De los estudios culturales y subalternos a una ciencia poscolonial

Este libro reúne las producciones de un conjunto de docentes que participaron en el curso De los estudios culturales y subalternos a una ciencia poscolonial, que fue diseñado y estuvo a cargo del sociólogo Carlos Basilio Muñoz, y que contó con Valentina Torre como profesora asistente. El sociólogo Carlos Basilio Muñoz fue convocado por las coordinaciones de Sociología y Área Sociológica de Ciencias de la Educación del Consejo de Formación en Educación (CFE),con la finalidad de brindar un curso de Educación Permanente destinado a los docentes del propio CFE y de los subsistemas de enseñanza media. El curso tuvo trece instancias virtuales a-sincrónicas y dos encuentros presenciales para trabajar sobre las lecturas realizadas a distancia. El objetivo general del mismo fue introducir el estado actual del debate sobre poscolonialimo y sistematizar lecturas respecto del mismo.Prólogo Sociología académica y tradición ensayística: una relación estable y conflictuada C. Basilio Muñoz y Valentina Torre Las raíces coloniales de la pedagogía en Formación de Profesores en el Uruguay pos dictadura. Una mirada decolonial-crítica Lic. Silvia Benítez Enrich Una aproximación a la temporalidad en la enseñanza de la Sociología desde la perspectiva de los practicantes Gabriela Martínez Leiranes Los movimientos sociales dentro de la modernidad/colonialidad. Análisis sociológico Ángel Javier Cordero Ramírez Enseñar Sociología a partir del pensamiento fronterizo Prof. Daniela Sabatovich 8 De los estudios culturales y subalternos a una ciencia poscolonial Una mirada estudiantil sobre las formas de vincularse en la Enseñanza Media Prof. Sheila Tarde Los giros lingüísticos en la concepción de cultura: una mirada desde el aula Prof. Verónica Fabila y Prof. Daniela González Aceptación de la diversidad en educación media básica Grettel Peraza La frontera Rivera-Livramento en un repaso estructural desde la sociología histórica. La dominación como clave conceptual Prof. Mag. Alejandro Gau de Mello Anexo Programa del curso. De los estudios culturales y subalternos a una ciencia social poscolonia

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Vol. 22 no. 25 jul 2009)

Juventud como objeto, jóvenes como sujetos. Presentación/ Verónica Filardo Notas sobre a invençâo social de um singular sujeito de dereitos. Juventude, juventudes/ Regina Novaes La construcción social de las juventudes/ Carlos Basilio Muñoz De los herederos a los desheredados. Juventud, capital escolar y trayectorias de vida/ Oscar Dávila León, Felipe Ghiardo Soto Las marcas de clase de la inseguridad ciudadana. Juventud y pobreza/ Gabriel Chouhy, Sebastián Aguiar, Laura Noboa Adiós juventud: tendencias en las transiciones a la vida adulta en Uruguay/ Santiago Cardozo, Alejandra Iervolino Reflexiones sobre equidad entre clases de edad/ Verónica Filardo De jóvenes ni, ni que habitan Casavalle. Representaciones sociales desde espacios de exclusión/ Fabiana Espíndola Fragmentación socioeconómica y segregación urbana en Montevideo/ Danilo Veiga, Ana Laura Rivoir Diagnóstico y repertorio de políticas para el rediseño institucional de la enseñanza media en Uruguay/ Nicolás Bentancur, Tabaré Fernández Reseñas de libros El Uruguay del siglo XX. La sociedad/ Sylvia González La movilidad social en el Uruguay contemporáneo/ Enrique Mazzei La implementación de normas de calidad en la industria uruguaya. Entre la innovación y el ritualismo/ Graciela Lescano Las bases invisibles del bienestar social. El trabajo no remunerado en Uruguay/ Alejandra Iervolino Las batallas por la subjetividad: luchas sociales y construcción de derechos en Uruguay/ Pedro Robert

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

La construcción social de las juventudes

Artículo original“Ser joven”, ¿significará lo mismo para quienes viven su juventud en diferentes lugares del “espacio social”? La juventud, ¿dura lo mismo para las diferentes clases sociales? ¿Será una cuestión de edad cronológica, de “espíritu joven” o de roles sociales? Los jóvenes montevideanos actuales, ¿desean llegar a ser adultos lo más pronto posible o bien tienen miedo a los respectivos mundos adultos que les esperan? ¿Qué los diferencia de otras generaciones que fueron jóvenes? ¿Cómo cartografían su ciudad? ¿Cómo ven su propio tiempo en el Uruguay

High-resolution melting of the cytochrome B gene in fecal DNA: A powerful approach for fox species identification of the Lycalopex genus in Chile

Easy, economic, precise species authentication is currently necessary in many areas of research and diagnosis in molecular biology applied to conservation studies of endangered species. Here, we present a new method for the identification of three fox species of the Lycalopex genus in Chile. We developed an assay based on high-resolution melt analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene, allowing a simple, low cost, fast, and accurate species determination. To validate the assay applicability for noninvasive samples, we collected fecal samples in the Atacama Desert, finding unexpectedly one species outside of its known distribution range. We conclude that the assay has a potential to become a valuable tool for a standardized genetic monitoring of the Lycalopex species in Chile

Usefulness of Easy-to-Use Risk Scoring Systems Rated in the Emergency Department to Predict Major Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Background: Several easy-to-use risk scoring systems have been built to identify patients at risk of developing complications associated with COVID-19. However, information about the ability of each score to early predict major adverse outcomes during hospitalization of severe COVID-19 patients is still scarce. Methods: Eight risk scoring systems were rated upon arrival at the Emergency Department, and the occurrence of thrombosis, need for mechanical ventilation, death, and a composite that included all major adverse outcomes were assessed during the hospital stay. The clinical performance of each risk scoring system was evaluated to predict each major outcome. Finally, the diagnostic characteristics of the risk scoring system that showed the best performance for each major outcome were obtained. Results: One hundred and fifty-seven adult patients (55 ± 12 years, 66% men) were assessed at admission to the Emergency Department and included in the study. A total of 96 patients (61%) had at least one major outcome during hospitalization; 32 had thrombosis (20%), 80 required mechanical ventilation (50%), and 52 eventually died (33%). Of all the scores, Obesity and Diabetes (based on a history of comorbid conditions) showed the best performance for predicting mechanical ventilation (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.96; positive likelihood ratio (LR+), 23.7), death (AUC, 0.86; LR+, 4.6), and the composite outcome (AUC, 0.89; LR+, 15.6). Meanwhile, the inflammation-based risk scoring system (including leukocyte count, albumin, and C-reactive protein levels) was the best at predicting thrombosis (AUC, 0.63; LR+, 2.0). Conclusions: Both the Obesity and Diabetes score and the inflammation-based risk scoring system appeared to be efficient enough to be integrated into the evaluation of COVID-19 patients upon arrival at the Emergency Department

The prognostic importance of the angiotensin II/angiotensin-(1–7) ratio in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Background: Information about angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Ang-(1–7) levels in patients with COVID-19 is scarce. Objective: To characterize the Ang II–ACE2–Ang-(1–7) axis in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its role in pathogenesis and prognosis. Methods: Patients greater than 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19, based on clinical findings and positive RT-PCR test, who required hospitalization and treatment were included. We compared Ang II, aldosterone, Ang-(1–7), and Ang-(1–9) concentrations and ACE2 concentration and activity between COVID-19 patients and historic controls. We compared baseline demographics, laboratory results (enzyme, peptide, and inflammatory marker levels), and outcome (patients who survived versus those who died). Results: Serum from 74 patients [age: 58 (48–67.2) years; 68% men] with moderate (20%) or severe (80%) COVID-19 were analyzed. During 13 (10–21) days of hospitalization, 25 patients died from COVID-19 and 49 patients survived. Compared with controls, Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1–7) concentration was lower, despite significantly higher ACE2 activity in patients. Ang II concentration was higher and Ang-(1–7) concentration was lower in patients who died. The Ang II/Ang-(1–7) ratio was significantly higher in patients who died. In multivariate analysis, Ang II/Ang-(1–7) ratio greater than 3.45 (OR = 5.87) and lymphocyte count ⩽0.65 × 10 3 /µl (OR = 8.43) were independent predictors of mortality from COVID-19. Conclusion: In patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, imbalance in the Ang II–ACE2–Ang-(1–7) axis may reflect deleterious effects of Ang II and may indicate a worse outcome

Contemporary use of cefazolin for MSSA infective endocarditis: analysis of a national prospective cohort

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the real use of cefazolin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infective endocarditis (IE) in the Spanish National Endocarditis Database (GAMES) and to compare it with antistaphylococcal penicillin (ASP). Methods: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis of a cohort of MSSA IE treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Outcomes assessed were relapse; intra-hospital, overall, and endocarditis-related mortality; and adverse events. Risk of renal toxicity with each treatment was evaluated separately. Results: We included 631 IE episodes caused by MSSA treated with cloxacillin and/or cefazolin. Antibiotic treatment was cloxacillin, cefazolin, or both in 537 (85%), 57 (9%), and 37 (6%) episodes, respectively. Patients treated with cefazolin had significantly higher rates of comorbidities (median Charlson Index 7, P <0.01) and previous renal failure (57.9%, P <0.01). Patients treated with cloxacillin presented higher rates of septic shock (25%, P = 0.033) and new-onset or worsening renal failure (47.3%, P = 0.024) with significantly higher rates of in-hospital mortality (38.5%, P = 0.017). One-year IE-related mortality and rate of relapses were similar between treatment groups. None of the treatments were identified as risk or protective factors. Conclusion: Our results suggest that cefazolin is a valuable option for the treatment of MSSA IE, without differences in 1-year mortality or relapses compared with cloxacillin, and might be considered equally effective