Innovación en explotaciones agrarias: comparación entre Navarra y Valencia

Actualmente es evidente e indiscutible que la globalización ha marcado un antes y un después en los mercados. Esto ha conllevado a una mayor competitividad entre las empresas y por lo tanto una necesidad de innovar y cooperar para poder seguir manteniéndose activas y poder abrirse a nuevos horizontes. Aunque el sector agrario tiene ciertas particularidades, también se ha tenido que adaptar a estos nuevos cambios. Para ello debe competir contra los nuevos y clásicos productos provenientes de países en desarrollo donde la mano de obra y los costes de producción son más baratos. Sobre esta base argumental, lo que se pretende en este trabajo “Innovación en las explotaciones agrarias: comparación entre Navarra y Valencia”, es identificar y cuantificar las estrategias empresariales competitivas que se emplean en el sector agrario y describir cuál es la valoración de los titulares frente a estos retos futuros que se presentan. El estudio se realiza en base a encuestas realizadas a distintas explotaciones tanto de la Comunidad Valenciana como de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra. Como resultado, se puede resaltar como la mayor parte de titulares prefiere llevar a cabo innovaciones incrementales frente a las radicales, ya que existe un riesgo menor para la explotación, también se puede ver como el margen bruto es un factor que incide a la hora de tomar la decisión de innovar y como a pesar de ser un sector muy tradicional, los titulares son cada vez más conscientes de la importancia de introducir novedades en todos los ámbitos de la producción y de conocer la competencia existente a su alrededor para seguir manteniéndose en una posición favorable.Nowadays, it is evident and undeniable that globalisation has marked a before and an after in the markets. This has involved a greater competitiveness among the enterprises and therefore a need to innovate and cooperate in order to continue keeping actives and being able to open up to new horizons. Although primary sector has certain particularities, it also has had to adapt to these new changes. To do it, it should compete against the new and classic products coming from the developing countries where the workforce and production costs are cheaper. In regard to this background, the aim of this work, “Innovation in agricultural holdings: comparison between Navarre and Valencia”, is to identify and quantify the competitive business strategies that are used in the primary sector and to describe which is the assessment of the owners towards these future challenges. This study is carried out based on some surveys on different agricultural holdings in Valencia and in Navarra. In short, we can emphasise that the major part of the owners prefer to carry out incremental innovations better than radical ones, due to the fact that there is a smaller risk for the owner. We can also see that the gross margin is a factor that affects the owners when they have to make a decision referred to innovation. In spite of being a very traditional sector, the owners are more and more aware of the importance of introducing some novelties in all production areas and conscious that they should know the existing competition setting around if they want to keep in a favourable position in the market.Graduado o Graduada en Ingeniería Agroalimentaria y del Medio Rural por la Universidad Pública de NavarraNekazaritzako Elikagaien eta Landa Ingurunearen Ingeniaritzan graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa

Geology and morphostructural evolution of Piton de la Fournaise

International audienceThe morphology of Piton de la Fournaise volcano results from the succession of construction, destruction and deformation processes that occurred since at least 530 ka. The chaotic surface of the gently dipping submarine flanks indicates that volcaniclastic deposits related to massive flank landslides and erosion cover most of the submarine flanks. Only a few seamounts like Cône Elianne and the submarine continuation of the rift zones are built by lava flows. In the subaerial domain, Piton de la Fournaise exhibits deeply incised canyons evidencing intense erosion and eastward verging scarps whose origin is still controversial. The different interpretations invoking flank landslides and/or summit collapse calderas are summarized. Geological data indicate a twofold construction of Piton de la Fournaise. Between 530 and 60 kyrs, the volcanic centre located in the current Plaine des Sables led to the building of the western part of the massif. The volcanic centre migrated eastwards to its current location, possibly at 60–40 kyrs. Then Piton de la Fournaise experienced caldera collapses and recurrent phreatomagmatic eruptions especially between 4880 and 2340 yr BP as evidenced by the Bellecombe ash deposit. Most of the recent volcanic activity is now currently focused restricted inside the Enclos Fouqué caldera where lava flow accumulation and rare explosive events built the 400-m-high Central Cone

Relaciones comunitarias y comunicaciones en obras de saneamiento. Caso: Esquema Lomas de Carabayllo - Ejecución de obra (2012-2013)

Busca recuperar las lecciones aprendidas de la intervención social en los temas de relaciones comunitarias y comunicación, realizados durante la ejecución de la obra de saneamiento del proyecto “Esquema Lomas de Carabayllo”, en el distrito de Carabayllo en el periodo del 2012 y 2013, ejecutado por el Consorcio Saneamiento Carabayllo II en marco del Programa Agua para Todos (PAPT), que posteriormente se denominó Programa Nacional de Saneamiento Urbano (PNSU). El área del consorcio responsable de la ejecución de las relaciones comunitarias y comunicación fue el Equipo de Intervención Social (EIS) que lo conformaba profesionales de letras, humanidades y de las ciencias sociales. El presente documento examina tres ejes de sistematización; el primero identifica y analiza las estrategias de comunicación implementadas en los tres componentes principales de acción que realiza el promotor social, los cuales son: educación sanitaria, seguimiento a instalación de módulos sanitarios y seguimiento a obra. También se realiza la descripción de las actividades que se ejecutaron y los logros obtenidos en cada componente de acción. El segundo eje de sistematización analiza el rol de los principales actores involucrados en la ejecución del proyecto y la influencia de estos para la aceptación e involucramiento del propio proyecto. El tercer eje de sistematización identifica los componentes facilitadores y retardadores para la implementación de las acciones comunicativas, asimismo describe las estrategias empleadas y los resultados alcanzados. El informe finaliza con las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se pueden tomar en cuenta para los proyectos futuros de saneamiento

Quantification of water content and speciation in natural silicic glasses (phonolite, dacite, rhyolite) by confocal microRaman spectrometry

International audienceThe determination of total water content (H2OT: 0.1-10 wt%) and water speciation (H2Omolecular/OH) in volcanic products by confocal microRaman spectrometry are discussed for alkaline (phonolite) and calcalkaline (dacite and rhyolite) silicic glasses. Shape and spectral distribution of the total water band (H2OT) at not, vert, similar3550 cm−1 show systematic evolution with glass H2OT, water speciation and NBO/T. In the studied set of silicic samples, calibrations based on internal normalization of the H2OT band to a band related to vibration of aluminosilicate network (TOT) at not, vert, similar490 cm−1 vary with glass peraluminosity. An external calibration procedure using well-characterized glass standards is less composition-dependent and provides excellent linear correlation between total dissolved water content and height or area of the H2OT Raman band. Accuracy of deconvolution procedure of the H2OT band to quantify water speciation in water-rich and depolymerized glasses depends on the strength of OH hydrogen bonding. System confocal performance, scattering from embedding medium and glass microcrystallinity have a crucial influence on accuracy of Raman analyses of water content in glass-bearing rocks and melt inclusions in crystals

The eruptive history of the Trous Blancs pit craters, La Réunion Island: The origin of a 24 km long lava flow

International audienceThe assessment of volcanic hazards is strongly based on the past eruptive behaviour of volcanoes and its morphological parameters. Since past eruption characteristics and their frequency provide the best probabilities of such eruptions for the future, understanding the complete eruptive history of a volcano is one of the most powerful tools in assessing the potential hazards or eruptions. At Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) volcano (La Réunion, Indian Ocean), the most frequent style of activity is the effusion of lava flows, which pose the greatest hazard by invasion of inhabited areas and destruction of human property. Here we examined the eruptive history of a previously uninvestigated area, believed to be the origin of a 24 km long lava flow.The eruptions recurrence time of PdF is about one eruption every 9 months in the central caldera. Besides this central activity, eruptive vents have been built along three main rift zones cutting the edifice during the last 50 kyrs. In this study we focused on the largest rift zone of about 15 km width and 20 km length, which extends in a north westerly direction between PdF and the nearby Piton des Neiges volcanic complex. This rift zone is typified by deep seismicity (up to 30 km), emitting mostly primitive magmas, indicative of high fluid pressures (up to 5 kbar) and large volume eruptions. Our area of investigation focused on four consecutively aligned pit craters called the Trous Blancs. These have been identified [1] as the source area of one of the youngest (ca. 6 kyrs) and largest lava field, which extends for 24 km from a height of 1800m asl, passing Le Tampon and Saint Pierre city, until it reaches the coast. To gain insight into the development of this eruption and possible future similar activity, we collected new field data (including stratigraphic logs, a geological map of the area, C-14 dating and geochemical analyses of the eruptive products).Fieldwork revealed that the eruption initiated with intense fountaining activity, producing a m-thick bed of loose black scoria, which becomes densely welded in its upper part. It was followed by an alternation of volume rich lava effusions and strombolian activity and deposition of meter-thick massive units of olivine basalt, alternating with coarse scoria beds in the proximal area. Activity ended with the emplacement of a dm sized bed of glassy, dense scoria and a stratified lithic breccia, marking the pit crater formation.Preliminary dating suggested that this type of eruption could have a millennial recurrence time at PdF. Reoccurring similar activity on the NW rift represents a major source of risk for this now densely populated region (more than 150,000 people living in the affected area)

The 2007 eruptions and caldera collapse of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island) from tilt analysis at a single very broadband seismic station

International audienceSeismic records from La Réunion Island very broadband Geoscope station are investigated to constrain the link between the 2007 eruptive sequence and the related caldera collapse of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. Tilt estimated from seismic records reveals that the three 2007 eruptions belong to a single inflation-deflation cycle. Tilt trend indicates that the small-volume summit eruption of 18 February occurred during a phase of continuous inflation that started in January 2007. Inflation decelerated 24 days before a second short-lived, small-volume eruption on 30 March, almost simultaneous with a sudden, large-scale deflation of the volcano. Deflation rate, which had stabilized at relatively low level, increased anew on 1 April while no magma was erupted, followed on 2 April by a major distal eruption and on 5 April by a summit caldera collapse. Long-term tilt variation suggests that the 2007 eruptive succession was triggered by a deep magma input

Influence of composition and thermal history of volcanic glasses on water content as determined by micro-Raman spectrometry

International audienceDevelopment of Raman spectrometry for quantification of water content in natural glasses requires the assessment of the dependence of the technique on glass composition and thermal history. In the low frequency domain, Raman spectra topology varies due to glass depolymerization and substitution in the framework of (Si4+)IV by alkali-balanced (Al3+)IV and (Fe3+)IV in calcalkaline (rhyolite to basaltic andesite) and alkaline (trachyte, phonolite to alkali basalt) glasses. These processes result in strong dependence of previous analytical procedure (internal calibration) on glass composition. Here, we show that an analytical procedure based on calibration to an external standard is only faintly composition-dependent for Si-rich alkaline glasses (trachytes-phonolites). For a given glass composition, thermal history also plays a fundamental role in the choice of Raman procedure for water analysis. Repeated cycles of thermal annealing induce microcrystallization of hydrous trachyte glasses and modify cation distribution in the glass structure. Application of these concepts to analysis of banded obsidians suggests that small-scale heterogeneities in glasses are not simply related to magma degassing, but could depend on thermal history and consequent relaxation paths in the melt

Explosive activity of the summit cone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion island): A historical and geological review

International audienceSummit explosive activity and collapses that form pit craters and calderas represent major volcanic hazards on a dominantly effusive, frequently active volcano like Piton de la Fournaise. Only three summit collapse events (1986, 2002, 2007) have been recorded since the foundation of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano observatory (OVPF) in 1979, and two of them (1986 and 2007) were associated with weak phreatic activity. At Piton de la Fournaise, the normal explosive activity consists of short-lived and mild (< 20 m-high) lava fountains, which quickly evolve into strombolian activity during the eruptions. Based on comprehensive literature review and high-resolution image analysis of surface outcrops and summit caldera walls, we reconstructed the time distribution of recent explosive events (phreatomagmatic; phreatic) and their link with summit collapses and lateral (flank) effusive eruptions. In historical time (post-1640 CE), we recognise two main clusters of explosive events. Frequent and violent phreatomagmatic to phreatic explosions occurred during the oldest cluster (1708–1878) and alternated with long-lasting periods (years to decades) of summit effusive activity. In contrast, scarce, and on average, weak explosions occurred during the youngest cluster (1897–2012), when discrete and short-lived (< 6 months) effusive eruptions represent the main eruptive dynamics. Historical summit collapses (pit craters and caldera), all localised at the top of the summit cone, were related to voluminous lateral eruptions and were followed by a significant decrease in eruptive rate. However, magma draining during lateral eruptions was not systematically associated with summit collapses or explosions. The long-lasting occurrence of magma at very shallow depth below the volcano summit, followed by a rapid lateral drainage, apparently represents a critical condition favouring magma–groundwater interaction to produce explosive activity. The prehistoric growth of the Piton de la Fournaise summit cone results chiefly from long-lasting to continuous activity, centred below its western side (Bory crater containing lava lakes). High lava fountains, long-lasting effusive activity, lava lakes, ash plumes and block ejections were common types of eruptive dynamics in the historical past, between 1640 and 1878. In this perspective, short-lived, small volume eruptions and long pauses, up to six years, during the last century of activity of Piton de la Fournaise can be considered as a lull, despite the high frequency of eruption (1 eruption/9 months on average). Temporal and spatial variations in recurrence rate and eruptive dynamics of basaltic volcanism, such as those recognised at Piton de la Fournaise, should be considered in the formulation of hazard assessments and in the interpretation of precursory patterns

Mountain megas: America\u27s newest metropolitan places and a federal leadership to help them prosper

The Initiative The Brookings Institution and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, are collaborating to bring Brookings’ high-quality, independent and impactful research to the issues facing the dynamic and fast-growing Mountain West region: the states of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Every year, Brookings will send scholars from each of its five research programs to spend three weeks at UNLV to conduct research, meet with faculty, and deliver lectures and seminars. The project begins September 8, 2009, with presentations on national and local trends. The new initiative builds upon the work of Brookings’ Metropolitan Policy Program, which focuses on helping metropolitan areas like Las Vegas grow in robust, inclusive, and sustainable ways. But Brookings Mountain West will go farther by bringing to the region the perspective of Brookings experts on domestic and international economic policy, foreign policy, and governance

Geomorphology, beach classification and seasonal morphodynamic transition of a Mediterranean gravel beach (Sardinia, Gulf of Cagliari)

This paper presents an innovative multi-thematic map (1:2500) that integrates morpho-sedimentological data, hydrodynamic processes, seasonal morphodynamic transitions and the distribution of the benthic habitat of a Mediterranean microtidal, wave-dominated gravel beach system. It is part of a larger cartography of coastal areas, and is based on an interdisciplinary sea-land approach that is applicable worldwide and aims to facilitate coastal management practices and future scientific research. The applications to coastal management include: the facilitation of coastal vulnerability assessments; easy-to-access, up-to-date digital geospatial data; and baseline studies for the future assessment and monitoring of environmental changes. The main environmental features that control the marine processes of this gravel beach appear to be linked to geological and morphological contexts such as the presence of the river mouth, the outcropping of a beach-rock along the coastline, the deposition of gravelly sediment in the beachface and the seagrass cover