39 research outputs found
Pome fruit viruses in Bosnia and Herzegovina
During autumn 2005 and summer 2006, field surveys were carried out to assess the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inspections were done in the main pome fruit growing areas including 10 orchards, 2 nurseries and one varietal collection. A total of 65 apple and 50 pear cultivars were tested by biological indexing for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The average infection level was 81%. Both species showed a similar infection rate (83% for apple and 78% for pear). The most frequent viruses of apple were ACLSV (72%) and ASPV (69%), and of pear ASGV (69%) and ACLSV (64%). The same samples were also tested by ELISA, with a lower virus detection rate compared to the biological indexing. Multiplex RT-PCR results of 20 randomly selected apple cultivars were in line with biological indexing. Results of our surveys report for the first time th e presence of ACLSV, ASPV, ASGV and ApMV on pome fruits in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Keywords: Malus, biological indexing, ELISA, multiplex RT-PCR, sanitary statu
Occurrence of Stone Fruit Viroids in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Tissue-imprint hybridization (TIH) assays were used to determine the occurrence and incidence of Peach
latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in stone fruit trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our
collections included trees of plum, peach, cherries, apricot, myrobalan and blackthorn from 33 commercial orchards
and 2 nurseries, in the areas of Banja Luka, Gradacac, Sarajevo and Mostar. Of the 410 trees assayed, 44 (11%)
tested positive by TIH assays. PLMVd was detected in 39 peach trees, including two old (seed grown) vineyard peach
trees (Prunus persica subsp. vulgaris). Tests for HSVd were positive in 3 apricot and 2 plum trees. PLMVd was
widely distributed throughout the country. In contrast, HSVd was found only in the northern part of the country.
Both native and imported cultivars of Prunus were infected. This is the first record of PLMVd and HSVd in Bosnia
and Herzegovina. In a separate experiment, peach trees with PLMVd were monitored in the autumn, winter and
spring seasons, with tissue imprints of leaf petioles, dormant cuttings and forced sprouts from dormant cuttings.
Irrespective of the tissues assayed, nearly all samples tested positive for PLMVd
Detection by tissue printing hybridization of Pome fruit viroids in the mediterranean basin
Available data on the incidence and biodiversity of pome fruit viroids in the Mediterranean basin are limited. Before starting a research survey to fill this gap, a tissue-printing hydridization (TPH) method to detect Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), Pear blister canker viroid (PBCVd) and Apple dimple fruit viroid (ADFVd) has been developed and validated. Afterward, TPH was used in large-scale indexing of pome fruit viroids in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta, Lebanon and Turkey. A total of about 1,000 trees was randomly collected and tested. Positive results obtained by TPH were confirmed by at least one additional detection method (RT-PCR and/or Northern-blot hybridization) and viroids were finally identified by sequencing full-length cDNA clones. PBCVd was detected in 13%, 12.4% and 5.4% of the tested pear trees in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta and Turkey, respectively, showing a wider diffusion of this viroid than expected. In contrast, ASSVd was never detected and ADFVd was only found in symptomatic trees (cv. Starking Delicious) in Lebanon, confirming a restricted presence of these viroids in the Mediterranean basin. Altogether, these data support the use of TPH as an easy and valuable tool for exploring pome fruit viroid spread. Keywords: Viroid disease, viroid spread, pome fruit trees, detection methods, molecular hybridizatio
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4 promotes oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and enhances CNS remyelination
Literature review - Energy saving potential of user-centered integrated lighting solutions
Measures for the reduction of electric energy loads for lighting have predominantly focussed on increasing the efficiency of lighting systems. This efficiency has now reached levels unthinkable a few decades ago. However, a focus on mere efficiency is physically limiting, and does not necessarily ensure that the anticipated energy savings actually materialize. There are technical and non-technical reasons because of which effective integration of lighting solutions and their controls, and thus a reduction in energy use, does not happen.
This literature review aims to assess the energy saving potential of integrated daylight and electric lighting design and controls, especially with respect to user preferences and behaviour. It does so by collecting available scientific knowledge and experience on daylighting, electric lighting, and related control systems, as well as on effective strategies for their integration.
Based on this knowledge, the review suggests design processes, innovative design strategies and design solutions which – if implemented appropriately – could improve user comfort, health, well-being and productivity, while saving energy as well as the operation and maintenance of lighting systems. The review highlights also regulatory, technical, and design challenges hindering energy savings.
Potential energy savings are reported from the retrieved studies. However, these savings derived from separate studies are dependent on their specific contexts, which lowers the ecological validity of the findings. Studies on strategies based on behavioural interventions, like information, feedback, and social norms, did not report energy saving performance. This is an interesting conclusion, since the papers indicate high potentials that deserve further exploration. Quantifying potential savings is fundamental to fostering large scale adoption of user-driven strategies, since this would allow at least a rough estimation of returns for the investors. However, such quantification requires that studies are designed with an inter-disciplinary approach.
The literature also shows that strategies, where there is more communication between façade and lighting designers, are more successful in integrated design, which calls for more communication between stakeholders in future building processes
First Report on «Hop Stunt Viroid» (HSVd) from Some Mediterranean Countries
Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) has a very wide host range including most stone fruit trees. Among them, apricot
is one of the most important host crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this study non-isotopic molecular hybridisation
revealed, for the first time, the presence of HSVd on apricot in four Mediterranean countries (Cyprus, Greece,
Morocco and Turkey). The results obtained by this technique were confirmed by northern-blot and RT-PCR analyses.
The data presented in this work indicate a wider geographical distribution of this viroid than hitherto known and
emphasise the need for this kind of study as part of the control effort
Association of genetic ancestry with colorectal tumor location in Puerto Rican Latinos
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the first cause of cancer deaths among Puerto Ricans. The incidence and mortality of CRC in Puerto Rico continue to be on the rise. The burden of CRC in Puerto Rico is higher than among US Hispanics and is second only to African Americans, thus supporting the importance of studying this CRC health disparity. The genetic background of the Puerto Rican population is a mix of European, African, and Amerindian races, which may account, in part, for the differences observed in the CRC mortality rates among Puerto Ricans. The objective of the study was to assess the role of genetic ancestry in CRC risk and its association with clinicopathological features of CRC tumors in Puerto Ricans. We used a validated panel of 105 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to estimate genetic ancestry in 406 Puerto Rican CRC cases and 425 Puerto Rican controls. We examined the association of genetic ancestry with CRC risk and tumor clinicopathological characteristics. The mean ancestry proportions in the study population were 61% European, 21% African, and 18% Amerindian. No association was observed between genetic ancestry and risk of CRC. However, African ancestry was associated with an increased risk of developing rectal tumors (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.04-2.31). Additional studies are needed to fully elucidate the role of African ancestry in CRC carcinogenesis.National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) [MD007587]; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [MD007587]; National Cancer Institute (NCI) [CA130034, CA096297/CA096300]; Center for Collaborative Research in Health Disparities RCMI [G12MD007600]Open access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid
[EN] Background: Microarray profiling is a powerful technique to investigate expression changes of large amounts of
genes in response to specific environmental conditions. The majority of the studies investigating gene expression
changes in virus-infected plants are limited to interactions between a virus and a model host plant, which usually is
Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. In the present work, we performed microarray profiling to explore
changes in the expression profile of field-grown Prunus persica (peach) originating from Chile upon single and
double infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), worldwide
natural pathogens of peach trees.
Results: Upon single PLMVd or PNRSV infection, the number of statistically significant gene expression changes
was relatively low. By contrast, doubly-infected fruits presented a high number of differentially regulated genes.
Among these, down-regulated genes were prevalent. Functional categorization of the gene expression changes
upon double PLMVd and PNRSV infection revealed protein modification and degradation as the functional category
with the highest percentage of repressed genes whereas induced genes encoded mainly proteins related to
phosphate, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism and also protein modification. Overrepresentation analysis
upon double infection with PLMVd and PNRSV revealed specific functional categories over- and underrepresented
among the repressed genes indicating active counter-defense mechanisms of the pathogens during infection.
Conclusions: Our results identify a novel synergistic effect of PLMVd and PNRSV on the transcriptome of peach
fruits. We demonstrate that mixed infections, which occur frequently in field conditions, result in a more complex
transcriptional response than that observed in single infections. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that
the simultaneous infection of a viroid and a plant virus synergistically affect the host transcriptome in infected
peach fruits. These field studies can help to fully understand plant-pathogen interactions and to develop
appropriate crop protection strategies.We thank Drs M.A. Perez-Amador y J. Gadea for helping in the result analysis. This work was supported by grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica for the transcriptomic analyses and from the grant 2009CL0020 from the bilateral project INIA-Chile/CSIC-Spain for the phytosanitary evaluation. MC Herranz was the recipient of a contract from the Juan de la Cierva program of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Herranz Gordo, MDC.; Niehl, A.; Rosales, M.; Fiore, N.; Zamorano, A.; Granell Richart, A.; Pallás Benet, V. (2013). A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid. Virology Journal. 10:11-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-164S111510Pallas V, Garcia JA: How do plant viruses induce disease? Interactions and interference with host components. 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A preliminary account on apple viruses in Mediterranean Region of Turkey
A survey was carried out to check for apple (Malus domestica) viruses in the Mediterranean Region (South Anatolia) of Turkey, between 2002 and 2005. In total, 108 orchards and 10 varietal collections were visited in the districts of Adana, Antalya, K. Maras and Osmaniye, collecting randomly 413 samples of leaves and/or dormant cuttings from apple trees. Sanitary testing was done by ELISA, biological indexing and RT-PCR. All samples were tested by ELISA for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV). The overall virus infection rate in ELISA was 18.8%. The prevailing viruses were ACLSV (10.6%), ASGV (5.0%) and ApMV (3.1%). Indexing was with the following indicators of Malus pumila: cvs. Virginia crab, Radiant and R 12740 7A. Infection rate was higher in indexing: ACLSV (46.8%), ASGV (60.8%) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) found present in 54.5% of the tested samples. RT-PCR tests confirmed the presence of ASPV, ASGV and ACLSV detected previously by ELISA and biological indexing. This preliminary survey demonstrates a high rate of virus infections for apples in the Mediterranean Region of Eastern Turkey