Precios de garantía y sus efectos sobre las pequeñas explotaciones agrícolas de México.

Since 2019, with the implementation of the Guaranteed Prices Program for basic food products, the government established a plan linked to the volume of corn production with which it acquired the grain from small-scale farms at a higher price than the market’s, with the intention of improving the income and increasing the national production. The difference-in-differences and matching method was used to test whether public intervention had the desired effect on the production surface of the recipients. With the estimations, evidence was found that the decrease in corn surface between 2018 and 2020 was a general characteristic for all producers in the country; however, the program helped to decrease the reduction of the surface cultivated by its recipients. Likewise, it was found that the increase in income of recipients is due mainly to the increase in the price of the product, rather than an increase in the volume produced as consequence of the expansion of the surface cultivated.A partir de 2019, con la implementación del programa Precios de garantía a productos alimentarios básicos, el gobierno estableció un esquema vinculado al volumen de la producción de maíz, con el cual adquirió el grano de las pequeñas explotaciones a un precio mayor al de mercado, con la intención de mejorar los ingresos y aumentar la producción nacional. Se aplicó el método diferencias en diferencias matching para probar si la intervención pública tuvo el efecto deseado sobre la superficie de producción de los beneficiarios. Con las estimaciones se evidencia que la disminución de la superficie de maíz, entre 2018 y 2020, fue una característica general para todos los productores en el país; sin embargo, el programa ayudó a menguar la reducción de la superficie cultivada de sus beneficiarios. Asimismo, se encontró que el aumento en el ingreso de los beneficiarios se debe principalmente al incremento del precio del producto, más que a un aumento en su volumen producido como consecuencia de la ampliación de la superficie cultivada

Guarantee Prices in Mexico (2019-2020): Design and implementation of agricultural policy

[EN] The producers' response to the Guarantee Price Program was analyzed through three complementary approaches: design, results, and producers´ perception. The study shows a deficient design from the construction of the problem tree and the Matrix of Indicators for Results; a low participation of producers, reflected in an idle installed capacity of 69% of the collection centers; and disinterest of the beneficiaries due to causes attributable to the program, such as the distance from the collection centers. This work contributes to the recognition of the initial problems of the policy, and thus to advance in their solution.[ES] Se analizó la respuesta de los productores ante el Programa Precios de Garantía, mediante tres enfoques complementarios: diseño, resultados y percepción de los productores. El estudio evidencia un diseño deficiente desde la construcción del árbol de problemas y la Matriz de Indicadores para Resultados; una baja participación de los productores, reflejada en una capacidad instalada ociosa de 69% de los centros de acopio; y desinterés de los beneficiarios por causas atribuibles al programa como la lejanía de los centros de acopio. Este trabajo contribuye al reconocimiento de los problemas iniciales de la política, y así avanzar en su solución.Guerrero-Ortiz, PL.; Palacio-Muñoz, VH.; Leos-Rodríguez, JA.; Ocampo-Ledesma, JG. (2021). Precios de Garantía en México (2019-2020): diseño e implementación de política agrícola. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 21(2):121-141. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2021.02.06OJS12114121

SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia is associated with severe chronic underlying diseases but not with nasopharyngeal viral load

Supported by Plan Nacional de I + D + i 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI, RD16/0016/0001, RD16/0016/0005, RD16/0016/0007, RD16/0016/0009, RD16/0016/0010, R D16/0016/0013) cofinanced by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, Operative program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020. JSC and EC received grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos de Investigación sobre el SARSCoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19 ( COV20/00580 ; COV20/00370 ). J.S.C. is a researcher belonging to the program “Nicolás Monardes” (C-0059–2018), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity components. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the defense against viral infections, for instance plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-α). In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-α production, which has been associated with disease severity. In this work, we described that in addition to the DC deficiency, several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients, which were associated with multiple inflammatory markers. Remarkably, previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+ myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients, while no restoration of integrin β7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase (IDO) levels were observed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19

re-habitar El Carmen : Un proyecto sobre patrimonio contemporáneo

El proyecto _re-HABITAR suponía para el propio proceder de la institución un avance más allá del reconocimiento, registro, inventario o protección patrimonial de la arquitectura del siglo XX y del Movimiento Moderno para posicionarse en la acción preventiva y conservativa de ese legado contemporáneo. Para ello, la praxis patrimonial se aferraba a un modelo: el de la vivienda social en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XX; a un caso concreto: el de la barriada de Nuestra Señora del Carmen (Recasens Méndez-Queipo de Llano, 1958); y a un requisito fundamental: analizar un objeto vivo y en uso, aún con la presencia de quienes lo vivieron y usaron desde su origen

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Precios de Garantía en México (2019-2020): diseño e implementación de política agrícola

[ES] Se analizó la respuesta de los productores ante el Programa Precios de Garantía, mediante tres enfoques complementarios: diseño, resultados y percepción de los productores. El estudio evidencia un diseño deficiente desde la construcción del árbol de problemas y la Matriz de Indicadores para Resultados; una baja participación de los productores, reflejada en una capacidad instalada ociosa de 69 % de los centros de acopio; y desinterés de los beneficiarios por causas atribuibles al programa como la lejanía de los centros de acopio. Este trabajo contribuye al reconocimiento de los problemas iniciales de la política, y así avanzar en su solución. [EN] The producers’ response to the Guarantee Price Program was analyzed through three complementary approaches: design, results, and producers ́ perception. The study shows a deficient design from the construction of the problem tree and the Matrix of Indicators for Results; a low participation of producers, reflected in an idle installed capacity of 69 % of the collection centers; and disinterest of the beneficiaries due to causes attributable to the program, such as the distance from the collection centers. This work contributes to the recognition of the initial problems of the policy, and thus to advance in their solution

Complications and associated risk factors at screw removal in slipped capital femoral epiphysis treated by cannulated stainless steel screws

PURPOSE: The aim of our study is to report our complication rate and analyze the associated risk factors when removing cannulated stainless steel screws for SCFE fixation. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study of patients who underwent removal of cannulated stainless steel screws after a mean time of 2.03 years of implantation. Thirty-two patients were included (38 hips) with a mean of 13.7 years of age during screw removal surgery. The mean post-removal follow up time was 1.6 years. In all cases the removal of screws was done systematically. Demographic data, possible risk factors related to removal failure, as well as post-removal complications such as post-removal fractures, infections and scar issues were recorded. RESULTS: A removal failure rate of 15.79 % (6/38) was found. The removal surgical time was longer than the initial fixation time but without statistical significance (70.78 vs 61.84 m, p = 0.196). However, the duration of screw implantation (r(2): 7.09; IC: 1.12–13.06) and screw head bony coverage (r(2): 21.32; IC: 5.58–37.06) were both related to this prolonged time. Multivariant analysis revealed that a fully threaded cannulated screw had the lowest removal failure risk (OR: 0.3; IC: 0.14–0.61). There were no postremoval complications recorded. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend to use full threaded cannulated stainless steel screws and to perform the procedure as soon as the physis are closed to decrease the surgical time. It is a safe procedure based on a low rate of complications such as post-removal fractures, infection and scar issues