ANALIZA PERFORMANSI STATIČKOGA I KINEMATIČKOGA PPP-AR SERVISA TEMELJENE NA INTERNETU PRI NAKNADNOJ OBRADI

The use of the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique has become very advantageous with the development of GNSS positioning technology. It is possible to get highly accurate position information without the need of any reference station data using the PPP technique. However, there are various factors that affect the accuracy of PPP solutions, including the initial phase ambiguity solution type, which can be fixed or float, atmospheric effects, observation length, used satellite systems, and used precise products. The Canadian Spatial Reference System-Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) service, one of the online PPP services, was updated on October 20th, 2020, and upgraded to version 3, capable of the Ambiguity-Fixed (PPP-AR) solution. Prior to this date, the service had offered the Ambiguity-Float (PPP-Float) solution. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of using different satellite systems (GPS, GPS&GLONASS), length of observation time, static/kinematic processing modes, and initial phase ambiguity solution types on PPP accuracy. The daily observation data of ANKR, ISTA, IZMI, MERS, and KRS1 IGS GNSS stations located within the borders of Türkiye, divided into different sub-sessions (1-hour, 2-hours, 4-hours, 8-hours, and 12-hours) were processed using CSRS-PPP web-based service as PPP-Float before the update and PPP-AR after the update. As a result of the comparison, the combined use of GPS & GLONASS satellite systems instead of using GPS satellites alone has increased horizontal and vertical accuracy in both static/kinematic PPP-Float and PPP-AR solutions. Considering the static solutions, horizontal and vertical position accuracies increase as the observation time increases in both ambiguity solution methods using different constellations. In the case of comparison of the ambiguity solution methods, it was found that the PPP-AR approach offered higher accuracy than the PPP-Float in all solution cases.Korištenje tehnike preciznoga pozicioniranja (PPP) postalo je vrlo povoljno s razvojem tehnologije GNSS pozicioniranja. Moguće je dobiti vrlo precizne informacije o položaju bez potrebe za podatcima referentne stanice korištenjem PPP tehnike. Međutim, postoje različiti čimbenici koji utječu na točnost rješenja PPP-a, uključujući vrstu rješenja dvosmislenosti početne faze koja može biti fiksna ili pomična, atmosferske učinke, duljinu promatranja, korištene satelitske sustave i korištene precizne proizvode. Usluga Canadian Spatial Reference System-Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) jedna od internetskih PPP usluga, ažurirana je 20. listopada 2020. i nadograđena na verziju 3, koja podržava rješenje s fiksnom dvosmislenošću (PPP-AR). Do sada je usluga nudila rješenje Ambiguity-Float (PPP-Float). U ovoj studiji cilj je istražiti učinak korištenja različitih satelitskih sustava (GPS, GPS&GLONASS), duljine vremena promatranja, statičkih/kinematičkih načina obrade i tipova rješenja dvosmislenosti početne faze na točnost PPP-a. Dnevni podatci motrenja ANKR, ISTA, IZMI, MERS i KRS1 IGS GNSS postaja koje se nalaze unutar granica Turske podijeljeni u različite podsesije (1-satni, 2-satni, 4-satni, 8-satni i 12-satni) obrađeni su korištenjem CSRS-PPP internetske usluge kao PPP-Float prije ažuriranja i PPP-AR nakon ažuriranja. Kao rezultat usporedbe, kombinirana upotreba GPS i GLONASS satelitskih sustava umjesto korištenja samih GPS satelita povećala je horizontalnu i vertikalnu točnost u statičkim/kinematičkim PPP-Float i PPPAR rješenjima. Uzimajući u obzir statička rješenja, horizontalna i vertikalna točnost položaja povećavaju se kako se povećava vrijeme promatranja u objema metodama rješenja višeznačnosti koristeći se različitim konstelacijama. U slučaju usporedbe metoda rješavanja višeznačnosti utvrđeno je da PPP-AR pristup nudi veću točnost od PPP-Float u svim slučajevima rješenja

Performance analysis of precise point positioning (ppp) technique in antarctica continent

Küresel ısınmanın etkisi ile kutup bölgelerinde meydana gelen iklim değişikliklerinin takibi, atmosfer fiziğinin daha iyi ortaya konulabilmesi, buzullardaki deformasyonların ve tektonik hareketlerin sürekli olarak izlenmesi büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Bu kapsamda GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite SystemKüresel Navigasyon Uydu Sistemi) ve uzaktan algılama uyduları küresel çaptaki afetlerin izlenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. GNSS’i oluşturan uydu sistemlerinin en temel parçası olan GPS uydularının yörüngelerinin ekvatora göre 55 eğime sahip olmasından dolayı kutup bölgelerinde başucu doğrultusu çevresinde uydu gözlemleri kısıtlı olmaktadır. Ayrıca, kutup bölgelerinde yaz ve kış aylarında gün ışığı süresi ve hava koşulları büyük farklılıklar göstermektedir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı kutup bölgelerinde yapılacak GPS ölçmelerine etki eden atmosfer kaynaklı hataların giderilmesi daha fazla önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında PPP tekniğinin Antarktika Kıtasındaki performansı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Antarktika Kıtasında UNAVCO’ya ait sürekli gözlem yapan HUGO ve HOWE sabit GPS istasyonlarına ait farklı mevsimlerdeki 30 saniye aralıklı günlük gözlem verileri statik ve kinematik PPP yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, günümüzün en yaygın kullanılan online GNSS değerlendirme servislerinden birisi olan Canadian Spatial Reference System-Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) servisi ve açık kaynak kodlu akademik bir yazılım olan RTKLIB kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonuçlarına göre PPP tekniği ile elde edilen koordinatların, AUSPOS online rölatif konumlandırma servisi ile elde edilen ve bilinen olarak kabul edilen koordinatlarla statik çözümlerde milimetre, kinematik çözümlerde ise santimetre mertebesinde farklara sahip olduğu görülmüştür.It is of great importance to observe the climate changes that occur in the polar regions with the effect of global warming, to better reveal the atmospheric physics, and to continuously monitor the deformations and tectonic movements in the glaciers. In this context, GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and remote sensing satellites are widely used in the monitoring of global disasters. As one of the most fundamental components of GNSS, GPS satellites have inclined orbits 55 with respect to the equator, therefore around the zenith direction the satellite observations are limited in the polar regions. Also, the daylight duration and weather conditions vary greatly in the polar regions in summer and winter times. For these reasons, eliminating the effects of atmospheric errors on GPS measurements in polar regions is much more crucial. In this study, the performance of PPP technique in Antarctica Continent was investigated. For this purpose, the daily observations with 30-second sampling rates from different seasons belong to HUGO and HOWE continuous GPS stations of UNAVCO in the Continent, were processed with static and kinematic PPP methods. In the study, Canadian Spatial Reference System-Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) online service, and RTKLIB, an open source academic software, were used. In results of the study, it is seen that the coordinates obtained with PPP technique have differences with the known coordinates of the points obtained from the AUSPOS online relative positioning service are in millimeter for static solutions and in centimeter for kinematic solutions, respectively

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Comparison Of Physico Chemical Properties Of Defatted And Ground Grape Seed And Some Other Commercial Fiber Sources

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2002Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2002Adıyaman, Besni yöresinde yetiştirilen yağı kısmen alındıktan sonra öğütülen beyaz ve siyah üzüm çekirdekleri, ticari lif kaynakları olan buğday, yulaf, çavdar kepeği, soya ve bezelye lifleri ile fiziko-kimyasal özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırıldı. Bu kapsamda üzüm çekirdeklerinin ve diğer lif kaynaklarının yığın yoğunluğu, tane irilik dağılımları, su tutma kapasitesi, pH ve iyonik maddelerin su tutma kapasitesine etkisi, yağ tutma kapasitesi ve katyon değişim kapasitesi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca üzüm çekirdeği tozlarının bileşen analizleri yapılmıştır. Siyah ve beyaz üzüm çekirdeği tozları için sırasıyla yağ içeriği %4.46 ve %2.16, protein içeriği %8.42 ve %8.8, nem içeriği %8.69 ve %8.69, kül içeriği %2.91 ve %3.04, azotsuz ekstrakt %34.4 ve %41.1, ham lif içeriği %41.17 ve %36.21 şeklinde bulunmuştur. Tane irilikleri 106 – 212 &#61549;m arasında olan üzüm çekirdeklerinin su tutma kapasiteleri buğday, çavdar ve yulaf kepeğinkine yakın çıkmıştır (3.21 g su / g örnek). İyonik maddelerin varlığı ve pH değişimi örneklerin su tutma kapasitelerinde belirgin bir farklılık yaratmamıştır. Soya ve bezelye lifi ekstraktlarının su tutma kapasiteleri tüm koşullarda diğer örneklere göre çok yüksek çıkmıştır. Tüm örneklerin yağ tutma kapasiteleri birbirlerine yakın değerler vermiştir (2,94 – 1,95 g yağ / g örnek). Yağ tutma kapasitesi beyaz ve siyah üzüm çekirdekleri için sırasıyla 2.22 ve 2.19 g yağ / g örnek bulunmuştur. Katyon değişim kapasiteleri beyaz ve siyah üzüm çekirdekleri için 1.03 meq / g kuru örnek olarak buğday kepeğinkine yakın çıkmıştır (1.07 meq / g kuru örnek). Bu çalışmada elde edilen veriler, üzüm çekirdeğinin yağı alındıktan sonra kalan posasının iyi bir diyet lif kaynağı olduğunu göstermektedir.Partially defatted and ground white and black grape seeds from Turkey, Adiyaman, Besni Region was compared with wheat, oat and rye bran and soy and pea fibers with respect to thier physicochemical properties. In this context density, particle size distribution, water holding capacity and the effects of pH and ionic materials on water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and cation exchange capacity was determined for both grape seeds and other commercial fiber sources. Compositional analysis of grape seed powders was also done. Partially defatted black and white grape seed powders had in the order of 4.46% and 2.16% fat, 8.42% and 8.8% protein, 8.69% and 8.69% moisture, 2.91% and 3.04% ash, 34.4% and 41.1% nitrogen free extract, 41.17% and 36.21% crude fiber respectively. Grape seed powders that have particle sizes between 106 – 212 &#61549;m, had similar water holding capacity with those of wheat, oat and rye bran (3.21 g water / g sample). Presence of ionic materials and change in pH value was not made considerable changes in water holding capacities of the samples. Extracted soy and pea fibers had relatively higher water holding values under all conditions compare to other samples. Oil holding capacities of the samples was close to each other (2,94 – 1,95 g oil / g sample). Oil holding capacities of white and black grape seeds were 2.22 and 2.19 g oil / g sample respectively. Cation exchange capacities of black and white grape seed powders were very close to that of wheat bran (1.03 meq / g dry sample). The data obtained from this research indicated that the grape seed meals obtained after oil extraction could be a good source of dietary fiber.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Transmission expansion planning based on a hybrid genetic algorithm approach under uncertainty

Transmission expansion planning (TEP) is one of the key decisions in power systems. Its impact on the system's operation is excessive and long-lived. The aim of TEP is to determine new transmission lines effectively for a current transmission grid to fulfill the model objectives. However, to obtain a solution, especially under uncertainty, is extremely difficult due to the nonlinear mixed-integer structure of the TEP problem. In this paper, first genetic algorithm (GA) approaches for TEP are reviewed in the literature and then a new hybrid GA with linear modeling is proposed. The proposed GA method has a flexible structure and the effectiveness of the method is assessed on Garver 6-bus, IEEE 24-bus, and South Brazilian test problems in the literature. It is observed that newly proposed hybrid GA shows a rapid convergence on the test problems. Scenarios are then generated for uncertainties such as change in demand, oil prices, environmental issues, precipitation amounts, renewable generation, and production failures. Numerical results demonstrate that test problems are resolved successively under uncertainty conditions with the proposed hybrid algorithm

Assessment of Multi-GNSS RT-PPP Services for the Antarctic Region

The international service that ensures access to data and products of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), known as the IGS, runs a real-time service (RTS) project to support users who need real-time access to precise products. Thanks to the RTS project, it is now possible to obtain real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP) solutions. RT-PPP can be used in many real-time positioning applications that require a high level of accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility, including earth sciences, atmosphere sciences, marine sciences, natural hazards, and many more. In this study, we tested the impact of different worldwide RTS products and satellite configurations on the performance of RT-PPP accuracy, as well as convergence time, in the Antarctic’s challenging environment and extreme atmospheric conditions. We applied RT-PPP solutions using real-time precise products (satellite orbit/clock corrections, and biases to conduct the real-time PPP) provided by the IGS and NAVCAST (a real-time PPP positioning service) based on different GNSS constellations: GPS-only, Galileo-only, and a combination of GPS and Galileo. In this way, the performance of two different real-time (RT) services was compared with each other. At the same time, the effectiveness of the Galileo global navigation satellite system for RT-PPP was also tested, and the Galileo system’s contribution to the GPS-only RT-PPP solution was investigated. The PPP-WIZARD software was used to process the corrections and GNSS data from a reference station in the Antarctic region. Although GPS-only, Galileo-only, and multi-GNSS solutions obtained from both RT services were found to have very close accuracy to each other, the combination of the GPS and Galileo systems produced better accuracy than when using the GPS system alone. According to the numerical results of this study, it was concluded that the real-time PPP technique gave promising results in such a challenging environment of the Antarctic region. However, we also observe that the RT-PPP technique requires a stable and robust internet connection, which might limit its usefulness in remote regions. Overall, we found the RT-PPP technique to be a viable alternative to conventional relative GNSS positioning techniques, especially in areas where continuously operating reference networks or similar networks are lacking.      Le service international qui assure l’accès aux données et aux produits de systèmes mondiaux de navigation par satellite (GNSS), connus sous le nom d’IGS, gère un projet de service en temps réel (RTS) pour venir en aide aux utilisateurs nécessitant un accès en temps réel à des produits de précision. Grâce au projet de RTS, il est désormais possible d’obtenir des solutions de positionnement de précision en temps réel (RT-PPP). Les techniques de RT-PPP peuvent être employées dans de nombreuses applications en temps réel nécessitant un grand degré d’exactitude, d’efficacité et de flexibilité, notamment pour les sciences de la terre, les sciences de l’atmosphère, les sciences de la mer, les risques naturels et bien d’autres. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous avons testé les effets de différents produits de RTS et de configurations satellitaires d’envergure mondiale sur le plan de l’exactitude des RT-PPP, ainsi que le temps de convergence, dans l’environnement rigoureux et les conditions atmosphériques extrêmes de l’Antarctique. Nous avons appliqué des solutions de RT-PPP au moyen de produits de précision en temps réel (corrections d’orbites et d’horloges de satellites, et biais pour réaliser des PPP en temps réel) fournies par l’IGS et NAVCAST (un service de PPP en temps réel) en fonction de différentes constellations de GNSS : GPS seulement, Galileo seulement et une combinaison de GPS et Galileo. Cela a permis de comparer le rendement de deux services différents en temps réel (RT). Par la même occasion, l’efficacité du système mondial de navigation par satellite Galileo a été mise à l’épreuve en matière de RT-PPP, et l’apport du système Galileo à la solution de RT-PPP pour GPS seulement a été examiné. Le logiciel PPP-WIZARD a servi à traiter les corrections et les données de systèmes mondiaux de navigation par satellite d’une station de référence de la région de l’Antarctique. Même si les solutions GPS seulement, Galileo seulement et multi-GNSS des deux services de RT ont donné des résultats d’une exactitude très semblable, la combinaison des systèmes GPS et Galileo a donné une meilleure exactitude que le système GPS employé seul. Les résultats numériques de cette étude ont permis de conclure que la technique de PPP en temps réel a donné des résultats prometteurs dans l’environnement rigoureux de la région de l’Antarctique. Cependant, nous avons également observé que la technique de RT-PPP nécessite une connexion Internet stable et robuste, ce qui risque de restreindre son utilité dans les régions éloignées. Dans l’ensemble, nous avons constaté que la technique de RT-PPP constitue une option viable par rapport aux techniques de positionnement GNSS relatives conventionnelles, surtout dans les régions où il manque des réseaux de référence ou des réseaux similaires en continu

Geographic Information Systems of Historic Residental Areas and Archaeological Structures : A Case Study of Denizli

Yapılan arkeolojik çalışmalar her geçen gün yeni bir kültürel mirası gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır. Bu mirasa ait verilerin saklanması, sınıflandırılması, analiz edilmesi ve bir çok kullanıcı tarafından kolay ulaşılabilir olması için sayısallaştırılması gerekmektedir. Arkeolojik değerlere ait öznitelik verilerinin yanında, konumsal bilgileri de içerdiğinden, uygulamanın CBS destekli olması gerekir. Uzun bir geçmişe sahip olan Denizli, sahip olduğu arkeolojik değerleri ile turizmin önde gelen noktalarından birisidir. Bu çalışmada güncel yazılımlar ile Denizli ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan tarihi yerleşim alanı ve yapılar örnek alınarak, konumsal veri tabanı ve kullanıcı ara yüzü modeli geliştirilmiştir. Web sunucusu üzerinden çalışan CBS modeli, birbirinden bağımsız çalışma prensibine sahip altı farklı yazılım teknolojisinin etkileşimli hale getirilmesi ile elde edilerek;tarihi yerleşim ve arkeolojik yapılar ile ilgili bilgi almak isteyen tüm ziyaretçilere önemli yerleşim ve yapıların nerede bulunduklarını, nasıl ulaşabileceklerini, tarihini, ilgili akademik çalışmaların yanı sıra görsel bilgileri de sunmaktadır.CBS harita işleme programı olarak Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional, mekânsal veri tabanı olarak Microsoft SQL Server, harita web sunucusu olarak GeoServer tercih edilmiş, dijital haritalar işlenerek Microsoft SQL Server veritabanında depolanmıştır. Bu kapsamda geliştirilen uygulama modelinin arkeolojik miras için dijital bir rehber olması amaçlanmıştır.Recent archeological searches have been revealing a new cultural heritage day by day. In order to preserve, classify and analyze the data of these heritages and make it accessible easily for the users, the data needs to be digitised. In addition to the feature data of archeological values, the application needs to be supported by GIS as it includes the locational information. Denizli, having a long history, is one of the major tourism destinations with its archeological features. In this study, the spatial database and user interface of the ancient residential areas and buildings within the borders of Denizli have been developed.This GIS model, which works on the web server, has been created via forming an interaction among six different software technologies, each of which has a seperate working discipline and it provides substantial information to the visitors such as the location of important settlements and areas, how to reach there, its history and the related academic studies. In this study, Pitney Bowes MapInfo Professional as GIS mapping program, Microsoft SQL Server as spatial database, GeoServer as map server are chosen. The processed digital maps are stored on Microsoft SQL Server database. The application model which is developed whitin this concept,aims to be a digital guide for the cultural inheritance