An expeditive and green chemo-enzymatic route to diester sinapoyl- l -malate analogues: sustainable bioinspired and biosourced UV filters and molecular heaters †

Sinapoyl malate, naturally present in plants, has proved to be an exceptional UV filter and molecular heater for plants. Although there are nowadays industrially relevant sustainable synthetic routes to sinapoyl malate, its incorporation into certain cosmetic formulations, as well as its adsorption on plant leaves, is limited by its hydrophilicity. To overcome these obstacles, it is important to find a way to effectively control the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of sinapoyl malate to make it readily compatible with the cosmetic formulations and stick on the waxy cuticle of leaves. To this end, herein, we describe a highly regioselective chemo-enzymatic synthesis of sinapoyl malate analogues possessing fatty aliphatic chains of variable length, enabling the lipophilicity of the compounds to be modulated. The potential toxicity (i.e., mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, acute and repeated-dose toxicity), bioaccumulation, persistence and biodegradability potential of these new analogues were evaluated in silico, along with the study of their transient absorption spectroscopy, their photostability as well as their photodegradation products

Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Toarcian Stage, Lower Jurassic, is placed at the base of micritic limestone bed 15e at Ponta do Trovão (Peniche, Lusitanian Basin, Portugal; coordinates: 39°22'15''N, 9°23'07''W), 80km north of Lisbon, and coincides with the mass occurrence of the ammonite Dactylioceras (Eodactylites). The Pliensbachian/ Toarcian boundary (PLB/TOA) is contained in a continuous section forming over 450m of carbonate-rich sediments. Tectonics, syn-sedimentary disturbance, metamorphism or significant diagenesis do not significantly affect this area. At the PLB/TOA, no vertical facies changes, stratigraphical gaps or hiatuses have been recorded. The base of the Toarcian Stage is marked in the bed 15e by the first occurrence of D. (E.) simplex, co-occurring with D. (E.) pseudocommune and D. (E.) polymorphum. The ammonite association of D. (Eodactylites) ssp. and other species e.g. Protogrammoceras (Paltarpites) cf. paltum, Lioceratoides aff. ballinense and Tiltoniceras aff. capillatum is particularly significant for the boundary definition and correlation with sections in different basins. Ammonites of the PLB/ TOA are taxa characteristic of both the Mediterranean and Northwest European provinces that allow reliable, global correlations. The PLB/TOA is also characterized by other biostratigraphical markers (brachiopods, calcareous nannofossils, ostracods and benthic foraminifers) and by high-resolution stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios that show distinctive changes just above the PLB/TOA, thus providing additional, powerful tools for global correlations. The PBL-TOA lies at the end of a second (and third) order cycle of sea-level change, and the top of bed 15e is interpreted as a sequence boundary. Cyclostratigraphy analysis is available for the Lower Toarcian of Ponta do Trovão. Detailed correlations with the Almonacid de la Cuba section (Iberian Range, Spain) provide complementary data of the ammonite succession in the Northwest European Hawskerense and Paltum Subzones, and magnetostratigraphical data that allow supraregional correlations. The proposal was voted on by the Toarcian Working Group in June, 2012, and by the International Subcommission on Jurassic Stratigraphy in September, 2012, approved by the ICS in November, 2014, and ratified by the IUGS in December, 2014. With this Toarcian GSSP, all international stages of the Lower Jurassic have been officially defined.Several scientists have been members of the Toarcian Working Group. We would like to acknowledge all of them. We are also grateful to the ISJS and ICS members who have made valuable comments on a previous version of this manuscript. We warmly thank Marc Philippe for his help with the literature on Pliensbachian/Toarcian continental successions. We warmly thank Christian Meister and Jim Ogg for their helpful review. Constructive remarks by Jim Ogg on an early version of the paper were greatly appreciated. We also acknowledge the precious help of David Besson for providing the ammonite specimens from the Mouterde collection (Musée des Confluences, Lyon). Ammonite photographs were taken by Emmanuel Robert (Collections de Géologie de Lyon). This paper is dedicated to the memory of Abbé René Mouterde and Serge Elmi, who died in 2007 after having been for years the main supporters of the Peniche section as GSSP of Toarcian Stage. Calcareous nannofossil slides are curated at the Collections de Géologie de Lyon (No. FSL 766535-766617). This work has been supported by the BIOSCALES Project (POCTI/ 36438/PAL/2000), coordinated by the Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; R. B. Rocha thanks the support of A. F. Soares, J. C. Kullberg, P. S. Caetano and P. H. Verdial. Financial support was provided to L. V. Duarte, S. Pinto and M. C. Cabral by Projects PDCTE/CTA/44907/2002 and PTDC/CTE-GIX/098968/2008

Common garden experiments in the genomic era : new perspectives and opportunities

PdV was supported by a doctoral studentship from the French Ministère de la Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur. OEG was supported by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS)The study of local adaptation is rendered difficult by many evolutionary confounding phenomena (e.g. genetic drift and demographic history). When complex traits are involved in local adaptation, phenomena such as phenotypic plasticity further hamper evolutionary biologists to study the complex relationships between phenotype, genotype and environment. In this perspective paper, we suggest that the common garden experiment, specifically designed to deal with phenotypic plasticity has a clear role to play in the study of local adaptation, even (if not specifically) in the genomic era. After a quick review of some high-throughput genotyping protocols relevant in the context of a common garden, we explore how to improve common garden analyses with dense marker panel data and recent statistical methods. We then show how combining approaches from population genomics and genome-wide association studies with the settings of a common garden can yield to a very efficient, thorough and integrative study of local adaptation. Especially, evidence from genomic (e.g. genome scan) and phenotypic origins constitute independent insights into the possibility of local adaptation scenarios, and genome-wide association studies in the context of a common garden experiment allow to decipher the genetic bases of adaptive traits.PostprintPeer reviewe

Does intensive management improve remission rates in patients with intermediate rheumatoid arthritis? (the TITRATE trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled active rheumatoid arthritis can lead to increasing disability and reduced quality of life over time. 'Treating to target' has been shown to be effective in active established disease and also in early disease. However, there is a lack of nationally agreed treatment protocols for patients with established rheumatoid arthritis who have intermediate disease activity. This trial is designed to investigate whether intensive management of disease leads to a greater number of remissions at 12 months. Levels of disability and quality of life, and acceptability and cost-effectiveness of the intervention will also be examined. METHODS: The trial is a 12-month, pragmatic, randomised, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group, multicentre trial undertaken at specialist rheumatology centres across England. Three hundred and ninety-eight patients with established rheumatoid arthritis will be recruited. They will currently have intermediate disease activity (disease activity score for 28 joints assessed using an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 3.2 to 5.1 with at least three active joints) and will be taking at least one disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug. Participants will be randomly selected to receive intensive management or standard care. Intensive management will involve monthly clinical reviews with a specialist health practitioner, where drug treatment will be optimised and an individualised treatment support programme delivered based on several principles of motivational interviewing to address identified problem areas, such as pain, fatigue and adherence. Standard care will follow standard local pathways and will be in line with current English guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Patients will be assessed initially and at 6 and 12 months through self-completed questionnaires and clinical evaluation. DISCUSSION: The trial will establish whether the known benefits of intensive treatment strategies in active rheumatoid arthritis are also seen in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis who have moderately active disease. It will evaluate both the clinical and cost-effectiveness of intensive treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials, ID: ISRCTN70160382 . Registered on 16 January 2014.MRC Funding: MC_UP_1302/3 NIHR Funding: RP-PG-0610-1006

SAT0631 Inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of the omeract ultrasonographic (US) criteria for the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) at the metacarpal-phalangeal (MCP), wrist, acromion-clavicular (AC) and hip joints

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El Jurásico de Asturias (Norte de España)

[ES] Se encuadra el Jurásico asturiano en el marco geológico regional, planteándose los problemas de su techo y muro. Se exponen diversos argumentos que apoyan la idea de la emersión postliásica de esta cuenca, durante la cual se alteraron las capas inmediatamente inferiores al medio subaéreo, que hoy se nos muestran con tonos pardos o rojizos. Posteriormente hubo una erosión y un corto transporte de parte de estos materiales alterados, con la llegada de los primeros aportes detríticos de pequeñas gravas y arenas cuarcíticas, que coincide con el hundimiento de la cuenca. Se piensa que el rejuvenecimiento del relieve del Macizo Hespérico suministró el material detrítico durante el Jurásico superior. Se presentan las zonas de ammonites hasta ahora caracterizadas y se comparan con las de regiones próximas, lo que permite destacar la importancia del umbral que separaba la cuenca asturiana de sus vecinas del Este durante el Jurásico. Acompaña a este trabajo un esquema geológico de la región estudiada (fig. 1) y unas columnas estratigráficas (fig. 2) en que se destacan, por un lado, los pisos del Jurásico cuya existencia ha sido probada mediante faunas de ammonites y, por otro, el relativamente fuerte relieve originado en el yacente del Jurásico detrítico, de Este a Oeste de la cuenca. Nota—La columna de Campañones (fig. 2) corresponde a una parte del sondeo del mismo nombre descrito por ALMELA y Ríos (1962) y también por LLopís (1965).[FR] En Asturies, les afleurements du Jurassique forment un triangle surbaissé de Ribadesella á Avilés et Pola de Siero, completement isolé au milieu des terrains stratigraphie que dans sa sédimentologie. Nous décriroas d’abord la série lithologique en y comprenant les formations permo-triasiques qul son étroiteinent liées au Lias dans la régior. Nous insisterons sur la série détritique supérieure, sur le probleme de l’importante lacune du Jurassique moyen et sur celui de la limite Jurassique-Crétacé. Nous donnerons ensuite les principales especes d’ammonites rencontrés dans la succession classique des zones du Lias.[EN] Asturian Jurassic is placed in the regional geology, pointing out the top and bottom problem. Sorne arguments are exposed sustainig the idea of a basin post- Liassic emersion, inmcdiately under subaerial environment layers were wlieathered, showing red or brown tones actually. Afterwards an erosion and a short transport of a part of these wheathered materlais took place, arriving quarzitic sands and little gravel as first detrital material, commeasuring with the basin’s sinking. It is belived that the Hesperian Massif uplift supplied detrital material during Upper Jurassic. Recognized Ammonites zones are presented and comparated with contiguous region, allowing to stand out the importance of the ridge separating Asturian basin from neighboring Eastward basin during Jurassic times. This work includes also a regional geological sketch (fig. 1) aud some stratigraphical columns (fig. 2) in which it points out, the existing Jurassic stages proved by Ammonites faunes and the rather important relief originated over the detrital Jurassic form East to West. Note: Campañones column (fig. 2) is a part of equally-named bore described by ALMELA y Ríos (1962) and also LLOPIS (1965).[DE] Die jurasisehen Schichten, regional betrachtet, lassen in Bezug auf ihr Liegendes und Hangendes verschiedene Fragen entstehen. Es werden verschiedene Argumente angefúhrt, die das postliasische Emporsteigen von diesem Becken beweisen; wáhrend desselben hat die Verwitterung ihre deutlichen Spuren auf den Schichten hinterlassen, die unmittelbar unter der liangenden Decke lagen. Die Materialien, die diese Schichten bilden, zeigen in der Tat durch inbre rétliche oder braune Farbe solche Spuren der Verwitterung. Spáter fancl eme Abtragung und eme Fortbewegung von diesem detritischen Schutt, bestehend aus quarzitischen Sanden und Schottern statt. Dieser Vorgang spielte sich wiihrend des Abtauchens des Beckens ab. Es ist wohl mbglich, das die Verjtingung des Reliefs des Hcspcrischen Massus den Transport dieser Materialien wáhred des oberen Jura gefórdert hat. Es werden dic Zonen mit Ammoniten, die bestimmt wurden, mit denselber Serien verglichen, die inden náheren Gegenden sich gebildet haben. Auf diese Weise wird die Rolle herausgehoben, die die Trennungsschwelle zw¡schen dem asturischen und ihrem östlichen Becken spielte. Pie Abbildung 1 stellt ein geologisches Schema des unteí-suchten Gebietes dar. Die Abb. 2 enthált die stratigraphischen S~ulen, wo einerseits die jurasischen Stufen dargestellt werden. und die gut bestimmbare Ammonitenfaunen enthalten: andererseits wird das starke Relief hervorgehaben, die das Liegende im detritischen Jura des Beckens von Osten nacE Westen aufweist. Anmerkung: Pie Sáule von Campañones (Abb. 2) entspricht einem Teile der Bohrung gleichen Namens, beschrieben von ALMELA y Ríos (1962) und LLoPIs (1965).Peer reviewe