The zooarchaeological record of Monte León National Park (Santa Cruz, Argentina): a view from Cabeza de León 1 archaeological site

El sitio arqueológico Cabeza de León 1 es una referencia en el Parque Nacional Monte León debido a la abundancia y variedad de materiales que lo caracterizan. La información disponible hasta el presente se basó en observaciones del registro superficial, las cuales constituyeron una primera aproximación a su riqueza arqueológica así como una evaluación de los impactos producidos por la depredación de la que fue objeto por parte de coleccionistas. En este trabajo se estudia el conjunto zooarqueológico recuperado en estratigrafía con la doble finalidad de presentar un marco de análisis zooarqueológico para el depósito y una evaluación de su correspondencia con la información de superficie previamente generada para el mismo y para el área en general. Los resultados indican que el depósito se habría originado por una depositación abundante, pero diferida en el tiempo. Las propiedades tafonómicas que lo caracterizan son semejantes a otros depósitos costeros que tampoco están asociados a grandes concentraciones de moluscos. Los restos de mamíferos presentan modificaciones óseas de origen antrópico, entre las que dominan las huellas de corte y en segundo lugar las de machacado. El análisis de esta evidencia permite sostener que los restos fueron descartados como resultado, principalmente, de actividades de desmembramiento y descarne.Cabeza de León 1 archaeological site is a landmark in the Monte León National Park due to its varied and abundant archaeological record. The information gathered so far mainly derives from the study of surface materials. Previous studies were aimed at presenting a first approach to investigate the site archaeological richness as well as evaluating amateur’s impact on it. This paper presents the zooarchaeological analysis of bone material from stratigraphy in order to address two main issues. First it offers a complete zooarchaeological perspective on site stratigraphic materials and, second it analyses this data in relation to previous studies. The analysis shows that the bone assemblage is the result of abundant refuse of material debris, although not a continuous one. The resulting taphonomic signature is similar to other bone deposits which are not associated to mollusk refuse concentrations. Mammal bones display human bone modifications among which cut and chop are the most important marks. Hence bone disposal was mainly due to human activities which were related to carcass dismembering and defleshing

1–42 b -Amyloid peptide requires PDK1/nPKC/Rac 1 pathway to induce neuronal death

1–42 b -Amyloid peptide requires PDK1/nPKC/Rac 1 pathway to induce neuronal death L Manterola 1,12 , M Hernando-Rodr ı ́ guez 2,12 , A Ruiz 3,4 , A Apraiz 5 , O Arrizabalaga 5 , L Vello ́ n 6 , E Alberdi 3,4 , F Cavaliere 3,4 , HM Lacerda 7 , S Jimenez 8,9 , LA Parada 10 , C Matute 3,4 and JL Zugaza 4,5,11 1–42 b -Amyloid (A b 1–42 ) peptide is a key molecule involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Some of its effects are manifested at the neuronal morphological level. These morphological changes involve loss of neurites due to cytoskeleton alterations. However, the mechanism of A b 1–42 peptide activation of the neurodegenerative program is still poorly understood. Here, A b 1–42 peptide-induced transduction of cellular death signals through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/ phosphoinositol-dependent kinase (PDK)/novel protein kinase C (nPKC)/Rac 1 axis is described. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PDK1 and nPKC activities blocks Rac 1 activation and neuronal cell death. Our results provide insights into an unsuspected connection between PDK1, nPKCs and Rac 1 in the same signal-transduction pathway and points out nPKCs and Rac 1 as potential therapeutic targets to block the toxic effects of A b 1–42 peptide in neurons

Late Holocene Guanaco exploitation at the Río Santa Cruz estuary

En este trabajo se analizan los restos óseos de guanaco (Lama guanicoe) recuperados en el conchero estratificado P 27, localizado en la desembocadura del río Santa Cruz (Patagonia). Se abordan dos aspectos aún poco conocidos en esta localidad arqueológica: a) el aprovechamiento de guanacos en el pasado y b) la información procedente de depósitos con matriz formada por restos de moluscos. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la importancia del verano austral para la utilización de este sector de la costa del río en el pasado y el papel secundario que este taxón ocupa entre los recursos obtenidos. En P 27 se habrían capturado individuos de distintas edades a partir de grupos familiares, aprovechándose la carne y médula de los elementos óseos. Estas capturas habrían estado enmarcadas en estrategias de alta movilidad residencial orientadas al aprovechamiento de los parches de recursos disponibles en la estepa patagónica. Asimismo, las evidencias de procesamiento son similares a lo registrado en otros conjuntos costeros patagónicos y también a lo que muestran los conjuntos de pinnípedos de la localidad, por lo que no existiría un procesamiento particular de las carcasas de camélidos bajo estas condiciones contextuales.This paper analyzes guanaco (Lama guanicoe) bones recovered from stratified contexts within the P 27 midden, located at the Río Santa Cruz estuary (Patagonia). In so doing, we address two points that have been little treated archaeologically in this region: a) the use of guanacos in the past, and b) data from deposits whose matrix is formed by mollusk remains. Results confirm the importance of the Austral summer for exploiting this area of the coast and river in the past, as well as the secondary role of guanaco among the other resources used. At P 27 individuals of different ages and family groups were captured, with the meat and marrow from bone being utilized. Capture of these animals was within a framework that emphasized high residential mobility strategies, aimed at taking advantage of the resource patches available in the Patagonian steppe. Likewise, butchery evidence is similar to that recorded in other Patagonian coastal assemblages, it is also similar to that seen on local pinniped assemblages. Therefore, in this context, there does not seem to be a particular method to the processing of these guanaco carcasses

Clustering Cities over Features Extracted from Multiple Virtual Sensors Measuring Micro-Level Activity Patterns Allows One to Discriminate Large-Scale City Characteristics

The impact of micro-level people’s activities on urban macro-level indicators is a complex question that has been the subject of much interest among researchers and policymakers. Transportation preferences, consumption habits, communication patterns and other individual-level activities can significantly impact large-scale urban characteristics, such as the potential for innovation generation of the city. Conversely, large-scale urban characteristics can also constrain and determine the activities of their inhabitants. Therefore, understanding the interdependence and mutual reinforcement between micro- and macro-level factors is critical to defining effective public policies. The increasing availability of digital data sources, such as social media and mobile phones, has opened up new opportunities for the quantitative study of this interdependency. This paper aims to detect meaningful city clusters on the basis of a detailed analysis of the spatiotemporal activity patterns for each city. The study is carried out on a worldwide city dataset of spatiotemporal activity patterns obtained from geotagged social media data. Clustering features are obtained from unsupervised topic analyses of activity patterns. Our study compares state-of-the-art clustering models, selecting the model achieving a 2.7% greater Silhouette Score than the next-best model. Three well-separated city clusters are identified. Additionally, the study of the distribution of the City Innovation Index over these three city clusters shows discrimination of low performing from high performing cities relative to innovation. Low performing cities are identified in one well-separated cluster. Therefore, it is possible to correlate micro-scale individual-level activities to large-scale urban characteristics.This work would not have been accomplished without the financial support of CONICYT-PFCHA/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2019-21190345. The last author received research funds from the Basque Government as the head of the Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, from 2007 until 2025. The current code for the grant is IT1689-22. Additionally, the author participates in Elkartek projects KK-2022/00051 and KK-2021/00070. The Spanish MCIN has also granted the author a research project under code PID2020-116346GB-I00

A MegaCam Survey of Outer Halo Satellites. VII. A Single S\'ersic Index v/s Effective Radius Relation for Milky Way Outer Halo Satellites

In this work we use structural properties of Milky Way's outer halo ($R_G > 25\,\mathrm{kpc}$) satellites (dwarf spheroidal galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf galaxies and globular clusters) derived from deep, wide-field and homogeneous data, to present evidence of a correlation in the S\'ersic index v/s effective radius plane followed by a large fraction of outer halo globular clusters and satellite dwarf galaxies. We show that this correlation can be entirely reproduced by fitting empirical relations in the central surface brightness v/s absolute magnitude and S\'ersic index v/s absolute magnitude parameter spaces, and by assuming the existence of two types of outer halo globular clusters: one of high surface brightness (HSB group), with properties similar to inner halo clusters; and another of low surface brightness (LSB group), which share characteristics with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. Given the similarities of LSB clusters with dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, we discuss the possibility that outer halo clusters also originated inside dark matter halos and that tidal forces from different galaxy host's potentials are responsible for the different properties between HSB and LSB clusters.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 3 table

Sequential determination of uranium and plutonium in soil and sediment samples by borate salts fusion

[EN] This study describes a rapid method for sequential determination of uranium and plutonium isotopes in soil and sediment samples and its application to the study of Anthropocene sedimentary records. Different pretreatment methods have been tested (open-vessel digestion, borate salts fusion and NaOH salt fusion) achieving the complete dissolution of the sample in case of fusion methods. LiBO2 and Li2B4O7 (80/20) flux was finally selected because a higher amount of sample can be analyzed (up to 5 g). Moreover, separation steps with extraction chromatographic resin UTEVA were optimized. Average recoveries obtained for uranium and plutonium were acceptable, 59% and 72% respectively, and relative bias were below +/- 15%. The time to complete the separation is approximately 11 h without ashing the samples and, consequently, it can be used in emergencies.The authors are grateful to the Universitat Politècnica de València for finantial support under the "Programa propio para la Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) de la Universitat Politècnica de València - Subprograma 1". We also thank the Valencian Agency for Security and Emergency and the Generalitat Valenciana for their support in the "Convenio de colaboración entre la Agencia Valenciana de Seguridad y Respuesta a las Emergencias y la Universitat Politècnica de València para el Desarrollo del Plan de Vigilancia Radiológica en Emergencias". The research was also funded by the ANTROPICOSTA-2: Anthropocene sedimentary record of the coastal and marine areas of Northern Atlantic Iberia (RTI2018-095678-B-C21, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and HAREA-Coastal Geology Research Group (Basque Government, IT976-16) projects.Sáez-Muñoz, M.; Ortiz Moragón, J.; Martorell Alsina, SS.; Gómez-Arozamena, J.; Cearreta, A. (2020). Sequential determination of uranium and plutonium in soil and sediment samples by borate salts fusion. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 323(3):1167-1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07028-5S116711773233Soppera N, Bossant M, Dupont E (2014) JANIS 4: an improved version of the NEA Java-based nuclear data information system. Nucl Data Sheets 120:294–296UNSCEAR (2010) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Volume I: sources: report to the general assembly, scientific annexes A and B. UNSCEAR 2008 report. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. United Nations sales publication E.10.XI.3. United Nations, New YorkWaters CN, Syvitski JPM, Gałuszka A, Hancock GJ, Zalasiewicz J, Cearreta A, Grinevald J, Jeandel C, McNeill JR, Summerhayes C, Barnosky A (2015) Can nuclear weapons fallout mark the beginning of the Anthropocene Epoch? Bull Atom Sci 71:46–57IAEA (2015) The Fukushima Daiichi accident, technical radiological consequences, vol 4. International Atomic Energy Agency, ViennaEPA (2012) EPA 402-R-12-006, radiological laboratory sample analysis guide for incident response—radionuclides in soil. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MontgomeryMietelski JW, Wojtycza J, Zalewski M, Kapała J, Tomankiewicz E, Gaca P (2018) Plutonium and thorium isotopes in the bottom sediments of some Mazurian Lakes (Poland). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 318:2389–2399Corcho-Alvarado JA, Diaz-Asencio M, Froidevaux P, Bochud F, Alonso-Hernández CM, Sanchez-Cabeza JA (2014) Dating young Holocene coastal sediments in tropical regions: use of fallout 239,240Pu as alternative chronostratigraphic marker. Quat Geochronol 22:1–10Waters CN, Zalasiewicz J, Summerhayes C, Barnosky AD, Poirier C, Gałuszka A, Cearreta A, Edgeworth M, Ellis EC, Ellis M, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Richter DDB, Steffen W, Syvitski J, Vidas D, Wagreich M, Williams M, Zhisheng A, Grinevald J, Odada E, Oreskes N, Wolfe AP (2016) The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 351(6269):aad2622Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Summerhayes C, Wolfe AP, Barnosky AD, Cearreta A, Crutzen P, Ellis E, Fairchild IJ, Gałuszka A, Haff P, Hajdas I, Head MJ, Ivar do Sul JA, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Neal C, Odada E, Oreskes N, Steffen W, Syvitski J, Vidas D, Wagreich M, Williams M (2017) The Working Group on the Anthropocene: summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19:55–60Qiao J, Hou X, Miró M, Roos P (2009) Determination of plutonium isotopes in waters and environmental solids: a review. Anal Chim Acta 652:66–84Croudace I, Warwick P, Reading D, Russell B (2016) Recent contributions to the rapid screening of radionuclides in emergency responses and nuclear forensics. Trends Anal Chem 85:120–129Casacuberta N, Lehritani M, Mantero J, Masqué P, Garcia-Orellana J, Garcia-Tenorio R (2012) Determination of U and Th α-emitters in NORM samples through extraction chromatography by using new and recycled UTEVA resins. Appl Radiat Isot 70:568–573Lozano JC, Herranz M, Mosqueda F, Manjón G, Idoeta R, Quintana B, García-Tenorio R, Bolívar JP (2017) Low-level determination of Th-isotopes by alpha spectrometry. Part 2: evaluation of methods for dissolution of samples and for test sample preparation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:2519–2529Jurečič S, Benedik L, Planinšek P, Nečemer M, Kump P, Pihlar B (2014) Analysis of uranium in the insoluble residues after decomposition of soil samples by various techniques. Appl Radiat Isot 87:61–65Luo M, Xing S, Yang Y, Song L, Ma Y, Wang Y, Dai X, Happel S (2018) Sequential analyses of actinides in large-size soil and sediment samples with total sample dissolution. J Environ Radioact 187:73–80Sahli H, Röllin S, Putyrskaya V, Klemt E, Balsiger B, Burger M, Corcho Alvarado JA (2017) A procedure for the sequential determination of radionuclides in soil and sediment samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:2209–2218Reading D, Croudace I, Warwick P, Britton R (2015) A rapid dissolution procedure to aid initial nuclear forensics investigations of chemically refractory compounds and particles prior to gamma spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 900:1–9IAEA (2009) IAEA/AQ/11A, procedure for the rapid determination of Pu isotopes and Am-241 in soil and sediment samples by alpha spectrometry, IAEA analytical quality in nuclear applications series no. 11. International Atomic Energy Agency, ViennaCroudace I, Warwick P, Taylor R, Dee S (1998) Rapid procedure for plutonium and uranium determination in soils using a borate fusion followed by ion-exchange and extraction chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 371:217–225Maxwell S, Culligan B, Hutchison J, McAlister D (2015) Rapid fusion method for the determination of Pu, Np, and Am in large soil samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 305:599–608EPA (2014) EPA 402-R-14-004, rapid method for sodium hydroxide fusion of concrete and brick matrices prior to americium, plutonium, strontium, radium, and uranium analyses for environmental remediation following radiological incidents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MontgomeryMaxwell S, Culligan B, Noyes G (2010) Rapid separation method for actinides in emergency soil samples. Radiochim Acta 98:793–800Galindo C, Mougin L, Nourreddine A (2007) An improved radiochemical separation of uranium and thorium in environmental samples involving peroxide fusion. Appl Radiat Isot 65:9–16EPA (2012) Rapid method for fusion of soil and soil-related matrices prior to americium, plutonium, and uranium analyses for environmental remediation following radiological incidents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MontgomeryMantero J, Lehritane M, Hurtado S, García-Tenorio R (2010) Radioanalytical determination of actinoids in refractory matrices by alkali fusion. 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Archaeological otariids from the mouth of the Santa Cruz river (southern Patagonia, Argentina). Osteometric study of bone remains from archaeological site P 133

Se presenta el análisis morfométrico de 38 elementos óseos de otáridos procedentes del sitio arqueológico P 133, desembocadura del río Santa Cruz, Patagonia austral. Los especímenes fueron recolectados en dos estratos de muestreo, uno sistemático (en cuadrículas de superficie y excavación, n = 28) y otro asistemático en una cuadrícula de superficie (n = 10). Se analizó la representación de especie, edad y sexo, considerando el estado de fusión y las variables métricas obtenidas sobre tres elementos óseos del miembro anterior no fusionados (húmero, radio y ulna) y uno fusionado (húmero), seleccionándose para ello los especímenes con buen estado de conservación. Los resultados indican un predominio de Otaria flavescens (88,57%), seguido de Arctocephalus australis (12%) entre los elementos no fusionados, mientras que los fusionados corresponden en su totalidad al húmero de esta segunda especie. En lo que se refiere a la edad ontogenética, los huesos no fusionados pertenecerían mayoritariamente a individuos neonatos, identificándose pocos elementos como cachorros de A. australis. Los especímenes fusionados fueron asignados a dos hembras y un macho adultos. Estos resultados complementan los obtenidos previamente en la localidad arqueológica de Punta Entrada, confirmando el aprovechamiento de crías de O. flavescens. A su vez, se amplían al identificar en este estudio a cachorros de A. australis, sugiriendo la posible existencia en esta localidad de apostaderos reproductivos de ambas especies, en el pasado. Se ofrecen así nuevos elementos para entender las relaciones entre humanos y pinnípedos en la costa de Patagonia austral durante los últimos 2000 años, cuya variabilidad aún no es suficientemente conocida.The morphometric analysis of 38 otariid bone elements recovered from the archaeological site P 133, mouth of the Santa Cruz River, Southern Patagonia, is presented. The specimens were collected in two sampling strata, one systematic (from surface and excavation grids, n = 28) and another asystematic on the surface (n = 10), selecting for analysis those specimens in a good state of preservation. We analyzed the species, age, and sex representation, considering the state of fusion and the metric variables obtained on three non-fused forelimb bone elements: humerus, radius, and ulna, and one fused element: humerus. Results indicate a predominance of Otaria flavescens (88.57%), and the presence of 12% of Arctocephalus australis among the non-fused elements. All the fused elements, on the other hand, correspond to the latter species. In terms of ontogenetic age, the non-fused elements would belong mostly to neonates, with a few elements identified as pups of A. australis. The fused elements were assigned to two adult females and one adult male. These results complement those obtained previously at the archaeological site of Punta Entrada, supporting the exploitation of O. flavescens pups. New data is provided by the inclusion of A. australis pups, suggesting the possible existence in this locality of breeding stations of both species in the past. Thus, they offer new elements to understand the relationships between humans and pinnipeds on the coast of southern Patagonia during the last 2000 years, whose variability is not yet sufficiently known

Datos para una tafonomía de restos óseos humanos en Bahía San Sebastián, Tierra del Fuego

En este trabajo se presentan los estudios tafonómicos efectuados sobre restos óseos humanos procedentes del norte de la provincia de Tierra del Fuego, específicamente del área Bahía San Sebastián. Los objetivos se orientan a comprender los procesos que actúan sobre esta parte del registro así conzo a conocer el modo en que las consecuencias de estos procesos son comparables con las inferidas a partir de las historias tafonómicas de los restos óseos de otros mamíferos. Los resultados indican que las lagunas y médanos ofrecen una visibilidad diferencial para los restos óseos humanos dentro del paisaje tafonómico en la bahía San Sebastián. Esto resulta válido, inclusive, para un sector de mala visibilidad arqueológica como el sur de la bahía, lo que sugiere que no debemos por el momento, tratarlos como sectores especialmente elegidos para depositar a los muertos. En cambio, indica aquellos lugares donde debe concentrarse la búsqueda orientada de material biológico humano.This paper presents the taphonomic studies untertaken on the human bone remains from the northem sector of the Tierra del Fuego province, specifically the Bahía San Sebastian area. The objectives were to understand the processes acting on part of the record, as well as learning the way in which the consequences of these processes are comparable to those inferred from the taphonomic histories of other mammal bone remains. Results show that, wtthin the taphonomic landscape of Bahia San Sebastian, the lakes and sanddunes provide differential visibility for human bone remains. Indeed, this holds true also for sectors with poor archaeological visibility such as the southem portian of the bay. This, in turn, suggests that for the moment we should not view these sectors as especially saught after for depositing bones. In contrast, it highlights places where the searchfor human remains should concentrate.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

Where does the chilean aconcagua river come from? Use of natural tracers for water genesis characterization in glacial and periglacial environments

The Aconcagua river basin (Chile, 32◦S) has suffered the effects of the megadrought over the last decade. The severe snowfall deficiency drastically modified the water supply to the catchment headwaters. Despite the recognized snowmelt contribution to the basin, an unknown streamflow buffering effect is produced by glacial, periglacial and groundwater inputs, especially in dry periods. Hence, each type of water source was characterized and quantified for each season, through the combination of stable isotope and ionic analyses as natural water tracers. The δ18O and electric conductivity were identified as the key parameters for the differentiation of each water source. The use of these parameters in the stable isotope mixing “simmr” model revealed that snowmelt input accounted 52% in spring and only 22–36% during the rest of the year in the headwaters. While glacial supply contributed up to 34%, both groundwater and periglacial exhibited a remarkable contribution around 20% with some seasonal variations. Downstream, glacial contribution averaged 15–20%, groundwater seasonally increased up to 46%, and periglacial input was surprisingly high (i.e., 14–21%). The different water sources contribution quantification over time for the Aconcagua River reported in this work provides key information for water security in this territory.Fil: Crespo, Sebastián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Lavergne, Céline. Universidad de Playa Ancha; ChileFil: Fernandoy, Francisco. Universidad Andrés Bello; ChileFil: Muñoz, Ariel A.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; ChileFil: Cara Ramirez, Leandro Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Olfos Vargas, Simón. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Chil