The Ramsa of šayḫ Aḥmad Ādam, al-Danī al-Awwal (d. 1903)

The Muslim scholars of Wällo are known for composing panegyrics that are usually chanted on special occasions or gatherings like ḥaḍra and Mawlid (festival to solemnize the birthday of the Prophet). The Ramsa is a very famous collection of poems made up of three Arabic litanies: the first two of them were composed by šayḫ Aḥmad Ādam (d. 1903) the founder of Dana, centre of Islamic learning and mysticism located in Yäǧǧu province, northeastern Wällo. The third one is by šayḫ Ibrāhīm Č̣ale (d. 1958). This paper is a preliminary attempt to introduce the first of the three invocational poems composing the Ramsa to the academic world, to give a first impression of the level of Arabic proficiency of local Ethiopian scholars and to discuss the message the text contains as part of a spiritual culture practiced and cherished for at least a century by both the Muslim intelligentsia and the laity. Some codicological information about one of the manuscripts which preserve these texts is also given

Indigenous Knowledge for Resilience and Adaptation in Pastoral Production System of Somali Regional State in Ethiopia

The study attempts to highlight the importance and opportunities of indigenous knowledge for resilience and adaptation of the pastoral production system in the Sheygosh woreda of Somali region of Ethiopia. The study used data from primary and secondary sources. The primary data collected through key informants, focus group discussions, observations, ranking, and life history. The study highlights the fact that indigenous knowledge for resilience and adaptation contributes to reducing of vulnerability results from climate variability and also plays a critical role in adaptation, mitigation and coping with hazards and shocks in the past time. However, due to recurrent hazards and prolonged shocks and climate change, the use of traditional knowledge of coping mechanisms are under tremendous threats and will not be viable and sustainable in the coming years. In conclusion, the indigenous knowledge in the pastoral community deserves to recognize and support in view of their coping with, adapting to and withstand to hazard and climate chance. Thus, it needs to integrate in policies of the country

The Amharic Letters and Articles of Sayḫ Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādīq (1897-1977)

Sayḫ Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādīq is an Ethiopian scholar with some academic background as he was a teacher at elementary school in Däsye, Wäyzäro Səhin School, from 1938-1950. So far, the researcher has found a document that confirms his training as a teacher. Otherwise, he is a man who thought himself with various modern subjects and European languages (Endris 2007: 19-20). His legacy on Ethiopian history, astrology, geography, ethnography and politics attest that he was a versatile scholar (Gori ..

Güvenlik duvarı kurallarına ait anomalileriin tespiti ve optimizasyonu

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Güvenlik duvarı, güvenlik duvarı kuralları, anomaliler, güvenlik duvarı sıkıştrılması, güvenlik duvarı kurallarının optimizasyonu, 2d-box modelinin yağmur Güvenlik duvarları, bir ağa gelen veya çıkan her bir paketi inceleyerek bir kuruluşun güvenlik politikasını güçlendirmeye yardımcı olan ağ cihazlarıdır. Günümüzde ağa bağlı sistemlerde güvenlik ve ağ performansı giderek daha kritik hale gelmekte ve güvenlik duvarının verimliliğine büyük ölçüde bağlı olmaktadır. Bu paket eşleştirme işlemi, ilk eşleşme bulunana kadar kuralları gelen bir paketin başlığı ile sıralı olarak karşılaştırarak gerçekleştirilir. Paket eşleştirme kuralında belirtilen eyleme bağlı olarak daha sonra ağa erişim izni verilecek veya yasaklanacaktır. Paket eşleme daha sıkıcı olur ve kurallar genişledikçe ve karmaşıklaştıkça zaman alıcı olur. Bu nedenle, gelen paketler için uygun eylemin belirlenmesi mümkün olduğunca çabuk yapılmalıdır. Bu araştırma çalışmasında, raining 2D kutu model yapısal analiz yöntemini kullanarak bu sorunu ele alıyoruz. Güvenlik duvarı kurallarını optimize etmek için Fazlalık Kural Anomalisi Tespiti ve Çözümü Algoritması ve Gölge Kural Anomalisi Tespiti ve Çözümü Algoritmasını kullanarak güvenlik ve paket eşleştirme maliyetini artırmak için yeni bir bütünsel bir yaklaşım sunmaktayız. Optimizasyon işlemi, çakışan kuralları otomatik olarak algılayıp kaldırarak ve ardından paket eşleştirme sıklıklarına göre yeniden sıralayarak yapılır. Çatışmasız bir kural setini aldıktan sonra, Eşleştirme Zaman Optimizasyonu algoritmasını kullanarak güvenlik duvarı tarafından sürekli kontrol edilen baskın kurallar, tabloda mümkün olduğu kadar üstte olacaklardır ve güvenlik duvarı tarafından kontrol edilmeyen veya hafifçe kontrol edilen kurallr ise, kural setin mümkün olan kuralın altında olacaktır.Keywords: Firewall, firewall rules, anomalies, firewall hardening, optimization of firewall rules, raining 2d-box model Security and network performance are becoming increasingly critical in network systems and are highly dependent on efficiency of the firewall. For each packet which enters or leaves the network, a decision has to be made by the güvenlik duvarı. Firewalls are network devices that help enforce an organizations' security policy by inspecting every packet arriving or departing a network. This packet matching process is accomplished by sequentially comparing the rules with the header of an arriving packet until the first match is found. The packet will then be allowed or banned access to the network depending on the action specified in the matching rule. Packet matching becomes more tedious and time consuming as rules become large and more complex. Therefore determining the appropriate action for arriving packets must be done as quickly as possible. In this resarch we have addressed this problem using raining 2D-box model structural analyzing method and present a new holistic approach to improve the security and packet matching cost of a firewall by optimizing the firewall ruleset. The optimization process is done by automatically detecting and removing conflicting rules using anomaly detection and resolution algorithms for redundancy and shadowing anomalies. After getting the conflict free rules an optimize packet matching time algorithm is used to reordering them based on their packet matching frequency. A web based application called FADRO (Firewall Anomalies Detection, Resolution and Optimization) is developed to show how the proposed method detect and resolve all those conflicting rules and get anomaly free ruleset. After getting a conflict-free ruleset a reordering technique is done to identify a set of few dominant and decaying rules within a given specific period of time. Then the dominant rules which are continuously checked by the güvenlik duvarı will be as top in the table as possible and decaying rules which are not checked or slightly checked by the güvenlik duvarı would be as bottom of the rule set as possible. Finally, we have recommended different types of firewall hardening mechanisms to enhance the performance of the firewall

CROP ATTRIBUTES, FARM DECISIONS CROP SPECIFIC POLICIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABILITY OF PRODUCTION IN ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia’s government has created a number of policies and programs to address the urgent issue of rising food prices. Extension and regulation initiatives aiming at influencing the production and marketing are frequently used in conjunction with them. However, lack of indices on relative importance of individual crops results poor policy outcomes. Analyzing household decision dynamics and how household decisions respond to policies is crucial to reduce persistent complaints from recipients and avoid negative policy outcomes. For this study, data from 392 randomly chosen households of Kewot woreda was used. Sorghum found with higher calorie index per profit while mung bean was found higher profit index. Crop diversification found inefficient that arise from profitability differences and return to scale. Additionally multiple objectives could be met using tradeoffs among different crop benefits. This study also summarizes major findings from previous crop-related policies and linked them to specific crop characteristics. It is advised that policies be adjusted to reflect the value, character, and utility of crops

Bacterial Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Wound Infections among Inpatients and Outpatients Attending the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Background. The widespread uses of antibiotics, together with the length of time over which they have been available, have led to the emergence of resistant bacterial pathogens contributing to morbidity and mortality. This study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates and their drug susceptibility patterns from inpatients and outpatients with pus and/or wound discharge. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital from March to May, 2014. Wound swab samples were collected from each study participant and inoculated into appropriate media. The bacterial pathogens were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion technique following Kirby-Bauer method. Results. A total of 137 study subjects were included in the study with bacterial isolation rate of 115 (83.9%). Of all, 81 (59.1%) were males. Seventy-seven (57%) of the isolates were Gram-negative and 59 (43%) were Gram-positive. From the total isolates, Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant isolate 39/115 (34%) followed by Klebsiella species (13%), coagulase negative staphylococci spp. (12%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-positive isolates were resistant to ampicillin (86.4%), amoxicillin (83%), penicillin (81.3%), oxacillin (74.6%), and tetracycline (59.4%), while Gram-negative isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (97.4%), ampicillin (94.8%), tetracycline (72.7%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (66%), and chloramphenicol (54.5%). Conclusion. High prevalence of bacterial isolates was found, Staphylococcus aureus being the most dominant. High rates of multiple drug resistance pathogens to the commonly used antimicrobial agents were isolated. Therefore, concerned bodies should properly monitor the choice of antibiotics to be used as prophylaxis and empiric treatment in the study area

Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990-2015 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Comparable data on the global and country-specific burden of neurological disorders and their trends are crucial for health-care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study provides such information but does not routinely aggregate results that are of interest to clinicians specialising in neurological conditions. In this systematic analysis, we quantified the global disease burden due to neurological disorders in 2015 and its relationship with country development level. Methods We estimated global and country-specific prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) for various neurological disorders that in the GBD classification have been previously spread across multiple disease groupings. The more inclusive grouping of neurological disorders included stroke, meningitis, encephalitis, tetanus, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, medication overuse headache, brain and nervous system cancers, and a residual category of other neurological disorders. We also analysed results based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a compound measure of income per capita, education, and fertility, to identify patterns associated with development and how countries fare against expected outcomes relative to their level of development. Findings Neurological disorders ranked as the leading cause group of DALYs in 2015 (250.7 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 229.1 to 274.7] million, comprising 10.2% of global DALYs) and the second-leading cause group of deaths (9.4 [9.1 to 9.7] million], comprising 16.8% of global deaths). The most prevalent neurological disorders were tensiontype headache (1505 9 [UI 1337.3 to 1681.6 million cases]), migraine (958.8 [872.1 to 1055.6] million), medication overuse headache (58.5 [50.8 to 67.4 million]), and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (46.0 [40.2 to 52.7 million]). Between 1990 and 2015, the number of deaths from neurological disorders increased by 36.7%, and the number of DALYs by 7.4%. These increases occurred despite decreases in age-standardised rates of death and DALYs of 26.1% and 29.7%, respectively; stroke and communicable neurological disorders were responsible for most of these decreases. Communicable neurological disorders were the largest cause of DALYs in countries with low SDI. Stroke rates were highest at middle levels of SDI and lowest at the highest SDI. Most of the changes in DALY rates of neurological disorders with development were driven by changes in YLLs. Interpretation Neurological disorders are an important cause of disability and death worldwide. Globally, the burden of neurological disorders has increased substantially over the past 25 years because of expanding population numbers and ageing, despite substantial decreases in mortality rates from stroke and communicable neurological disorders. The number of patients who will need care by clinicians with expertise in neurological conditions will continue to grow in coming decades. Policy makers and health-care providers should be aware of these trends to provide adequate services.Peer reviewe

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016