METHODS: A cohort of eighteen female fibromyalgia patients, mean age 46,4 &plusmn; 5,8 years, having the syndrome for 10,6 &plusmn; 5,7 years, were studied along one year of supervised program of predominantly aerobic physical exercises. Patients underwent baseline and quarterly exercise stress tests (EST) to evaluate work capacity; clinical examinations to determine pain intensity through visual analogue scale; tender points count and pain threshold assessment by pressure algometer; as well as interviews using the "Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey" (SF-36) questionnaire. RESULTS: Work capacity improved from the third month (p < 0,05); pain threshold increased from the sixth month (p < 0,05); post-exertion pain improved (p < 0,05) and number of tender points decreased (p < 0,05) in the ninth month. Pain intensity decreased in the twelfth month (p < 0,05). Except for the "general health perceptions" domain (p > 0,05), all the remaining issues of the SF-36 improved at different periods of the study (p < 0,05). CONCLUSION: Work capacity, pain and life quality of female fibromyalgia patients improved over a 12-month program of supervised physical exercise