Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren

<p><b>Background:</b> Intestinal parasitic infections are a public health problem in developing countries such as Mexico. As a result, two governmental programmes have been implemented: a) "National Deworming Campaign" and b) "Opportunities" aimed at maternal care. However, both programmes are developed separately and their impact is still unknown. We independently investigated whether a variety of socio-economic factors, including maternal education and employment levels, were associated with intestinal parasite infection in rural school children.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> This cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 rural communities in two Mexican states. The study sites and populations were selected on the basis of the following traits: a) presence of activities by the national administration of albendazole, b) high rates of intestinal parasitism, c) little access to medical examination, and d) a population having less than 2,500 inhabitants. A total of 507 schoolchildren (mean age 8.2 years) were recruited and 1,521 stool samples collected (3 per child). Socio-economic information was obtained by an oral questionnaire. Regression modelling was used to determine the association of socio-economic indicators and intestinal parasitism.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> More than half of the schoolchildren showed poliparasitism (52%) and protozoan infections (65%). The prevalence of helminth infections was higher in children from Oaxaca (53%) than in those from Sinaloa (33%) (p < 0.0001). Giardia duodenalis and Hymenolepis nana showed a high prevalence in both states. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar showed low prevalence. Children from lower-income families and with unemployed and less educated mothers showed higher risk of intestinal parasitism (odds ratio (OR) 6.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–22.6; OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.5–8.2; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5–7.4 respectively). Defecation in open areas was also a high risk factor for infection (OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.0–3.0).</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Intestinal parasitism remains an important public health problem in Sinaloa (north-western Mexico) and Oaxaca (south-eastern Mexico). Lower income, defecation in open areas, employment status and a lower education level of mothers were the significant factors related to these infections. We conclude that mothers should be involved in health initiatives to control intestinal parasitism in Mexico.</p&gt

Aplicación del análisis del riesgo microbiológico para un brote de intoxicación alimentaria.

Aplicación del análisis del riesgo microbiológico para un brote de intoxicación alimentaria.Factores que a nivel global determinan cambios en la inocuidad, con las medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias. ANALISIS DE RIESGOS Evaluación del riesgo microbiológico Gestión de riesgo microbiológico Criterios microbiológicos INOCUIDAD DE ALIMENTOS Es la garantía de que los alimentos no causen daño al consumidor, cuando se preparen o sean consumidos. La seguridad alimentaria existe cuando todas las personas tengan acceso, físico y económico a suficientes alimentos, inocuos y nutritivos, saludables. Para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias. Factores que impulsan los cambios en los sistemas de inocuidad de alimentos. Creciente volumen y diversidad del comercio de alimentos, mayores exigencias publicas de protección de la salud. Cambios climáticos en las prácticas agrícolas, sistemas sofisticados de detención y gestión de peligros, el comportamiento humano en la ecología. Los acuerdos de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias, para el comercio internacional de alimentos los principales e importantes son: acuerdo de medidas sanitarias y Fitosanitarias, el acuerdo de Barreras técnicas y de comercio. Se reconoce al CODEX ALIMENTARIUS, como el organismo internacional que establece las normas de inocuidad de los alimentos. Bases del Acuerdo Mejorar la salud publica Establecer dentro de un marco multilateral, las medidas para el desarrollo adopción y la puesta en marcha, de las medidas S, FS minimizando el impacto en el comercio, Internacional. Armonizar las medidas SFS entre países según el Codex Alimentarius para el caso de los alimentos. Análisis del Riesgo, es el proceso adoptado y descrito por la comisión del Codex Alimentarius, para normalizar varios aspectos, de los sistemas de control de inocuidad de los alimentos. Inocuidad y Riesgo Inocuidad significa ausencia de daño 100% Inocuidad no existe, siempre puede existir un riesgo con frecuencia muy remota).De que una combinación especifica de un alimento patógeno puedan ocasionar daño a la salud. La evaluación del riesgo estima la posibilidad, cualitativa y cuantitativa. Factores que intervienen en la evaluación del riesgo. El gobierno la academia, industria, consumidores y otros. El análisis del Riesgo provee el marco de referencia para la gestión del riesgo, Permite el concurso de diferentes disciplinas científicas. Establece prioridades para propiciar el nivel adecuado de protección. Identifica métodos para abordar la inocuidad de alimentos en forma más efectiva. Introduce medidas de control apropiadas. Términos utilizados en la Evaluación del riesgo. Peligro: Agentes físicos químicos, o biológicos que causen un efecto perjudicial a la salud. Exposición: Es la estimación de la ingesta probable, estima el numero de bacterias patógenas y/o de concentración de toxina consumida en el alimento. Severidad: La magnitud de un efecto perjudicial para la salud. Riesgo Es la combinación de la probabilidad de un efecto, adverso o conocido potencialmente asociados con un agente en particular, y de su severidad. COMUNICACIÓN DEL RIESGO Es el intercambio interactivo de información y opinión entre los evaluadores de riesgo, gestores de riesgo, consumidores, industria academia y otros interesados, a lo largo del proceso de análisis de riesgo en lo que concierne al riesgo. Factores relacionados con el riesgo y la percepción del riesgo. Incluye la explicación de los hallazgos de los evaluadores de riesgo y los fundamentos de las medidas de gestión adoptadas. Teniendo en cuenta el caso en estudio de brote de Enfermedades Trasmitidas por Alimentos (ETA) en una institución educativa de la zona céntrica de la ciudad, se llevó a cabo una investigación por parte de los organismos de control; como resultado de la misma se determinó que la fuente del patógeno (Staphylococcusaureus) provenía de uno de los proveedores, Lácteos Eloísa. Las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos (ETA), hacen parte de un problema de salud pública esto debido a que los establecimientos donde se producen alimento,s no cuentan o tienen falencias en sus programas pre-requisitos. Lo que conlleva a generar un peligro de contaminación física, química y microbiológica en los alimentos, los cuales son un riesgo expuesto a la población que lo consume.FOOD SAFETY Factors that globally determine changes in safety, with sanitary and phytosanitary measures. RISK ANALYSIS Microbiological risk assessment. Microbiological risk management. Microbiological criteria. FOOD SAFETY It is the guarantee that the food does not cause harm to the consumer, when it is prepared or consumed. Food security exists when all people have physical and economic access to sufficient food, safe and nutritious, healthy. To meet your dietary needs. Factors that drive changes in food safety systems. Growing volume and diversity of food trade, greater public demands for health protection. Climate changes in agricultural practices, sophisticated systems of detention and management of hazards, human behavior in ecology. The sanitary and phytosanitary measures agreements, for the international food trade, the main and important are: agreement of sanitary and phytosanitary measures, the agreement of technical and commercial barriers. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS is recognized as the international organization that establishes the food safety norms. Bases of the Agreement Improve public health Establish, within a multilateral framework, the measures for the adoption and implementation of the S, FS measures, minimizing the impact on trade, International.Harmonize SPS measures between countries according to the Codex Alimentarius for the case of food. Risk Analysis, is the process adopted and described by the Codex Alimentarius commission, to standardize several aspects of the food safety control systems. Safety and Risk Safety means absence of damage 100% Safety does not exist, there can always be a risk very often remote). That a specific combination of a pathogenic food can cause harm to health.The risk assessment estimates the possibility, qualitative and quantitative. Factors that intervene in risk assessment. The government academia, industry, consumers and others. The risk analysis provides the frame of reference for risk management, It allows the contest of different scientific disciplines. It establishes priorities to promote the appropriate level of protection. Identify methods to address food safety more effectively.Enter appropriate control measures. Terms used in the Risk Assessment. Danger: Physical chemical or biological agents that cause a harmful effect on health. Exposure: Is the estimate of the probable intake, estimates the number of pathogenic bacteria and / or concentration of toxin consumed in the food. Severity: The magnitude of an effect detrimental to health.Risk The combination of the probability of an effect, adverse or known potentially associated with a particular agent, and its severity. RISK COMMUNICATION It is the interactive exchange of information and opinion between risk assessors, risk managers, consumers, academia and other interested parties, throughout the process of risk analysis regarding risk. Factors related to risk and risk perception. It includes the explanation of the findings of the risk assessors and the foundations of the management measures adopted.PROBLEM STATEMENT Taking into account the case study of outbreak of Diseases Transmitted by Food (ETA) in an educational institution in the downtown area of ​​the city, an investigation was carried out by the control organisms; as a result of it was determined that the source of the pathogen (Staphylococcusaureus) came from one of the suppliers, Lácteos EloísaThe Diseases transmitted by Food (ETA), are part of a public health problem this because the establishments where food is produced do not count or have shortcomings in their pre-requisite programs. Which leads to generate a danger of physical, chemical and microbiological contamination in food which are a risk exposed to the population that consumes it

Exclusion limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross-section from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) employs low-temperature Ge and Si detectors to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) via their elastic-scattering interactions with nuclei while discriminating against interactions of background particles. For recoil energies above 10 keV, events due to background photons are rejected with >99.9% efficiency, and surface events are rejected with >95% efficiency. The estimate of the background due to neutrons is based primarily on the observation of multiple-scatter events that should all be neutrons. Data selection is determined primarily by examining calibration data and vetoed events. Resulting efficiencies should be accurate to about 10%. Results of CDMS data from 1998 and 1999 with a relaxed fiducial-volume cut (resulting in 15.8 kg-days exposure on Ge) are consistent with an earlier analysis with a more restrictive fiducial-volume cut. Twenty-three WIMP candidate events are observed, but these events are consistent with a background from neutrons in all ways tested. Resulting limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic-scattering cross-section exclude unexplored parameter space for WIMPs with masses between 10-70 GeV c^{-2}. These limits border, but do not exclude, parameter space allowed by supersymmetry models and accelerator constraints. Results are compatible with some regions reported as allowed at 3-sigma by the annual-modulation measurement of the DAMA collaboration. However, under the assumptions of standard WIMP interactions and a standard halo, the results are incompatible with the DAMA most likely value at >99.9% CL, and are incompatible with the model-independent annual-modulation signal of DAMA at 99.99% CL in the asymptotic limit.Comment: 40 pages, 49 figures (4 in color), submitted to Phys. Rev. D; v.2:clarified conclusions, added content and references based on referee's and readers' comments; v.3: clarified introductory sections, added figure based on referee's comment

Results from the Super Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) experiment at Soudan

We report the result of a blinded search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) using the majority of the SuperCDMS Soudan dataset. With an exposure of 1690 kg days, a single candidate event is observed, consistent with expected backgrounds. This analysis (combined with previous Ge results) sets an upper limit on the spin-independent WIMP--nucleon cross section of $1.4 \times 10^{-44}$ ($1.0 \times 10^{-44}$) cm$^2$ at 46 GeV/$c^2$. These results set the strongest limits for WIMP--germanium-nucleus interactions for masses $>$12 GeV/$c^2$

Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1 Alpha) Is Induced during Reperfusion after Renal Ischemia and Is Critical for Proximal Tubule Cell Survival

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) during renal transplantation delays allograft function. Identification of factors that mediate protection and/or epithelium recovery could help to improve graft outcome. We studied the expression, regulation and role of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1 α), using in vitro and in vivo experimental models of I/R as well as human post-transplant renal biopsies. We found that HIF-1 α is stabilized in proximal tubule cells during ischemia and unexpectedly in late reperfusion, when oxygen tension is normal. Both inductions lead to gene expression in vitro and in vivo. In vitro interference of HIF-1 α promoted cell death and in vivo interference exacerbated tissue damage and renal dysfunction. In pos-transplant human biopsies, HIF-1 α was expressed only in proximal tubules which exhibited normal renal structure with a significant negative correlation with ATN grade. In summary, using experimental models and human biopsies, we identified a novel HIF-1 α induction during reperfusion with a potential critical role in renal transplant

Web-based monitoring tools for Resistive Plate Chambers in the CMS experiment at CERN

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) are used in the CMS experiment at the trigger level and also in the standard offline muon reconstruction. In order to guarantee the quality of the data collected and to monitor online the detector performance, a set of tools has been developed in CMS which is heavily used in the RPC system. The Web-based monitoring (WBM) is a set of java servlets that allows users to check the performance of the hardware during data taking, providing distributions and history plots of all the parameters. The functionalities of the RPC WBM monitoring tools are presented along with studies of the detector performance as a function of growing luminosity and environmental conditions that are tracked over time