Pome fruit viruses in Bosnia and Herzegovina

During autumn 2005 and summer 2006, field surveys were carried out to assess the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inspections were done in the main pome fruit growing areas including 10 orchards, 2 nurseries and one varietal collection. A total of 65 apple and 50 pear cultivars were tested by biological indexing for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The average infection level was 81%. Both species showed a similar infection rate (83% for apple and 78% for pear). The most frequent viruses of apple were ACLSV (72%) and ASPV (69%), and of pear ASGV (69%) and ACLSV (64%). The same samples were also tested by ELISA, with a lower virus detection rate compared to the biological indexing. Multiplex RT-PCR results of 20 randomly selected apple cultivars were in line with biological indexing. Results of our surveys report for the first time th e presence of ACLSV, ASPV, ASGV and ApMV on pome fruits in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Keywords: Malus, biological indexing, ELISA, multiplex RT-PCR, sanitary statu

Occurrence of Stone Fruit Viroids in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tissue-imprint hybridization (TIH) assays were used to determine the occurrence and incidence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in stone fruit trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our collections included trees of plum, peach, cherries, apricot, myrobalan and blackthorn from 33 commercial orchards and 2 nurseries, in the areas of Banja Luka, Gradacac, Sarajevo and Mostar. Of the 410 trees assayed, 44 (11%) tested positive by TIH assays. PLMVd was detected in 39 peach trees, including two old (seed grown) vineyard peach trees (Prunus persica subsp. vulgaris). Tests for HSVd were positive in 3 apricot and 2 plum trees. PLMVd was widely distributed throughout the country. In contrast, HSVd was found only in the northern part of the country. Both native and imported cultivars of Prunus were infected. This is the first record of PLMVd and HSVd in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a separate experiment, peach trees with PLMVd were monitored in the autumn, winter and spring seasons, with tissue imprints of leaf petioles, dormant cuttings and forced sprouts from dormant cuttings. Irrespective of the tissues assayed, nearly all samples tested positive for PLMVd

Detection by tissue printing hybridization of Pome fruit viroids in the mediterranean basin

Available data on the incidence and biodiversity of pome fruit viroids in the Mediterranean basin are limited. Before starting a research survey to fill this gap, a tissue-printing hydridization (TPH) method to detect Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), Pear blister canker viroid (PBCVd) and Apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd) has been developed and validated. Afterward, TPH was used in large-scale indexing of pome fruit viroids in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta, Lebanon and Turkey. A total of about 1,000 trees was randomly collected and tested. Positive results obtained by TPH were confirmed by at least one additional detection method (RT-PCR and/or Northern-blot hybridization) and viroids were finally identified by sequencing full-length cDNA clones. PBCVd was detected in 13%, 12.4% and 5.4% of the tested pear trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta and Turkey, respectively, showing a wider diffusion of this viroid than expected. In contrast, ASSVd was never detected and ADFVd was only found in symptomatic trees (cv. Starking Delicious) in Lebanon, confirming a restricted presence of these viroids in the Mediterranean basin. Altogether, these data support the use of TPH as an easy and valuable tool for exploring pome fruit viroid spread. Keywords: Viroid disease, viroid spread, pome fruit trees, detection methods, molecular hybridizatio

Literature review - Energy saving potential of user-centered integrated lighting solutions

Measures for the reduction of electric energy loads for lighting have predominantly focussed on increasing the efficiency of lighting systems. This efficiency has now reached levels unthinkable a few decades ago. However, a focus on mere efficiency is physically limiting, and does not necessarily ensure that the anticipated energy savings actually materialize. There are technical and non-technical reasons because of which effective integration of lighting solutions and their controls, and thus a reduction in energy use, does not happen. This literature review aims to assess the energy saving potential of integrated daylight and electric lighting design and controls, especially with respect to user preferences and behaviour. It does so by collecting available scientific knowledge and experience on daylighting, electric lighting, and related control systems, as well as on effective strategies for their integration. Based on this knowledge, the review suggests design processes, innovative design strategies and design solutions which – if implemented appropriately – could improve user comfort, health, well-being and productivity, while saving energy as well as the operation and maintenance of lighting systems. The review highlights also regulatory, technical, and design challenges hindering energy savings. Potential energy savings are reported from the retrieved studies. However, these savings derived from separate studies are dependent on their specific contexts, which lowers the ecological validity of the findings. Studies on strategies based on behavioural interventions, like information, feedback, and social norms, did not report energy saving performance. This is an interesting conclusion, since the papers indicate high potentials that deserve further exploration. Quantifying potential savings is fundamental to fostering large scale adoption of user-driven strategies, since this would allow at least a rough estimation of returns for the investors. However, such quantification requires that studies are designed with an inter-disciplinary approach. The literature also shows that strategies, where there is more communication between façade and lighting designers, are more successful in integrated design, which calls for more communication between stakeholders in future building processes

First Report on «Hop Stunt Viroid» (HSVd) from Some Mediterranean Countries

Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) has a very wide host range including most stone fruit trees. Among them, apricot is one of the most important host crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this study non-isotopic molecular hybridisation revealed, for the first time, the presence of HSVd on apricot in four Mediterranean countries (Cyprus, Greece, Morocco and Turkey). The results obtained by this technique were confirmed by northern-blot and RT-PCR analyses. The data presented in this work indicate a wider geographical distribution of this viroid than hitherto known and emphasise the need for this kind of study as part of the control effort

Association of genetic ancestry with colorectal tumor location in Puerto Rican Latinos

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the first cause of cancer deaths among Puerto Ricans. The incidence and mortality of CRC in Puerto Rico continue to be on the rise. The burden of CRC in Puerto Rico is higher than among US Hispanics and is second only to African Americans, thus supporting the importance of studying this CRC health disparity. The genetic background of the Puerto Rican population is a mix of European, African, and Amerindian races, which may account, in part, for the differences observed in the CRC mortality rates among Puerto Ricans. The objective of the study was to assess the role of genetic ancestry in CRC risk and its association with clinicopathological features of CRC tumors in Puerto Ricans. We used a validated panel of 105 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to estimate genetic ancestry in 406 Puerto Rican CRC cases and 425 Puerto Rican controls. We examined the association of genetic ancestry with CRC risk and tumor clinicopathological characteristics. The mean ancestry proportions in the study population were 61% European, 21% African, and 18% Amerindian. No association was observed between genetic ancestry and risk of CRC. However, African ancestry was associated with an increased risk of developing rectal tumors (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.31). Additional studies are needed to fully elucidate the role of African ancestry in CRC carcinogenesis.National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) [MD007587]; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [MD007587]; National Cancer Institute (NCI) [CA130034, CA096297/CA096300]; Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities RCMI [G12MD007600]Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]

A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid

[EN] Background: Microarray profiling is a powerful technique to investigate expression changes of large amounts of genes in response to specific environmental conditions. The majority of the studies investigating gene expression changes in virus-infected plants are limited to interactions between a virus and a model host plant, which usually is Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. In the present work, we performed microarray profiling to explore changes in the expression profile of field-grown Prunus persica (peach) originating from Chile upon single and double infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), worldwide natural pathogens of peach trees. Results: Upon single PLMVd or PNRSV infection, the number of statistically significant gene expression changes was relatively low. By contrast, doubly-infected fruits presented a high number of differentially regulated genes. Among these, down-regulated genes were prevalent. Functional categorization of the gene expression changes upon double PLMVd and PNRSV infection revealed protein modification and degradation as the functional category with the highest percentage of repressed genes whereas induced genes encoded mainly proteins related to phosphate, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism and also protein modification. Overrepresentation analysis upon double infection with PLMVd and PNRSV revealed specific functional categories over- and underrepresented among the repressed genes indicating active counter-defense mechanisms of the pathogens during infection. Conclusions: Our results identify a novel synergistic effect of PLMVd and PNRSV on the transcriptome of peach fruits. We demonstrate that mixed infections, which occur frequently in field conditions, result in a more complex transcriptional response than that observed in single infections. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that the simultaneous infection of a viroid and a plant virus synergistically affect the host transcriptome in infected peach fruits. These field studies can help to fully understand plant-pathogen interactions and to develop appropriate crop protection strategies.We thank Drs M.A. Perez-Amador y J. Gadea for helping in the result analysis. This work was supported by grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica for the transcriptomic analyses and from the grant 2009CL0020 from the bilateral project INIA-Chile/CSIC-Spain for the phytosanitary evaluation. MC Herranz was the recipient of a contract from the Juan de la Cierva program of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Herranz Gordo, MDC.; Niehl, A.; Rosales, M.; Fiore, N.; Zamorano, A.; Granell Richart, A.; Pallás Benet, V. (2013). A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid. Virology Journal. 10:11-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-164S111510Pallas V, Garcia JA: How do plant viruses induce disease? Interactions and interference with host components. J Gen Virol 2011, 92: 2691-2705.Whitham SA, Yang C, Goodin MM: Global impact: elucidating plant responses to viral infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006, 19: 1207-1215.Havelda Z, Varallyay E, Valoczi A, Burgyan J: Plant virus infection-induced persistent host gene downregulation in systemically infected leaves. Plant J 2008, 55: 278-288.Aranda M, Maule A: Virus-induced host gene shutoff in animals and plants. Virology 1998, 243: 261-267.Whitham SA, Quan S, Chang HS, Cooper B, Estes B, Zhu T, Wang X, Hou YM: Diverse RNA viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plant J 2003, 33: 271-283.Liu Y, Ren D, Pike S, Pallardy S, Gassmann W, Zhang S: Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response-like cell death mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Plant J 2007, 51: 941-954.Hadidi A, Barba M: Economic impact of pome and stone fruit viruses and viroids. In Virus and Virus Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. Edited by: Hadidi A, Barba M, Candresse T, Jelkmann W. St Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society; 2011:1-8.Flores R, Delgado S, Rodio ME, Ambros S, Hernandez C, Serio FD: Peach latent mosaic viroid: not so latent. Mol Plant Pathol 2006, 7: 209-221.Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Amari K, Sanchez-Pina MA, Myrta A, Sanchez-Navarro JA: Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: A continued concern for fruit trees. Phytopathology 2012,102(12):1108-1120.Rowland O, Jones JD: Unraveling regulatory networks in plant defense using microarrays. Genome Biol 2001,2(1):1001.1-1001.3.Trinks D, Rajeswaran R, Shivaprasad PV, Akbergenov R, Oakeley EJ, Veluthambi K, Hohn T, Pooggin MM: Suppression of RNA silencing by a geminivirus nuclear protein, AC2, correlates with transactivation of host genes. J Virol 2005, 79: 2517-2527.Senthil G, Liu H, Puram VG, Clark A, Stromberg A, Goodin MM: Specific and common changes in Nicotiana benthamiana gene expression in response to infection by enveloped viruses. J Gen Virol 2005, 86: 2615-2625.Marathe R, Guan Z, Anandalakshmi R, Zhao H, Dinesh-Kumar SP: Study of Arabidopsis thaliana resistome in response to cucumber mosaic virus infection using whole genome microarray. Plant Mol Biol 2004, 55: 501-520.Agudelo-Romero P, Carbonell P, de la Iglesia F, Carrera J, Rodrigo G, Jaramillo A, Perez-Amador MA, Elena SF: Changes in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Tobacco etch virus. Virol J 2008, 5: 92.Itaya A, Matsuda Y, Gonzales RA, Nelson RS, Ding B: Potato spindle tuber viroid strains of different pathogenicity induces and suppresses expression of common and unique genes in infected tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2002, 15: 990-999.Huang Z, Yeakley JM, Garcia EW, Holdridge JD, Fan JB, Whitham SA: Salicylic acid-dependent expression of host genes in compatible Arabidopsis-virus interactions. Plant Physiol 2005, 137: 1147-1159.Rizza S, Conesa A, Juarez J, Catara A, Navarro L, Duran-Vila N, Ancillo G: Microarray analysis of Etrog citron (Citrus medica L.) reveals changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities in response to viroid infection. Mol Plant Pathol 2012,13(8):852-864.Golem S, Culver JN: Tobacco mosaic virus induced alterations in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003, 16: 681-688.Dardick C: Comparative expression profiling of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves systemically infected with three fruit tree viruses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007, 20: 1004-1017.Hull R: In Matthews’ Plant Virology. London: Edited by Academic Press; 2002.Gonzalez-Jara P, Tenllado F, Martinez-Garcia B, Atencio FA, Barajas D, Vargas M, Diaz-Ruiz J, Diaz-Ruiz JR: Host-dependent differences during synergistic infection by Potyviruses with potato virus X. Mol Plant Pathol 2004, 5: 29-35.Gonzalez-Jara P, Atencio FA, Martinez-Garcia B, Barajas D, Tenllado F, Diaz-Ruiz JR: A Single Amino Acid Mutation in the Plum pox virus Helper Component-Proteinase Gene Abolishes Both Synergistic and RNA Silencing Suppression Activities. Phytopathology 2005, 95: 894-901.Vance VB: Replication of potato virus X RNA is altered in coinfections with potato virus Y. Virology 1991, 182: 486-494.Garcia-Marcos A, Pacheco R, Martianez J, Gonzalez-Jara P, Diaz-Ruiz JR, Tenllado F: Transcriptional changes and oxidative stress associated with the synergistic interaction between Potato virus X and Potato virus Y and their relationship with symptom expression. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2009, 22: 1431-1444.Postnikova OA, Nemchinov LG: Comparative analysis of microarray data in Arabidopsis transcriptome during compatible interactions with plant viruses. Virol J 2012, 9: 101.Zanchin A, Bonghi C, Casadoro G, Ramina A, Rascio N: Cell enlargement and cell separation during peach fruit development. International Journal of Plant Science 1994, 155: 49-56.Herranz MC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Aparicio F, Pallas V: Simultaneous detection of six stone fruit viruses by non-isotopic molecular hybridization using a unique riboprobe or ‘polyprobe’. J Virol Methods 2005, 124: 49-55.Pallas V, Mas P, Sanchez-Navarro JA: Detection of plant RNA viruses by nonisotopic dot-blot hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 1998, 81: 461-468.Lilly ST, Drummond RS, Pearson MN, MacDiarmid RM: Identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of transcripts from virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011, 24: 294-304.Cosgrove JD: Expansive growth of plant cell walls. Plant Physiol Biochem 2000,38(1–2):109-124.Tessitori M, Maria G, Capasso C, Catara G, Rizza S, De Luca V, Catara A, Capasso A, Carginale V: Differential display analysis of gene expression in Etrog citron leaves infected by Citrus viroid III. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1769: 228-235.Rizza S, Capasso C, Catara A, Capasso A, Conte E, Catara A Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists-IOCV, pp. XVII. In Transcriptional response of Troyer citrange, sour orange and alemow rootstocks to Citrus viroid IIIb (CVd-IIIb) infection. Adana, Turkey: Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists; 2010:142-149. http://www.ivia.es/iocv/Owens RA, Tech KB, Shao JY, Sano T, Baker CJ: Global analysis of tomato gene expression during Potato spindle tuber viroid infection reveals a complex array of changes affecting hormone signaling. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012, 25: 582-598.Ogundiwin EA, Marti C, Forment J, Pons C, Granell A, Gradziel TM, Peace CP, Crisosto CH: Development of ChillPeach genomic tools and identification of cold-responsive genes in peach fruit. Plant Mol Biol 2008, 68: 379-397.Sánchez-Navarro JA FA, Rowhani A, Pallás V: Comparative analysis of ELISA, nonradioactive molecular hybridization and PCR for the detection of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in herbaceous and prunus host. Plant Pathol 1998, 47: 780-786.Astruc N, Marcos JF, Macquaire G, Candresse T, Pallas V: Studies on the diagnosis of hop stunt viroid in fruit trees: Identification of new hosts and application of a nucleic acid extraction procedure based on non-organic solvents. Eur J Plant Pathol 1996, 102: 837-846.Myrta A, Di Terlizzi B, Pallas V, Savino V: Viruses and viroids of apricot in the Mediterranean: incidence and biodiversity. Acta Horticulturae 2006, 701: 409-417.Bouzayen M, Latché A, Nath P, Pech JC: Mechanism of fruit ripening. In Plant Developmental Biology- Biotechnological Perspectives: Volume I Edited by: Pua EC, Darvey MR. 2010, 319-339. Chapter 16Trainotti L, Bonghi C, Ziliotto F, Zanin D, Rasori A, Casadoro G, Ramina A, T P: The use of microarray mPEACH 1.0 to investigate transcriptome changes during transition from pre-climateric to climacteric phase in peach fruit. Plant Sci 2006, 170: 606-613.Lombardo VA, Osorio S, Borsani J, Lauxmann MA, Bustamante CA, Budde CO, Andreo CS, Lara MV, Fernie AR MFD: Metabolic profiling during peach fruit development and ripening reveals the metabolic networks that underpin each developmental stage. Plant Physiol 2011,157(4):1696-1710.Manganaris GA RA, Bassi D, Geuna F, Ramina A, Tonutti P, Bonghi C: Comparative transcript profiling of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit development and on-tree ripening. Tree Genet Genomes 2011, 7: 609-616.Uyemoto JK, Scott SW: Important diseases of Prunus caused by viruses and other graft-transmissible pathogens in California and South Carolina. Plant Dis 1992, 76: 5-11.Li J, Yang H, Peer WA, Richter G, Blakeslee J, Bandyopadhyay A, Titapiwantakun B, Undurraga S, Khodakovskaya M, Richards EL, et al.: Arabidopsis H+-PPase AVP1 regulates auxin-mediated organ development. Science 2005, 310: 121-125.Paponov IA, Paponov M, Teale W, Menges M, Chakrabortee S, Murray JA, Palme K: Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of auxin responses in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2008, 1: 321-337.Padmanabhan MS, Goregaoker SP, Golem S, Shiferaw H, Culver JN: Interaction of the tobacco mosaic virus replicase protein with the Aux/IAA protein PAP1/IAA26 is associated with disease development. J Virol 2005, 79: 2549-2558.Padmanabhan MS, Shiferaw H, Culver JN: The Tobacco mosaic virus replicase protein disrupts the localization and function of interacting Aux/IAA proteins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006, 19: 864-873.Padmanabhan MS, Kramer SR, Wang X, Culver JN: Tobacco mosaic virus replicase-auxin/indole acetic acid protein interactions: reprogramming the auxin response pathway to enhance virus infection. J Virol 2008, 82: 2477-2485.Kuhn JM, Boisson-Dernier A, Dizon MB, Maktabi MH, Schroeder JI: The protein phosphatase AtPP2CA negatively regulates abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis, and effects of abh1 on AtPP2CA mRNA. Plant Physiol 2006, 140: 127-139.Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS, Brown LP, Payne JA: Tobacco-mosaic-virus-induced increase in abscisic-acid concentration in tobacco leaves: Intracellular location in light and dark-green areas, and relationship to symptom development. Planta 1986, 168: 592-598.Bari R, Jones JD: Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses. Plant Mol Biol 2009, 69: 473-488.Kotchoni SO, Kuhns C, Ditzer A, Kirch HH, Bartels D: Over-expression of different aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana confers tolerance to abiotic stress and protects plants against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Plant Cell Environ 2006, 29: 1033-1048.Mowla SB, Cuypers A, Driscoll SP, Kiddle G, Thomson J, Foyer CH, Theodoulou FL: Yeast complementation reveals a role for an Arabidopsis thaliana late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)-like protein in oxidative stress tolerance. Plant J 2006, 48: 743-756.Amari K, Diaz-Vivancos P, Pallas V, Sanchez-Pina MA, Hernandez JA: Oxidative stress induction by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus infection in apricot seeds. Physiol Plant 2007, 131: 302-310.Gilroy EM, Hein I, van der Hoorn R, Boevink PC, Venter E, McLellan H, Kaffarnik F, Hrubikova K, Shaw J, Holeva M, et al.: Involvement of cathepsin B in the plant disease resistance hypersensitive response. Plant J 2007, 52: 1-13.Kruger J, Thomas CM, Golstein C, Dixon MS, Smoker M, Tang S, Mulder L, Jones JD: A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of autonecrosis. Science 2002, 296: 744-747.Bernoux M, Timmers T, Jauneau A, Briere C, De Wit PJ, Marco Y, Deslandes L: RD19, an Arabidopsis cysteine protease required for RRS1-R-mediated resistance, is relocalized to the nucleus by the Ralstonia solanacearum PopP2 effector. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 2252-2264.Shabab M, Shindo T, Gu C, Kaschani F, Pansuriya T, Chintha R, Harzen A, Colby T, Kamoun S, van der Hoorn RA: Fungal effector protein AVR2 targets diversifying defense-related cys proteases of tomato. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 1169-1183.Van Esse HP, Van’t Klooster JW, Bolton MD, Yadeta KA, Van Baarlen P, Boeren S, Vervoort J, De Wit PJ, Thomma BP: The Cladosporium fulvum virulence protein Avr2 inhibits host proteases required for basal defense. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 1948-1963.Song J, Win J, Tian M, Schornack S, Kaschani F, Ilyas M, van der Hoorn RA, Kamoun S: Apoplastic effectors secreted by two unrelated eukaryotic plant pathogens target the tomato defense protease Rcr3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106: 1654-1659.Tian M, Win J, Song J, van der Hoorn R, van der Knaap E, Kamoun S: A Phytophthora infestans cystatin-like protein targets a novel tomato papain-like apoplastic protease. Plant Physiol 2007, 143: 364-377.Rooney H, Van’t Klooster J, Van der Hoorn R, Joosten M, Jones J: Cladosporium Avr2 inhibits tomato Rcr3 protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance. Science 2005, 308: 1783-1786.Auger AJ: Tomato ringspot virus associated with brownline disease on prune trees in Chile. Acta Horticulturae 1989, 235: 197-204.Herrera G: Enfermedades causadas por virus en frutales en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria; 2001. Boletín INIA N°52. 65pFiore N, Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N, Infante R, Myrta A, Pallás V: Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid in stone fruits from Chile. In Option Méditerranéennes, Sér. B/n°45 –Virus ad virus-like disease of stone fruits, with particular reference to the Mediterranean region Edited by: Myrta A, Di Terlizzi B, Savino V. 2003, 143-145.Torres H, Gómez G, Pallás V, Stamo B, Shalaby A, Aouane B, Gavriel I, Kominek P, Caglayan K, Sipahioglu M, et al.: Detection by tissue printing of stone fruit viroids, from europe, the mediterranean and north and south America. Acta Horticulturae 2004, 657: 379-383.Peiró A, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JA: Simultaneous detection of eight viruses and two viroids affecting stone fruit trees by using a unique polyprobe. Eur J Plant Pathol 2012,132(4):469-475.Meisel L, Fonseca B, Gonzalez S, Baeza-Yates R, Cambiazo V, Campos R, Gonzalez M, Orellana A, Retamales J, Silva H: A rapid and efficient method for purifying high quality total RNA from peaches (Prunus persica) for functional genomics analyses. Biol Res 2005, 38: 83-88.Van Gelder RN, Von Zastrow ME, Yool A, Dement WC, Barchas JD JHE: Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990,87(5):1663-1667.Tusher VG, Tibshirani R, Chu G: Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98: 5116-5121.Sanchez-Navarro JA, Canizares MC, Cano EA, Pallas V: Simultaneous detection of five carnation viruses by non-isotopic molecular hybridization. J Virol Methods 1999, 82: 167-175

A preliminary account on apple viruses in Mediterranean Region of Turkey

A survey was carried out to check for apple (Malus domestica) viruses in the Mediterranean Region (South Anatolia) of Turkey, between 2002 and 2005. In total, 108 orchards and 10 varietal collections were visited in the districts of Adana, Antalya, K. Maras and Osmaniye, collecting randomly 413 samples of leaves and/or dormant cuttings from apple trees. Sanitary testing was done by ELISA, biological indexing and RT-PCR. All samples were tested by ELISA for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The overall virus infection rate in ELISA was 18.8%. The prevailing viruses were ACLSV (10.6%), ASGV (5.0%) and ApMV (3.1%). Indexing was with the following indicators of Malus pumila: cvs. Virginia crab, Radiant and R 12740 7A. Infection rate was higher in indexing: ACLSV (46.8%), ASGV (60.8%) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) found present in 54.5% of the tested samples. RT-PCR tests confirmed the presence of ASPV, ASGV and ACLSV detected previously by ELISA and biological indexing. This preliminary survey demonstrates a high rate of virus infections for apples in the Mediterranean Region of Eastern Turkey