Análisis de las vulnerabilidades en el manejo de la información bajo la norma iso/iec 27001:2013, en la empresa gestión & negocios administrativos sas del distrito de riohacha – la guajira

Encuesta, Análisis de encuesta, descripción de la empresa, registro fotográficoUna vulnerabilidad o fallo de seguridad, es todo aquello que provoca que nuestros sistemas informáticos funcionen de manera diferente, afectando a la seguridad de los mismos, pudiendo llegar a provocar entre otras cosas riesgos, amenazas, pérdida y robo de información. Es fundamental saber qué recursos de la entidad necesitan protección para así controlar el acceso al sistema y los derechos de los usuarios del sistema de información. Asimismo, tener mayor seguridad en la información ya que es uno de los activos más importante que puede tener una organización, y por consiguiente debemos protegerla para no correr riesgo, amenaza o pérdida de la misma. La Seguridad de la Información se puede definir como conjunto de medidas técnicas, organizativas y legales que permiten a la organización asegurar la confidencialidad, integridad y disponibilidad de la información. Cabe señalar que esta investigación está bajo la norma ISO/IEC 27001:2013, la cual proporciona una metodología para la implementación de la seguridad de la información y así mejorar los procesos en el manejo de los datos. También permite que una organización sea certificada, lo cual significa que ha confirmado que la seguridad de la información se ha implementado en esa organización de la mejor forma posible.A vulnerability or security failure is everything that causes our computer systems to work in a different way, affecting the security of them, being able to cause, among other things, risks, threats, loss and theft of information. It is essential to know which resources of the entity need protection in order to control access to the system and the rights of the users of the information system. Also, to have greater security in the information since it is one of the most important assets an organization can have, and therefore we must protect it to avoid risk, threat or loss of it. Information Security can be defined as a set of technical, organizational and legal measures that allow the organization to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. It should be noted that this research is under ISO / IEC 27001: 2013, which provides a methodology for the implementation of information security and thus improve the processes in the handling of data. It also allows an organization to be certified, which means that it has confirmed that the security of the information has been implemented in that organization in the best possible way

How Infection and Vaccination Are Linked to Acute and Chronic Urticaria: A Special Focus on COVID-19

Since more than a century ago, there has been awareness of the connection between viral infections and the onset and exacerbation of urticaria. Our knowledge about the role of viral infection and vaccination in acute and chronic urticaria improved as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic but it has also highlighted knowledge gaps. Viral infections, especially respiratory tract infections like COVID-19, can trigger the onset of acute urticaria (AU) and the exacerbation of chronic urticaria (CU). Less frequently, vaccination against viruses including SARS-CoV-2 can also lead to new onset urticaria as well as worsening of CU in minority. Here, with a particular focus on COVID-19, we review what is known about the role of viral infections and vaccinations as triggers and causes of acute and chronic urticaria. We also discuss possible mechanistic pathways and outline the unmet needs in our knowledge. Although the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood, it is believed that viral signals, medications, and stress can activate skin mast cells (MCs). Further studies are needed to fully understand the relevance of viral infections and vaccinations in acute and chronic urticaria and to better clarify causal pathways

How Infection and Vaccination Are Linked to Acute and Chronic Urticaria: A Special Focus on COVID-19

Since more than a century ago, there has been awareness of the connection between viral infections and the onset and exacerbation of urticaria. Our knowledge about the role of viral infection and vaccination in acute and chronic urticaria improved as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic but it has also highlighted knowledge gaps. Viral infections, especially respiratory tract infections like COVID-19, can trigger the onset of acute urticaria (AU) and the exacerbation of chronic urticaria (CU). Less frequently, vaccination against viruses including SARS-CoV-2 can also lead to new onset urticaria as well as worsening of CU in minority. Here, with a particular focus on COVID-19, we review what is known about the role of viral infections and vaccinations as triggers and causes of acute and chronic urticaria. We also discuss possible mechanistic pathways and outline the unmet needs in our knowledge. Although the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood, it is believed that viral signals, medications, and stress can activate skin mast cells (MCs). Further studies are needed to fully understand the relevance of viral infections and vaccinations in acute and chronic urticaria and to better clarify causal pathways

¿Qué facilita o limita las relaciones comerciales incluyentes con pequeños productores? Análisis de tres casos en América Latina

La falta de una inclusión justa y en buenas condiciones con los mercados es una de las barreras que enfrentan los productores con pequenas extensiones de tierra en América Latina y, en general, en los países en desarrollo. Los agronegocios inclusivos han emergido como un concepto y una práctica que busca crear oportunidades de mercado, en condiciones justas, para los pequeños productores. Sin embargo, los agronegocios se enfrentan al desafío central de desarrollar y contar con metodologías que propicien procesos que permitan diseñar, implementar y evaluar modelos de negocio incluyentes con productores a pequeña escala. Este es el propósito de la Metodología LINK, creada en 2012 en el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), que ha sido implementada en países de América Latina, África y Asia. Este documento presenta los resultados de un estudio comparativo de tres casos de relaciones comerciales en Guatemala, Nicaragua y Perú, que reviso los factores que limitan y promueven la construcción de este tipo de negocios. El análisis comparado evidencia que la promoción de negocios inclusivos necesita un abordaje en las dimensiones micro, meso y macro. / The lack of an integration to the markets —in fair and favorable conditions— is one of the barriers faced by producers with small tracts of land in Latin America, and in general, in developing countries. The term Inclusive agribusiness has emerged as a concept and a practice that seeks to create market opportunities, on fair terms to small-scale producers. The LINK Methodology, created by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in 2012, aims to design, implement and evaluate inclusive business models with small-scale producers. This paper presents results of a comparative study of three diff erent cases of commercial relations in Guatemala, Nicaragua and Peru, which looked at factors that limit and promote the construction of inclusive agribusinesses. The comparative analysis shows the need to address challenges in three dimensions: micro, meso and macro in order to understand the fl ourishing of inclusive agribusiness

Novel Murine Infection Models Provide Deep Insights into the “Ménage à Trois” of Campylobacter jejuni, Microbiota and Host Innate Immunity

BACKGROUND: Although Campylobacter jejuni-infections have a high prevalence worldwide and represent a significant socioeconomic burden, it is still not well understood how C. jejuni causes intestinal inflammation. Detailed investigation of C. jejuni-mediated intestinal immunopathology is hampered by the lack of appropriate vertebrate models. In particular, mice display colonization resistance against this pathogen. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To overcome these limitations we developed a novel C. jejuni-infection model using gnotobiotic mice in which the intestinal flora was eradicated by antibiotic treatment. These animals could then be permanently associated with a complete human (hfa) or murine (mfa) microbiota. After peroral infection C. jejuni colonized the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic and hfa mice for six weeks, whereas mfa mice cleared the pathogen within two days. Strikingly, stable C. jejuni colonization was accompanied by a pro-inflammatory immune response indicated by increased numbers of T- and B-lymphocytes, regulatory T-cells, neutrophils and apoptotic cells, as well as increased concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in the colon mucosa of hfa mice. Analysis of MyD88(-/-), TRIF(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR9(-/-) mice revealed that TLR4- and TLR9-signaling was essential for immunopathology following C. jejuni-infection. Interestingly, C. jejuni-mutant strains deficient in formic acid metabolism and perception induced less intestinal immunopathology compared to the parental strain infection. In summary, the murine gut flora is essential for colonization resistance against C. jejuni and can be overcome by reconstitution of gnotobiotic mice with human flora. Detection of C. jejuni-LPS and -CpG-DNA by host TLR4 and TLR9, respectively, plays a key role in immunopathology. Finally, the host immune response is tightly coupled to bacterial formic acid metabolism and invasion fitness. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that gnotobiotic and "humanized" mice represent excellent novel C. jejuni-infection and -inflammation models and provide deep insights into the immunological and molecular interplays between C. jejuni, microbiota and innate immunity in human campylobacteriosis

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Simvastatin in Acute Small Intestinal Inflammation

BACKGROUND: The health beneficial effects of Resveratrol, Curcumin and Simvastatin have been demonstrated in various experimental models of inflammation. We investigated the potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of the above mentioned compounds in a murine model of hyper-acute Th1-type ileitis following peroral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we show that after peroral administration of Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin, mice were protected from ileitis development and survived the acute phase of inflammation whereas all Placebo treated controls died. In particular, Resveratrol treatment resulted in longer-term survival. Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin treated animals displayed significantly increased numbers of regulatory T cells and augmented intestinal epithelial cell proliferation/regeneration in the ileum mucosa compared to placebo control animals. In contrast, mucosal T lymphocyte and neutrophilic granulocyte numbers in treated mice were reduced. In addition, levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in ileum, mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were increased whereas pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-23p19, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1) was found to be significantly lower in the ileum of treated animals as compared to Placebo controls. Furthermore, treated animals displayed not only fewer pro-inflammatory enterobacteria and enterococci but also higher anti-inflammatory lactobacilli and bifidobacteria loads. Most importantly, treatment with all three compounds preserved intestinal barrier functions as indicated by reduced bacterial translocation rates into spleen, liver, kidney and blood. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Oral treatment with Resveratrol, Curcumin or Simvastatin ameliorates acute small intestinal inflammation by down-regulating Th1-type immune responses and prevents bacterial translocation by maintaining gut barrier function. These findings provide novel and potential prophylaxis and treatment options of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

The IFN-γ-Inducible GTPase, Irga6, Protects Mice against Toxoplasma gondii but Not against Plasmodium berghei and Some Other Intracellular Pathogens

Clearance of infection with intracellular pathogens in mice involves interferon-regulated GTPases of the IRG protein family. Experiments with mice genetically deficient in members of this family such as Irgm1(LRG-47), Irgm3(IGTP), and Irgd(IRG-47) has revealed a critical role in microbial clearance, especially for Toxoplasma gondii. The in vivo role of another member of this family, Irga6 (IIGP, IIGP1) has been studied in less detail. We investigated the susceptibility of two independently generated mouse strains deficient in Irga6 to in vivo infection with T. gondii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Leishmania mexicana, L. major, Listeria monocytogenes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Plasmodium berghei. Compared with wild-type mice, mice deficient in Irga6 showed increased susceptibility to oral and intraperitoneal infection with T. gondii but not to infection with the other organisms. Surprisingly, infection of Irga6-deficient mice with the related apicomplexan parasite, P. berghei, did not result in increased replication in the liver stage and no Irga6 (or any other IRG protein) was detected at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane in IFN-γ-induced wild-type cells infected with P. berghei in vitro. Susceptibility to infection with T. gondii was associated with increased mortality and reduced time to death, increased numbers of inflammatory foci in the brains and elevated parasite loads in brains of infected Irga6-deficient mice. In vitro, Irga6-deficient macrophages and fibroblasts stimulated with IFN-γ were defective in controlling parasite replication. Taken together, our results implicate Irga6 in the control of infection with T. gondii and further highlight the importance of the IRG system for resistance to this pathogen

Memoria del III Coloquio Internacional sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales

Del 05 al 07 de noviembre de 2014 se llevó a cabo en la Sede de Occidente de la Universidad de Costa Rica, el III Coloquio Internacional sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales, dicado a Julieta Dobles Izaguirre, Premio Nacional de Cultura Magón, 2013. Este III Coloquio Internacional fue organizado por el Centro de Investigaciones sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales (CIDICER), primer Centro de Investigaciones de una Sede Regional de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se contó con personas investigacdoras nacionales e internacionales quienes presentaron sobre temas relacionados con la diversidad cultural y los estudios regionales.Universidad de Costa Rica/[836-B4-702]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede de Occidente::Recinto San Ramón::Centro de Investigaciones sobre Diversidad Cultural y Estudios Regionales (CIDICER