Morosidad y liquidez en las Instituciones Educativas Sur Oriental del Perú

El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación que existe entre morosidad y liquidez en las Instituciones de la Asociación Educativa Sur Oriental del Perú. El estudio sigue un enfoque cuantitativo porque se utilizan datos numéricos, de diseño no experimental porque las variables no serán manipuladas y de corte longitudinal porque tomaremos datos da varios años. El método estadístico aplicado fue la medida de correlación Rho de Spearman entre dos variables independientes. Se muestra los resultados de la prueba no paramétrica entre índice de cartera vencida y ratio de liquidez corriente con un coeficiente de -0.119 y un p-valor = 0.616 > 0.05; la cartera vencida y razón de efectivo obtuvo un coeficiente de 0.426 y un p-valor = 0.61 > 0.05; y la Morosidad Total y Ratio de Liquidez Corriente con un coeficiente de correlación de -0.271 y un p-valor = 0.248 > 0.05; De la misma manera existe una íntima relación entre la Morosidad Total y Razón de efectivo con un coeficiente de correlación de 0.259 . Con el p-valor = 0.270 > 0.05, mostrando en conjunto las partidas, no existe una relación significativa entre morosidad y liquidez de los colegios.LIMAEscuela Profesional de ContabilidadFinanza

Switching from a protease inhibitor-based regimen to a dolutegravir-based regimen : a randomized clinical trial to determine the effect on peripheral blood and ileum biopsies from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

Background: Optimization of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can impact the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir. We evaluated the effect on the HIV reservoir in peripheral blood and ileum biopsies in patients switching from boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r)-based therapy to dolutegravir (DTG)-based therapy. Methods: Impact of Integrase-inhibitor DOlutegravir On the viral Reservoir (INDOOR) is a phase 4 open-label clinical trial that randomly included 42 HIV type 1-infected individuals on effective cART: 20 who switched from PI/r-based to DTG-based cART (switch group), and 22 who remained in PI/r-based regimens (control group). We analyzed blood and ileum biopsies to quantify episomal, total, and integrated HIV DNA, cell-associated HIV RNA, residual plasma viremia, T-cell subsets, cell activation, and inflammation markers. Results: There were no related adverse events or treatment discontinuations due to drug intolerance. The HIV reservoir was consistently larger in ileal than in peripheral CD4(+) T cells in both groups (P <.01). Residual viremia in plasma decreased in the switch group (P =.03). However, we did not observe significant longitudinal changes in low-level viral replication, total and integrated HIV reservoir, HIV transcription, T-cell maturation subsets, immunoactivation markers, inflammatory soluble proteins, or cellular markers of latently infected cells. Conclusions: The INDOOR study is the first evaluation of changes in HIV reservoir size in ileum biopsies and in peripheral blood in individuals switched from PI/r- to DTG-based cART. Although this switch was safe and well tolerated, it had no impact on a large array of immunological and inflammatory markers or on HIV reservoir markers in peripheral or in ileal CD4(+) T cells

Genomic characterisation of respiratory syncytial virus: a novel system for whole genome sequencing and full-length G and F gene sequences

To advance our understanding of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) impact through genomic surveillance, we describe two PCR-based sequencing systems, (i) RSVAB-WGS for generic whole-genome sequencing and (ii) RSVAB-GF, which targets major viral antigens, G and F, and is used as a complement for challenging cases with low viral load. These methods monitor RSV genetic diversity to inform molecular epidemiology, vaccine effectiveness and treatment strategies, contributing also to the standardisation of surveillance in a new era of vaccines.This research was partially funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Project PI18/00167, PI21CIII/00019 (MPY 439-21) and PI21/00377, and partially by UNESPA donation- “COVIDSEQUNESPA” (grant number MPY 226/22). Also, funding was received from grant MSD MISP: IISP 60255.S

Políticas públicas europeas sobre meDios de comunicación y prácticas regulatorias: la situación en España

El presente texto es una traducción adaptada y actualizada del Background Information Report (BIR, en sus siglas en inglés), el primer documento público realizado en el ámbito del proyecto de investigación europeo MEDIADEM (Revisión de las políticas europeas sobre medios de comunicación: Evaluación y exigencia de medios libres e independientes en las democracias europeas: FP7-SSH-2009-A, núm. 244365, http://www.mediadem.eliamep.gr). Publicado en su versión original en inglés en el sitio de Internet del proyecto en Octubre de 2010 - junto a sus homólogos del resto de países participantes -, representa un primer acercamiento a la situación de los medios de comunicación en España, descrita con sus peculiaridades políticas, económicas, culturales y sociales. Se ha dado amplio espacio al recorrido histórico de los medios de comunicación, debido a la importancia que las vicisitudes pasadas mantienen en la situación actual. Ello es así, en especial, durante el periodo de la dictadura franquista y la transición hacía la democracia, momento en el que los principales medios de comunicación (prensa, radio y televisión) desarrollaron sus características fundamentales, algunas de las cuales perviven a día de hoy. El enfoque es básicamente de políticas públicas y de Derecho de la comunicación y la información. Se abunda en las prácticas regulatorias y se proporcionan también datos sobre la estructura de los medios, su difusión y sus características, sin perder de vista que la óptica es la democracia y las libertades, en especial las de expresión e información. En las conclusiones, se han subrayado los problemas fundamentales a los que se enfrenta España, como los efectos de la Ley General de Comunicación Audiovisual, el decepcionante (hasta ahora) desarrollo de la TDT, la rápida difusión de las nuevas tecnologías y los desafíos que plantea Internet en ámbitos como la igualdad de acceso, la neutralidad y la transparencia. Además, se señala la encrucijada en la que se encuentra el periodismo, que ha de enfrentarse a la digitalización y al libre acceso a los contenidos, con las consecuentes transformaciones de la industria y de la misma profesión. Entre las asignaturas pendientes en nuestro país se encuentra la alfabetización mediática, una de las principales debilidades de las políticas públicas españolas en materia de comunicación. Este informe no pretende ser un documento exhaustivo sobre el estado de la cuestión de la política de medios en España, sino una instantánea a modo de síntesis de la situación. El objetivo es que resulte útil también a lectores menos expertos, en especial a quienes no conocen la realidad española, y que sirva de punto de partida para la segunda fase del proyecto de investigación, actualmente en curso. En esta segunda fase se están abordando las dinámicas y la aplicación práctica de las políticas de medios de comunicación en España. Para ello, se profundiza en cuestiones específicas, como los actores que participan en las políticas españolas de comunicación, su poder e influencia, así como el nivel y el modo de actuación. También aquí la relación recíproca entre medios de comunicación y democracia, en especial en lo que respecta a las libertades de expresión e información, es el prisma que determina el análisis

Comparison of Reverse Transcription (RT)-Quantitative PCR and RT-Droplet Digital PCR for Detection of Genomic and Subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA

Most individuals acutely infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exhibit mild symptoms. However, 10 to 20% of those infected develop long-term symptoms, referred to as post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition (PCC). One hypothesis is that PCC might be exacerbated by viral persistence in tissue sanctuaries. Therefore, the accurate detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 are not only necessary for viral load monitoring but also crucial for detecting long-term viral persistence and determining whether viral replication is occurring in tissue reservoirs. In this study, the sensitivity and robustness of reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques have been compared for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs from oropharyngeal swabs taken from confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive, SARS-CoV-2-exposed, and nonexposed individuals as well as from samples from mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our data demonstrated that both techniques presented equivalent results in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Additionally, RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, allowing the accurate detection of positive results in individuals exposed to the virus. Overall, these data suggest that RT-ddPCR might be an alternative to RT-qPCR for detecting low viral loads in samples and for assessing viral persistence in samples from individuals with PCC. IMPORTANCE We developed one-step reverse transcription (RT)-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) protocols to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and compared them to the gold-standard RT-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) method. RT-ddPCR was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in the low-viral-load range, while both techniques were equivalent in the mid- and high-viral-load ranges. Overall, these results suggest that RT-ddPCR might be a viable alternative to RT-qPCR when it comes to detecting low viral loads in samples, which is a highly relevant issue for determining viral persistence in as-yet-unknown tissue reservoirs in individuals suffering from post-COVID conditions or long COVID

The Genome-wide Methylation Profile of CD4+ T Cells From Individuals With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Identifies Distinct Patterns Associated With Disease Progression

Background: Human genetic variation-mostly in the HLA and CCR5 regions-explains 25% of the variability in progression of HIV infection. However, it is also known that viral infections can modify cellular DNA methylation patterns. Therefore, changes in the methylation of CpG islands might modulate progression of HIV infection. Methods: 85 samples were analyzed: 21 elite controllers (EC), 21 HIV-infected subjects before combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) (viremic, 93,325 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml) and under suppressive cART (cART, median of 17 months, <50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml), and 22 HIV-negative donors (HIVneg). We analyzed the methylation pattern of 485,577 CpG in DNA from peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes. We selected the most differentially methylated gene (TNF) and analyzed its specific methylation, mRNA expression, and plasma protein levels in 5 individuals before and after initiation of cART. Results: We observed 129 methylated CpG sites (associated with 43 gene promoters) for which statistically significant differences were recorded in viremic vs HIVneg, 162 CpG sites (55 gene promoters) in viremic vs cART, 441 CpG sites (163 gene promoters) in viremic vs EC, but none in EC vs HIVneg. The TNF promoter region was hypermethylated in viremic vs HIVneg, cART, and EC. Moreover, we observed greater plasma levels of TNF in viremic individuals than in EC, cART, and HIVneg. Conclusions: Our study shows that genome methylation patterns vary depending on HIV infection status and progression profile and that these variations might have an impact on controlling HIV infection in the absence of cART

Sensitive quantification of the HIV-1 reservoir in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Altres ajuts: This substudy was supported by ViiV and the American Foundation for AIDS Research(amfAR)(ARCHE). IrsiCaixa was supported by the CERCA programme from Generalitat de Catalunya.Background. The implementation of successful strategies to achieve an HIV cure has become a priority in HIV research. However, the current location and size of HIV reservoirs is still unknown since there are limited tools to evaluate HIV latency in viral sanctuaries such as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). As reported in the so called "Boston Patients", despite undetectable levels of proviral HIV-1 DNA in blood and GALT, viral rebound happens in just few months after ART interruption. This fact might imply that current methods are not sensitive enough to detect residual reservoirs. Showing that, it is imperative to improve the detection and quantification of HIV-1 reservoir in tissue samples. Herein, we propose a novel nonenzymatic protocol for purification of Lamina Propria Leukocytes (LPL) from gut biopsies combined to viral HIV DNA (vDNA) quantification by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of viral reservoir measurements (LPL-vDNA assay). Methods. Endoscopic ileum biopsies were sampled from 12 HIV-1-infected cART- suppressed subjects. We performed a DTT/EDTA-based treatment for epithelial layer removal followed by non-enzymatic disruption of the tissue to obtain lamina propria cell suspension (LP). CD45+ cells were subsequently purified by flow sorting and vDNA was determined by ddPCR. Results. vDNA quantification levels were significantly higher in purified LPLs (CD45+) than in bulk LPs (p<0.01). The levels of vDNA were higher in ileum samples than in concurrent PBMC from the same individuals (p = 0.002). As a result of the increased sensitivity of thispurification method, the Poisson 95% confidence intervals of the vDNA quantification data from LPLs were narrower than that from bulk LPs. Of note, vDNA was unambiguously quantified above the detection limit in 100% of LPL samples, while only in 58% of bulk LPs. Conclusion. We propose an innovative combined protocol for a more sensitive detection of the HIV reservoir in gut-associated viral sanctuaries, which might be used to evaluate any proposed eradication strategy

Strength of forest edge effects on litter-dwelling macro-arthropods across Europe is influenced by forest age and edge properties

International audienceAim: Forests are highly fragmented across Western Europe, making forest edges im ‐portant features in many agricultural landscapes. Forest edges are subject to strong abiotic gradients altering the forest environment and resulting in strong biotic gradi ‐ents. This has the potential to change the forest's capacity to provide multiple eco ‐system services such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and natural pest control. Soil organisms play a key role in this perspective; however, these taxa are rarely considered in forest edge research.Location: A latitudinal gradient of 2,000 km across Western Europe.Methods: We sampled six dominant taxa of litter‐dwelling macro‐arthropods (car ‐abid beetles, spiders, harvestmen, centipedes, millipedes and woodlice) in forest edges and interiors of 192 forest fragments in 12 agricultural landscapes. We related their abundance and community composition to distance from the edge and the inter ‐action with forest age, edge orientation and edge contrast (contrast between land use types at either side of the edge).Results: Three out of six macro‐arthropod taxa have higher activity‐density in forest edges compared to forest interiors. The abundance patterns along forest edge‐to‐in‐terior gradients interacted with forest age. Forest age and edge orientation also influ ‐enced within‐fragment compositional variation along the forest edge‐to‐interior gradient. Edge contrast influenced abundance gradients of generalist predators. In general, older forest fragments, south‐oriented edges and edges along structurally more continuous land use (lower contrast between forest and adjacent land use) re ‐sulted in stronger edge‐to‐interior gradients while recent forests, north‐oriented edges and sharp land use edges induced similarity between forest edge and interior along the forest edge‐to‐interior gradients in terms of species activity‐density and composition.Main conclusions: Edge effects on litter‐dwelling macro‐arthropods are anticipated to feedback on important ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, carbon se ‐questration and natural pest control from small forest fragments

High ecosystem service delivery potential of small woodlands in agricultural landscapes

Global forest loss and fragmentation have strongly increased the frequency of forest patches smaller than a few hectares. Little is known about the biodiversity and ecosystem service supply potential of such small woodlands in comparison to larger forests. As it is widely recognized that high biodiversity levels increase ecosystem functionality and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, small, isolated woodlands are expected to have a lower potential for ecosystem service delivery than large forests hosting more species. We collected data on the diversity of six taxonomic groups covering invertebrates, plants and fungi, and on the supply potential of five ecosystem services and one disservice within 224 woodlands distributed across temperate Europe. We related their ability to simultaneously provide multiple ecosystem services (multiservice delivery potential) at different performance levels to biodiversity of all studied taxonomic groups (multidiversity), forest patch size and age, as well as habitat availability and connectivity within the landscape, while accounting for macroclimate, soil properties and forest structure. Unexpectedly, despite their lower multidiversity, smaller woodlands had the potential to deliver multiple services at higher performance levels per area than larger woodlands of similar age, probably due to positive edge effects on the supply potential of several ecosystem services. Biodiversity only affected multiservice delivery potential at a low performance level as well as some individual ecosystem services. The importance of other drivers of ecosystem service supply potential by small woodlands in agricultural landscapes also depended on the level of performance and varied with the individual ecosystem service considered. Synthesis and applications. Large, ancient woodlands host high levels of biodiversity and can therefore deliver a number of ecosystem services. In contrast, smaller woodlands in agricultural landscapes, especially ancient woodlands, have a higher potential to deliver multiple ecosystem services on a per area basis. Despite their important contribution to agricultural landscape multifunctionality, small woodlands are not currently considered by public policies. There is thus an urgent need for targeted policy instruments to ensure their adequate management and future conservation in order to either achieve multiservice delivery at high levels or to maximize the delivery of specific ecosystem services

High ecosystem service delivery potential of small woodlands in agricultural landscapes

Global forest loss and fragmentation have strongly increased the frequency of forest patches smaller than a few hectares. Little is known about the biodiversity and ecosystem service supply potential of such small woodlands in comparison to larger forests. As it is widely recognized that high biodiversity levels increase ecosystem functionality and the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, small, isolated woodlands are expected to have a lower potential for ecosystem service delivery than large forests hosting more species. We collected data on the diversity of six taxonomic groups covering invertebrates, plants and fungi, and on the supply potential of five ecosystem services and one disservice within 224 woodlands distributed across temperate Europe. We related their ability to simultaneously provide multiple ecosystem services (multiservice delivery potential) at different performance levels to biodiversity of all studied taxonomic groups (multidiversity), forest patch size and age, as well as habitat availability and connectivity within the landscape, while accounting for macroclimate, soil properties and forest structure. Unexpectedly, despite their lower multidiversity, smaller woodlands had the potential to deliver multiple services at higher performance levels per area than larger woodlands of similar age, probably due to positive edge effects on the supply potential of several ecosystem services. Biodiversity only affected multiservice delivery potential at a low performance level as well as some individual ecosystem services. The importance of other drivers of ecosystem service supply potential by small woodlands in agricultural landscapes also depended on the level of performance and varied with the individual ecosystem service considered. Synthesis and applications. Large, ancient woodlands host high levels of biodiversity and can therefore deliver a number of ecosystem services. In contrast, smaller woodlands in agricultural landscapes, especially ancient woodlands, have a higher potential to deliver multiple ecosystem services on a per area basis. Despite their important contribution to agricultural landscape multifunctionality, small woodlands are not currently considered by public policies. There is thus an urgent need for targeted policy instruments to ensure their adequate management and future conservation in order to either achieve multiservice delivery at high levels or to maximize the delivery of specific ecosystem services