Effect of 24-h severe energy restriction on appetite regulation and ad libitum energy intake in lean men and women

Background: Intermittent severe energy restriction (SER) can induce substantial weight loss, but the appetite regulatory responses to SER are unknown and may dictate long-term dietary adherence. Objective: We determined the effect of 24-h SER on appetite regulation, metabolism, and energy intake. Design: Eighteen lean men and women completed two 3-d trials in randomized, counterbalanced order. On day 1 subjects consumed standardized diets containing 100% (mean 6 SD: 9.3 6 1.3 MJ; energy balance) or 25% [2.3 6 0.3 MJ; energy restriction (ER)] of energy requirements. On day 2, a standardized breakfast was consumed, with plasma concentrations of acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids determined for 4 h. Ad libitum energy intake was assessed at lunch and dinner with subjective appetite and resting metabolism assessed throughout. On day 3, ad libitum energy intake was assessed at breakfast and by weighed food records. Results: Energy intake was 7% greater on day 2 (P<0.05) during ER but not significantly different on day 3 (P=0.557). Subjective appetite was greater during ER on the morning of day 2 (P<0.05) but was not significantly different thereafter (P<0.145). During ER, postprandial concentrations of acylated ghrelin were lower (P<0.05), whereas glucose (P<0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (P<0.0001) were higher. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 17–36 (P=0.784) and insulin (P=0.06) concentrations were not significantly different between trials. Energy expenditure was lower during ER in the morning (P<0.01). Conclusions: In lean young adults, 24-h SER transiently elevated subjective appetite and marginally increased energy intake, but hormonal appetite markers did not respond in a manner indicative of hyperphagia. These results suggest that intermittent SER might be useful to attenuate energy intake and control body weight in this population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov.uk as NCT02696772

DEVELOPMENTS IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE REFRIGERATED TRANSPORTATION FOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT There have been many recent improvements to active and passive temperature controlled, transportation. This has been in response to the demands of the market and increasing legislation. This paper discusses the various options available to the pharmaceutical industry in particular and is of interest to all those concerned with passively and actively cooled transportation modes in general. Containers, mini containers, airfreight containers and refrigerated vehicles are covered. Cooling systems and transportation methods employing eutectics, phase-change materials and dry ice are examined and results from trial work referenced. These developments can provide efficient and effective means of temperature regulation and offer cost effective solutions to the increasing requirements of transportation

At the extremes of exclusion: Deportation, detention and dispersal

Deportation, detention and dispersal have formed an occasional part of Britain's migration regime throughout the twentieth century, though they tended to be used in response to particular events or “crises”. By the end of the twentieth century, however, deportation, detention and, most recently, dispersal have become “normalized”, “essential” instruments in the ongoing attempt to control or manage immigration to Britain. This article outlines the use of detention, deportation and dispersal in the twentieth century exploring how they have evolved and then become an integral part of the migration regime into the twenty-first century. Where appropriate, British practices are compared with those of its European neighbours, where to differing degrees, deportation, detention and dispersal have also become everyday practices. In examining these practices in Britain, we consider the rationale and stated aims of their employment, as well as describing some of the consequences, where known, of detention, deportation and dispersal

Building leaders for the UN Ocean Science Decade : a guide to supporting early career women researchers within academic marine research institutions

Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders.Peer reviewe

Combined Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid and Antibody Testing for SARS-CoV-2 following Emergence of D614G Spike Variant

Rapid COVID-19 diagnosis in the hospital is essential, although this is complicated by 30%–50% of nose/throat swabs being negative by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). Furthermore, the D614G spike mutant dominates the pandemic and it is unclear how serological tests designed to detect anti-spike antibodies perform against this variant. We assess the diagnostic accuracy of combined rapid antibody point of care (POC) and nucleic acid assays for suspected COVID-19 disease due to either wild-type or the D614G spike mutant SARS-CoV-2. The overall detection rate for COVID-19 is 79.2% (95% CI 57.8–92.9) by rapid NAAT alone. The combined point of care antibody test and rapid NAAT is not affected by D614G and results in very high sensitivity for COVID-19 diagnosis with very high specificity

Building leaders for the UN Ocean Science Decade: a guide to supporting early career women researchers within academic marine research institutions

Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders

Ethene/norbornene copolymerization using the catalyst system Prⁱ[(3-Prⁱ-Cp)Flu]ZrCl₂: Determination of the copolymerization parameters and mechanistic considerations

The (13) NMR spectra of ethane/norbornene copolymers in which there are no norbornene microblocks are much simpler than those of copolymers in which norbornene microblocks are present, making it possible to completely assign all the C-13 resonances to the corresponding pentads in the copolymer chain. However, there is disagreement in the literature over several assignments of the ethane C-13 NMR signals. In this paper these discrepencies are summarized and discussed. This contribution also reports ethane/norbornene copolymerizations carried out at various temperatures using the homogeneous catalyst system Pr[(3-Pr-Cp)Flu]ZrCl2. The C-13 NMR spectra of the copolymers were analyzed in the light of the discussion above and the triad discussions were used to determine the copolmerization parameters by Markov first- and second-order statistical models. On the basis of these results, the mechanism generating such an alternating microstructure in these copolymers is discussed and compared with the mechanism previously proposed in the literature. The C-13 NMR spectrum with signal assignments of an ethane/norbornene copolymer without norbornene microblocks

Elementary Steps of Gold Catalysis: NMR Spectroscopy Reveals the Highly Cationic Character of a "Gold Carbenoid"

What are you? Even though the metal-induced ring opening of 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes is known to serve as a genuine carbene generator, the use of AuI in this reaction leads to a reactive intermediate with highly cationic character. This result has important implications for gold catalysis in general, which in the past has been commonly attributed to the intervention of gold carbenes

Ethene/norbornene copolymerization using the catalyst system Pri[(3-Pri-Cp)Flu]ZrCl2: Determination of the copolymerization parameters and mechanistic considerations

The (13) NMR spectra of ethane/norbornene copolymers in which there are no norbornene microblocks are much simpler than those of copolymers in which norbornene microblocks are present, making it possible to completely assign all the C-13 resonances to the corresponding pentads in the copolymer chain. However, there is disagreement in the literature over several assignments of the ethane C-13 NMR signals. In this paper these discrepencies are summarized and discussed. This contribution also reports ethane/norbornene copolymerizations carried out at various temperatures using the homogeneous catalyst system Pr[(3-Pr-Cp)Flu]ZrCl2. The C-13 NMR spectra of the copolymers were analyzed in the light of the discussion above and the triad discussions were used to determine the copolmerization parameters by Markov first- and second-order statistical models. On the basis of these results, the mechanism generating such an alternating microstructure in these copolymers is discussed and compared with the mechanism previously proposed in the literature. The C-13 NMR spectrum with signal assignments of an ethane/norbornene copolymer without norbornene microblocks

Industrial Projects Recommended by the Faculty of Engineering UDSM

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