Precios promocionales de las aerolíneas ¿constituyen precios predatorios? Caso Aerolane Líneas Aéreas Nacionales del Ecuador S.A. “LAN Ecuador”

The process of competition between operators seeking to gain customers over time and the rivalry between market operators in simple words is what surrounds competition. However, there are several practices that affect competition, to mention some: exclusory and exploitative practices, predatory pricing, excessive pricing, price discrimination, unjustified negative to sell, and others. This article focuses in predation as an illegitimate practice, in contrast to one of its most common justification: promotional pricing. Predatory practices are those that attempt against competition, where one of the operators lowers its prices with the aim of eradicating its competition. Airlines operate in a very particular market, which cannot be analyzed under generalized parameters. Transposing all of this to the Ecuadorian aeronautical market, the Resolution of the former Industries and Productivity Ministry: MIPRO-COMP-002-2010 is analyzed, who ruled that LAN did not engage in predatory practices when entering the Ecuadorian market. Through the analysis and exposition of emblematic cases of predatory pricing in the United States and the European Union, the reader will learn about the different tests and criteria taken for each decision in order to determine the existence or not of the unlawful practice of competition. The objective is centered as such to demonstrate that the criteria followed in the Resolution of the MIPRO were mistaken. The taken decision was founded in a limited analysis of what “market participation” means, all which was a determining factor, and is considered incorrect for the final decision, finally configuring a sort of abuse of rights for the infringer.El proceso de competitividad entre los operadores por ganar clientes en el tiempo y la rivalidad entre ellos es lo que, en simples palabras, envuelve a la competencia. Existe, sin embargo, una serie de prácticas que pueden afectar a la competencia, como las conductas exclusorias y explotativas. El presente artículo se centrará específicamente en la predación como práctica ilegal, típicamente exclusoria, puesta en contraste con su más común justificación: los precios promocionales. Prácticas predatorias son aquellas que atentan contra la competencia, donde uno de los operadores disminuye sus precios con la finalidad de eliminar la competencia. Las aerolíneas se manejan en un mercado bastante particular, que no puede ser puesto bajo la lupa de parámetros generalizados. En el caso específico del mercado aeronáutico ecuatoriano, se analizará la Resolución del antiguo Ministerio de Industrias y Productividad (en adelante, MIPRO) MIPRO-COMP-002-2010 del 29 de junio de 2010, que resolvió que Aerolane Líneas Aéreas Nacionales del Ecuador S.A. (en adelante, LAN) no incurrió en una práctica predatoria al ingresar al mercado ecuatoriano. Por medio del análisis y la exposición de casos emblemáticos de precios predatorios en Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y en la Unión Europea, se pondrá en conocimiento del lector los distintos tests y criterios de decisión para determinar la existencia o no de la práctica ilegal de competencia. El objetivo del artículo se centra en demostrar que los criterios utilizados en la Resolución del MIPRO fueron erróneos. La decisión que se tomó fue con base en un análisis limitado de lo que significa “participación de mercado”, que fue un factor determinante y equivocado para la toma de decisión final, configurando finalmente una suerte de abuso de derecho para el infractor

Precios promocionales de las aerolíneas ¿constituyen precios predatorios?

El proceso de competitividad entre los operadores por ganar clientes en el tiempo y la rivalidad entre ellos es lo que, en simples palabras, envuelve a la competencia. Existe, sin embargo, una serie de prácticas que pueden afectar a la competencia, como las conductas exclusorias y explotativas. El presente artículo se centrará específicamente en la predación como práctica ilegal, típicamente exclusoria, puesta en contraste con su más común justificación: los precios promocionales. Prácticas predatorias son aquellas que atentan contra la competencia, donde uno de los operadores disminuye sus precios con la finalidad de eliminar la competencia. Las aerolíneas se manejan en un mercado bastante particular, que no puede ser puesto bajo la lupa de parámetros generalizados. En el caso específico del mercado aeronáutico ecuatoriano, se analizará la Resolución del antiguo Ministerio de Industrias y Productividad (en adelante, MIPRO) MIPRO-COMP-002-2010 del 29 de junio de 2010, que resolvió que Aerolane Líneas Aéreas Nacionales del Ecuador S.A. (en adelante, LAN) no incurrió en una práctica predatoria al ingresar al mercado ecuatoriano. Por medio del análisis y la exposición de casos emblemáticos de precios predatorios en Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y en la Unión Europea, se pondrá en conocimiento del lector los distintos tests y criterios de decisión para determinar la existencia o no de la práctica ilegal de competencia. El objetivo del artículo se centra en demostrar que los criterios utilizados en la Resolución del MIPRO fueron erróneos. La decisión que se tomó fue con base en un análisis limitado de lo que significa "participación de mercado", que fue un factor determinante y equivocado para la toma de decisión final, configurando finalmente una suerte de abuso de derecho para el infractor

Geologia, geocronologia e geoquímica do embasamento granítico paleoproterozóico em natividade, Faixa Brasília Norte

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2015.O embasamento paleoproterozóico da Faixa Brasília corresponde ao terreno granítico exposto no segmento norte da faixa. Ele representa um arco desenvolvido na borda oeste do Cráton do São Francisco, ou um arco acrescionado ao cráton. O embasamento é tradicionalmente dividido em dois domínios: Almas Conceição do Tocantins e Cavalcante-Arraias, nomeados em referência a cidades vizinhas. O primeiro é composto por tonalitos e granodioritos das suítes 1 e 2, intrusivos no Grupo Riachão do Ouro. No segundo, afloram granitos da suíte Aurumina, intrusivos na Formação Ticunzal. A oeste do domínio Almas-Conceição do Tocantins aflora o embasamento Natividade, área estudada neste projeto. O embasamento Natividade é composto por associações geológicas semelhantes às dos outros dois domínios, mas pouco detalhada em pesquisas anteriores. Ele é dividido em suíte Rio do Moleque, suíte Manuel Alves, suíte Xobó e Granito Príncipe, intrusivos na sequência sedimentar Água Suja. Rochas do embasamento foram submetidas a no mínimo dois eventos deformacionais: o primeiro no Paleoproterozóico e o segundo no fim Neoproterozóico. A orogenia paleoproterozóica atingiu fácies anfibolito, enquanto o evento Brasiliano, no Neoproterozóico, reequilibrou as paragêneses em fácies xisto verde. Datações U-Pb no embasamento Natividade sugerem ao menos quatro estágios de magmatismo: o primeiro mais velho que 2.3 Ga, o segundo entre 2.20 e 2.30 Ga, o terceiro entre 2.16 e 2.18 Ga e o último entre 2.12 e 2.15 Ga. Acredita-se que o primeiro, de idade sideriana, tenha formado o embasamento do arco que se desenvolveria no riaciano. Entretanto, não se sabe quais mecanismos foram responsáveis por sua geração. É possível que essas rochas tenham se formado em ambiente de arco magmático no fim do Arqueano e no início do Sideriano e retrabalhado a borda do Cráton do São Francisco. No Riaciano, um arco magmático de caráter juvenil se instala, caracterizando o segundo episódio magmático. O terceiro estágio é uma progressão do segundo e exibe magmas ligeiramente mais evoluídos. O quarto estágio de magmatismo ilustra a colisão de uma massa continental com o cráton. A colisão provocou fusão parcial da crosta e gerou granitos com características de granitos tipo S. As suítes 1 e 2 do domínio Almas-Conceição do Tocantins e as suites Rio do Moleque e Manuel Alves do embasamento Natividade caracterizam o magmatismo de arco, evoluindo em um trend calcialcalino. A suíte Aurumina, no domínio Cavalcante-Arraias, a suíte Xobó e o Granito Príncipe são os granitos sincolisionais, gerados por retrabalhamento crustal. Dados de Sm-Nd confirmam o caráter de fusão crustal desses granitos. Assim, domínios dentro do embasamento indicam áreas com predominância de rochas com assinatura de arco ou rochas de retrabalhamento crustal e não configuram blocos tectônicos distintos. É possível que as sequências vulcano-sedimentares – Grupo Riachão do Ouro, Formação Ticunzal e Sequência Água Suja - sejam contemporâneas e tenham pertencido à mesma bacia sedimentar. Desde o Riaciano, as rochas desenvolvidas nessa orogenia paleoproterozóica são parte do Cráton do São Francisco e constituem o embasamento sobre o qual sedimentos da Faixa Brasília foram depositados.Brasília Belt’s basement is the Paleoproterozoic granitic terrane exposed in the northern segment of the belt. It represents a magmatic arc developed on the western margin of São Francisco craton, or acreeted to it during Rhyacian. Basement is traditionally divided in two domains: Almas-Conceição do Tocantins and Cavalcante-Arraias, named after neighbouring cities. The former encompasses tonalites and granodiorites from Suites 1 and 2, intrusive in Riachão do Ouro Group; the latter is composed of granites from Aurumina suite, intrusive in Ticunzal Formation. West of Almas-Conceição do Tocantins crops out Natividade basement, the area detailed in this study. Natividade basement is composed of similar geologic units, but not detailed in previous researches. It is devided in Rio do Moleque suite, Manuel Alves suite, Xobó suite and Príncipe Granite. Magmatic suites are intrusive in Água Suja volcano-sedimentary sequence. Basement rocks underwent at least two deformational events, one during Paleoproterozoic, and the second during late Neoproterozoic. Paleoproterozoic event achieved amphibolite facies and Brasiliano Neoproterozoic event reequilibrated parageneses to greenschist facies. U-Pb analyses in zircon grains of granitic rocks from Natividade basement suggest there are at least four stages of magmatism: The first, older than 2.3 Ga; the second between 2.20 and 2.30 Ga, the third between 2.16 and 2.18 Ga and the last one between 2.12 and 2.15 Ga. The first stage, of Siderian age, is believed to have formed the Rhyacian arc’s basement, but it is unknown which mechanisms were responsible for it. It possibly developed in a late-Archean/Siderian magmatic arc on São Francisco craton margin. During Rhyacian, a magmatic arc begins to develop, generating the second stage of magmatism. The third stage is an evolution of the second, both in the same arc system. Fourth stage represents the arc collision against São Francisco craton, or collision of another landmass, if we consider the arc evolving in the craton’s border. The collision triggered crustal melting and generated granites with S-type signature. Suites 1 and 2 from Almas-Conceição do Tocantins domain, Rio do Moleque and Manuel Alves suites from Natividade basement characterize the arc magmatism, evolving in a calc-alkaline trend. Aurumina suite, in Cavalcante-Arraias domain, Xobó suite and Príncipe Granite, in Natividade basement, show a syn-collisional signature, resulted from crustal reworking. Sm-Nd data confirm crustal melting character of these bodies. Thus, domains within the basement represent predominance of rocks with volcanic-arc or with syn-collisional signature, and do not configure different tectonic blocks. It is possible that volcano-sedimentary sequences of the whole basement – Riachão do Ouro Group, Ticunzal Formation and Água Suja sequence - were coeval and belonged to the same basin. Since Rhyacian, rocks developed in this Paleoproterozoic orogeny are part of the São Francisco Paleoplate and constitute the basement over which sediments from Brasília Belt were deposited

Una carta inoportuna para el destinatario equivocado

La que sigue es una de ellas. Fue redactada durante los últimos días del mes de septiembre de 2018 a propósito del proceso de movilización estudiantil de la Universidad del Magdalena, proceso que continúa hasta hoy. Un día antes de remitirla al Consejo Académico de la Universidad, hubo señales de conciliación entre estudiantes y directivas, por los que se juzgó extemporáneo hacerlo. Publicarla hoy podría ser aún menos oportuno, pero hacerlo tal vez pueda aportar a la memoria de la peculiar historia política de la Universidad del Magdalena, “la única que no entró en paro”

TEACHING STRATEGIES OF ARBITRARY RELATIONS TO DOMESTIC DOGS, BEES, AND CAPUCHIN MONKEYS

Determinar as condições em que um organismo aprende discriminações condicionais arbitrárias é um problema relevante aos psicólogos que trabalham com aprendizagem, uma vez que esse comportamento parece ser pré-requisito de uma infinidade de repertórios relacionais complexos. O presente trabalho descreve estudos de laboratórios integrados que aplicaram algumas estratégias alternativas de ensino de discriminações condicionais arbitrárias entre estímulos visuais com cães domésticos, abelhas e macacos-prego. As estratégias usadas foram: 1) Treino prévio de discriminações simples e reversões; 2) Escolha forçada; 3) Treino blocado; 4) Uso de distratores e inserção atrasada dos estímulos de comparação negativos; 5) Manipulação do posicionamento dos estímulos de comparação; 6) Modelagem de controle de estímulos; e 7) Alternância de contexto de exclusão e tentativa e erro. As características e justificativas para o uso de cada estratégia e seus efeitos sobre o responder de organismos dessas diferentes espécies são apresentados. De um modo geral, os procedimentos aplicados não foram suficientes para produzir repertório relacional arbitrário em cães e em abelhas, gerando desempenhos ao nível do acaso. Para os macacos, uma dentre duas estratégias foi suficiente, mas um treino muito extenso foi necessário para gerar o repertório.Palavras-chave: estratégias de ensino, discriminações condicionais arbitrárias, cães, abelhas, macacos-prego.Determining conditions in which an organism learns conditional discriminations is a significant matter to psychologists who work with learning, since this behavior seems to be a prerequisite for multiple complex relational repertoires. The present work describes integrated laboratories studies that used some teaching strategies to establish visual-visual arbitrary relations in domestic dogs, bees and capuchin monkeys. The strategies were: 1) Simple discrimination training and reversions; 2) Forced choice; 3) Blocked-trial; 4) Use of distractors and delayed insertion of negative comparison stimuli; 5) Manipulation of comparison stimuli position; 6) Stimulus control shaping and, 7) Alternation between exclusion and trial and error training. The characteristics and reasons for the use of each strategy and their effects on the subjects' performances are presented. In general, the procedures were not sufficient to produce arbitrary relational repertoires in dogs and bees, generating performance to chance level. For the monkeys, one of two strategies were sufficient, but a very extensive training was required to generate the repertoire.Keywords: teaching strategies, arbitrary conditional discriminations, dogs, bees, capuchin monkeys

La orientación de mediadores: un análisis de la mediación en Quito

This paper exposes the characteristics of the facilitative and evaluative mediation styles; and the vision that the mediator can adopt on the problem submitted to mediation: broad and narrow. This, it examines the four possible orientations that the mediator can follow: facilitative with a narrow vision of the problem; facilitative with a broad vision of the problem; evaluative with a narrow vision of the problem; and evaluative with a broad vision of the problem. Later, this research identifies the style of mediation and the definition of the problem with greater use in the city of Quito, as well as the ones preferred by the lawyers who attend mediations. To this end, surveys were carried out to both mediators and lawyers from the city of Quito in order to determine the style and vision of the problem to which they are oriented and to identify the current situation of mediation in Quito.El presente trabajo expone las características de los estilos de mediación facilitativo y evaluativo; y de la visión que el mediador puede adoptar sobre el problema sometido a mediación: amplia y estrecha. Por lo tanto, examina las cuatro posibles orientaciones que puede tomar el mediador: facilitativo con una visión estrecha del problema; facilitativo con una visión amplia del problema; evaluativo con una visión estrecha del problema; y evaluativo con una visión amplia del problema. Posteriormente, se identifica el estilo de mediación y cuál es el problema más suscitado en la ciudad de Quito, así como aquellos preferidos por los abogados que asisten a mediaciones. Para ello, se realizaron encuestas tanto a mediadores como a abogados de Quito a fin de determinar el estilo y la definición del problema por la cual ellos se orientan e identificar la situación actual de la mediación en Quito

Evaluación de una emulación de un sistema ASRS acoplado a un sistema de compras

Developing innovative and efficient solutions to face the different obstacles imposed by society has become a necessity for industry. These challenges lead to higher costs, lag times, and can cause different types of order errors. According to the literature, currently, the high volume of orders and the dynamic demand in customer requirements create two of the greatest challenges of supply chains. This includes difficulties in the logistics of a warehouse product and the synchronization of the purchase orders in the management of e-commerce platforms. For this reason, companies must seek to maintain a competitive advantage in the market by investing in the use of new technologies for product management in warehouses and a fast and effective synchronization in the management of orders. This study proposes the design of a product collection and storage control system, known as Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS), coupled with an electronic purchasing system and using contactless payment technology. The importance of applying this proposal lies in generating greater efficiency in companies, by reducing this time and allowing greater compliance with customer demand. Initially, the construction of the system proposes an ASRS control system based on a multi-agent simulation, to demonstrate the benefits in reducing the time between the moment a purchase is made and order delivery. Then, the project proposes the coupling of the ASRS with a contactless payment system, to include synchronization with an e-commerce platform. Finally, for the validation of the proposed system, an emulation of a case study was done in a simulated company that required automation in the tasks of its warehouse and sought to increase efficiency in the delivery of an order. For the complete design of the case study, different activities were approached that allowed the pertinent execution of this proposal. First of all, interviews were conducted with four companies in the industrial sector, which had a defined warehouse and inventory system. Consequently, with the acquired information, the requirements that a company must count on to carry out the process between the purchase order and the delivery of the order were specified. To visualize this, a UML diagram was drawn with the structure that would be implemented in the hypothetical company in the case study, which in this case is a mass consumption company. In order to see the impact of the developed solution, the actual storage system was simulated by using Flexsim. Furthermore, for the emulation of the ASRS system, Netlogo was implemented. This program enabled the user to see the storage and the robots preparing the orders for the respective users. On the other hand, to make the design and development of the user interface, Swift programming language was used in the XCODE application, specialized for the IOS operating system. This was linked with Netlogo through firebase and Python to be able to emulate the entire process, from the moment a customer places the purchase order until it is ready to be delivered. The designs had some restrictions since the systems did not follow an optimal solution and the case study presented difficulties in the new proposal when there are massive quantities of repeated types of products. However, after analyzing all the designs, it was evidenced that the proposed system was satisfactory and accomplished the objectives of this work. To validate the improvement after applying the interface, the makespan was obtained from both Flexsim and Netlogo. The improvement was corroborated by implementing techniques such as Wilcoxon signed-rank test, linear regression, and sensitivity analysis. All the makespan reduced from the initial model to the last model and improved in around 75% to 92%. Through the results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, it was verified that there existed a significant difference between the times of the actual system and the proposed system. Finally, with the sensitivity analysis it was concluded that the proposed system presented larger variations when the quantity of the AGV’s was manipulated than a variation in the purchase order.Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Adherence to the EAT-Lancet sustainable reference diet and cardiometabolic risk profile: cross-sectional results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study

Purpose The EAT-Lancet Commission released a reference sustainable diet to improve human health and respect the planetary boundaries. The Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) was developed with the purpose of evaluate the adherence to this reference diet. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet with cardiometabolic risk profile. Methods We used the cross-sectional baseline data from 14,155 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter ongoing cohort study. Dietary data were collected using a 114-item validated food frequency questionnaire. The PHDI was used to assess the adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet. It consists of 16 components and the total score can range from 0 to 150 points. Linear, logistic and quasi-Poisson regression models were built to evaluate the associations between PHDI and the outcomes. Results Individuals with higher adherence to EAT-Lancet diet (PHDI, 5th quintile) had lower values for systolic blood pressure (β − 0.84; 95% CI − 1.66: − 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (β − 0.70; 95% CI − 1.24: − 0.15), total cholesterol (β − 3.15; 95% CI − 5.30: − 1.01), LDL-c (β − 4.10; 95% CI − 5.97: − 2.23), and non-HDL-cholesterol (β − 2.57; 95% CI − 4.62: − 0.52). No association was observed for HDL-c, triglycerides and HOMA-IR. Conclusions Our results indicate that higher adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet is associated with lower levels of blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c

Aleitamento materno e introdução alimentar

This research aims to describe the variables related to breastfeeding and the introduction of new foods in healthy children. The study analyzed data from 39 healthy children who were collected by convenience sample at the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic of Tertiary University Hospital, which included patients aged 6 months to 2 years and who were fed exclusively oral. The children had an average age of 13 months, and most of them were adequate in terms of anthropometry. About breastfeeding, 63% breastfed, with an average of 10 months for weaning. In terms of food introduction, 44% introduced liquids before 6 months, with an average age of 6 months of food introduction. In view of this, we observed that the introduction of another type of milk early did not influence weaning. However, the early introduction of liquids is noted. Finally, failures are noted in the food introduction process of our target audience, such as consistency and high consumption of ultra-processed foods.A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as variáveis relacionadas com o aleitamento materno e com a introdução de novos alimentos em crianças saudáveis. O estudo analisou dados de 39 crianças saudáveis que foram coletadas por amostra de conveniência no Ambulatório de Pediatria de um Hospital Universitário Terciário, onde foram incluídos pacientes com idade de 6 meses a 2 anos e que estivessem com via oral exclusiva. As crianças tinham idade média de 13 meses, sendo a maioria delas adequada em relação à antropometria. Sobre a amamentação, 63% amamentaram no peito, com média de 10 meses para o desmame. Já na introdução alimentar, 44% introduziram líquidos antes de 6 meses, tendo a idade média de introdução alimentar de 6 meses. Diante disso, observamos que a introdução de outro leite precocemente não influenciou no desmame. No entanto, nota-se a introdução precoce de líquidos. Por fim, nota-se falhas no processo de introdução alimentar do nosso público alvo, como na consistência e no alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados

Association between cognitive performance and self-reported glaucoma in middle-aged and older adults : a cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil

Recent evidence suggests that glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease are neurodegenerative diseases sharing common pathophysiological and etiological features, although findings are inconclusive. We sought to investigate whether self-reported glaucoma patients without dementia present poorer cognitive performance, an issue that has been less investigated. We employed cross-sectional data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) and included participants ≥50 years of age without a known diagnosis of dementia and a self-reported glaucoma diagnosis. We excluded those with previous stroke, other eye conditions, and using drugs that could impair cognition. We evaluated cognition using delayed word recall, phonemic verbal fluency, and trail making (version B) tests. We used multinomial linear regression models to investigate associations between self-reported glaucoma with cognition, adjusted by several sociodemographic and clinical variables. Out of 4,331 participants, 139 reported glaucoma. Fully-adjusted models showed that self-reported glaucoma patients presented poorer performance in the verbal fluency test (β=-0.39, 95%CI=-0.64 to -0.14, P=0.002), but not in the other cognitive assessments. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that self-reported glaucoma is associated with poor cognitive performance; however, longitudinal data are necessary to corroborate our findings