Aufgabenstellungen sprachsensibel aufschlüsseln: Ein Vorschlag zur sprachlichen und fachlichen Aufbereitung von Operatoren im Geschichtsunterricht

Die integrierte Vermittlung von sprachlichen und fachlichen Inhalten im Unterricht wird mittlerweile sowohl in der universitären Lehrer_innenbildung als auch in der Schule verstärkt thematisiert. Ein zentrales Thema dabei ist insbesondere auch die sprachsensible Gestaltung von Aufgabenstellungen. Basierend auf dem Konkretisierungsraster von Tajmel und Hägi-Mead (Tajmel, 2011; Tajmel & Hägi-Mead, 2017) wurde ein Instrument für den Geschichtsunterricht entwickelt, mit dem Aufgabenstellungen sowohl sprachsensibel aufbereitet als auch die spezifischen fachlichen Anforderungen dezidiert herausgearbeitet werden können. Das Instrument, welches im vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt wird, eignet sich für den Einsatz in der sprachsensiblen Unterrichtsvorberei-tung bzw. für die Aus- und Weiterbildung von (angehenden) Lehrkräften.Language-based strategies in subject matter teaching to foster L2 learners is increasingly being addressed both in university teacher education and in schools. A central topic here is the language-based work with tasks. Based on the “Konkretisierungsraster” of Tajmel (Tajmel, 2011; Tajmel & Hägi-Mead, 2017) an instrument for history teaching has been developed, which allows working with tasks in such a way that language facilitation within subject matter teaching is pos-sible. The instrument is suitable for the use of language-based strategies in subject matter teaching as well as for the training and further education of (pre-service) teachers

Verbindung von Fach- und Sprachlernen als Zugang zu Forschendem Lernen

Der Beitrag, der die Ergebnisse einer Kooperation von Geschichtsdidaktik und Deutsch als Zweitsprache im Rahmen des Projektes BiProfessional zusammenführt, zeigt Herausforderungen in der Verbindung von Fach- und Sprachlernen hinsichtlich der Konzeption von Aufgabenstellungen auf. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das von Zörner und Must weiterentwickelte Konkretisierungsraster (2019, zurückgehend auf Tajmel & Hägi-Mead, 2017), das die Strukturierung einer Aufgabengestaltung unterstützen und Gelegenheit zu Reflexionen über die Mehrdeutigkeit von Operatoren bieten soll. Insbesondere Letzteres soll Impulse für Forschendes Lernen schaffen und sowohl Studierende als auch tätige Lehrkräfte für die Erfordernisse einer sprachsensiblen Aufgabengestaltung sensibilisieren. Hierfür liefert der Beitrag konkrete didaktische Anregungen und Materialien für den Einsatz in Seminar- und Fortbildungskontexten

Forschendes Lernen in der Geschichtsdidaktik

Die Bielefelder Geschichtsdidaktik versteht das Forschende Lernen im Rahmen der Ausbildung von Lehramtsstudierenden als ein Mittel, die Umsetzbarkeit theoretischer Konzepte in der Praxis empirisch zu überprüfen und daraus Konsequenzen für die eigene Unterrichtsplanung und Kompetenzentwicklung abzuleiten. Der folgende Beitrag informiert über Grundlegung, Ziele, Methoden und fachdidaktische Reflexion des Bielefelder Konzepts im Fach Geschichte

Results of Go Girls: A Weight Control Program for Overweight African‐American Adolescent Females

Objective : Go Girls was a church‐based nutrition and physical activity program designed for overweight African‐American (AA) adolescent females. Research Methods and Procedures : Ten predominantly middle‐socioeconomic churches were randomized to either a high‐intensity (20 to 26 sessions) or moderate‐intensity (six sessions) culturally tailored behavioral group intervention delivered over 6 months. Each session included an experiential behavioral activity, ∼30 minutes of physical activity, and preparation and tasting of healthy foods. In the high‐intensity group, girls also received four to six telephone counseling calls. From the 10 churches, 123 girls completed baseline and 6‐month post‐test assessments. The primary outcome was BMI; secondary outcomes included waist and hip circumferences, percentage body fat estimated by bioimpedance, serum insulin, glucose, and lipids, and cardiovascular fitness at 6‐month follow‐up. Selected measures were also collected at 1‐year follow‐up. Results : At 6‐month follow‐up, the net difference between the high‐ and moderate‐intensity groups was 0.5 BMI units. This difference was not statistically significant ( p = 0.20). There were no significant group differences in secondary outcomes. Girls in the high‐intensity condition, however, who attended more than three‐quarters of the sessions had significantly lower BMI and percentage body fat relative to girls in the high‐intensity group who attended fewer sessions. Findings at 1‐year follow‐up mirrored those at 6 months. Discussion : We concluded that the intervention was not effective in reducing adiposity, although there were some positive findings among high attenders. Despite the null result, the intervention was generally well received by participants. Future interventions may require greater dose and a more structured dietary change program.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93768/1/oby.2005.212.pd

Entering a new era of body indices: the feasibility of a body shape index and body roundness index to identify cardiovascular health status.

BACKGROUND: The Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) are well-used anthropometric predictors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but their validity is regularly questioned. Recently, A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and Body Roundness Index (BRI) were introduced as alternative anthropometric indices that may better reflect health status. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the capacity of ABSI and BRI in identifying cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular disease risk factors and determined whether they are superior to BMI and WC. DESIGN AND METHODS: 4627 Participants (54±12 years) of the Nijmegen Exercise Study completed an online questionnaire concerning CVD health status (defined as history of CVD or CVD risk factors) and anthropometric characteristics. Quintiles of ABSI, BRI, BMI, and WC were used regarding CVD prevalence. Odds ratios (OR), adjusted for age, sex, and smoking, were calculated per anthropometric index. RESULTS: 1332 participants (27.7%) reported presence of CVD or CVD risk factors. The prevalence of CVD increased across quintiles for BMI, ABSI, BRI, and WC. Comparing the lowest with the highest quintile, adjusted OR (95% CI) for CVD were significantly different for BRI 3.2 (1.4-7.2), BMI 2.4 (1.9-3.1), and WC 3.0 (1.6-5.6). The adjusted OR (95% CI) for CVD risk factors was for BRI 2.5 (2.0-3.3), BMI 3.3 (1.6-6.8), and WC 2.0 (1.6-2.5). No association was observed for ABSI in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: BRI, BMI, and WC are able to determine CVD presence, while ABSI is not capable. Nevertheless, the capacity of BRI as a novel body index to identify CVD was not superior compared to established anthropometric indices like BMI and WC

Brisk walking compared with an individualised medical fitness programme for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Structured exercise is considered a cornerstone in type 2 diabetes treatment. However, adherence to combined resistance and endurance type exercise or medical fitness intervention programmes is generally poor. Group-based brisk walking may represent an attractive alternative, but its long-term efficacy as compared with an individualised approach such as medical fitness intervention programmes is unknown. We compared the clinical benefits of a 12-month exercise intervention programme consisting of either brisk walking or a medical fitness programme in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: We randomised 92 type 2 diabetes patients (60 +/- 9 years old) to either three times a week of 60 min brisk walking (n = 49) or medical fitness programme (n = 43). Primary outcome was the difference in changes in HbA1c values at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were differences in changes in blood pressure, plasma lipid concentrations, insulin sensitivity, body composition, physical fitness, programme adherence rate and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: After 12 months, 18 brisk walking and 19 medical fitness participants were still actively participating. In both programmes, 50 and 25% of the dropout was attributed to overuse injuries and lack of motivation, respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no important differences between brisk walking and medical fitness programme in primary or secondary outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The prescription of group-based brisk walking represents an equally effective intervention to modulate glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in type 2 diabetes patients when compared with more individualised medical fitness programmes. Future exercise intervention programmes should anticipate the high attrition rate due to overuse injuries and motivation problems

Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence

BACKGROUND: The literature on childhood and adolescent obesity is vast. In addition to producing a general overview, this paper aims to highlight gender differences or similarities, an area which has tended not to be the principal focus of this literature. METHODS: Databases were searched using the terms 'obesity' and 'child', 'adolescent', 'teenager', 'youth', 'young people', 'sex', 'gender', 'masculine', 'feminine', 'male', 'female', 'boy' and 'girl' (or variations on these terms). In order to limit the potential literature, the main focus is on other reviews, both general and relating to specific aspects of obesity. RESULTS: The findings of genetic studies are similar for males and females, and differences in obesity rates as defined by body mass index are generally small and inconsistent. However, differences between males and females due to biology are evident in the patterning of body fat, the fat levels at which health risks become apparent, levels of resting energy expenditure and energy requirements, ability to engage in certain physical activities and the consequences of obesity for the female reproductive system. Differences due to society or culture include food choices and dietary concerns, overall physical activity levels, body satisfaction and the long-term psychosocial consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. CONCLUSION: This review suggests differences between males and females in exposure and vulnerability to obesogenic environments, the consequences of child and adolescent obesity, and responses to interventions for the condition. A clearer focus on gender differences is required among both researchers and policy makers within this field

Global Health Governance and the Commercial Sector: A Documentary Analysis of Tobacco Company Strategies to Influence the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Heide Weishaar and colleagues did an analysis of internal tobacco industry documents together with other data and describe the industry's strategic response to the proposed World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

Exercise therapy in Type 2 diabetes

Structured exercise is considered an important cornerstone to achieve good glycemic control and improve cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes. Current clinical guidelines acknowledge the therapeutic strength of exercise intervention. This paper reviews the wide pathophysiological problems associated with Type 2 diabetes and discusses the benefits of exercise therapy on phenotype characteristics, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in Type 2 diabetes patients. Based on the currently available literature, it is concluded that Type 2 diabetes patients should be stimulated to participate in specifically designed exercise intervention programs. More attention should be paid to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal deconditioning as well as motivational factors to improve long-term treatment adherence and clinical efficacy. More clinical research is warranted to establish the efficacy of exercise intervention in a more differentiated approach for Type 2 diabetes subpopulations within different stages of the disease and various levels of co-morbidity