Juicio político = Impeachment

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza las posibilidades del procedimiento de juicio político para hacer efectiva la responsabilidad política, particularmente en el caso de los jefes de Estado. Para ello, describe sus elementos estructurales y ofrece consideraciones generales sobre el mismo. Además, se propone una interpretación amplia según la cual, independientemente de las causas previstas por cada Constitución, es posible responsabilizar políticamente a los jefes de Estado en los sistemas presidencialistas. De tal modo, se propone una justificación del mecanismo según la cual este tiene como objetivo destituir a los funcionarios que cometieron ofensas y atentados contra la propia comunidad en el ejercicio de sus funciones y que se consideren abusos de poder o de autoridad. Esta interpretación disminuye las diferencias entre los regímenes democráticos presidencialistas y parlamentarios respecto a las modalidades de la responsabilidad política.Palabras clave: Responsabilidad política, juicio político, régimen político, presidencialismo, jefe de Estado.Abstract: This paper analyzes the possibilities for the impeachment to make political responsibility effective, particularly in the case of presidents. For that matter, it describes its structural elements and gives some general considerations. In addition, a broad interpretation is proposed, according to which, independently from the causes foreseen by each constitution, it is possible to hold presidents politically responsible. In this way, a justification of the mechanism is proposed, according to which its aim is to dismiss officials who committed offenses and attacks against the community itself in the exercise of their functions and that are considered abuses of power or authority. This interpretation diminishes the differences between the presidentialist and parliamentary democratic regimes regarding the modalities of political responsibility.Keywords: Political responsibility, impeachment, political regime, presidentialism, president

El juzgamiento de los delitos de lesa humanidad en la Argentina postdictatorial

Indice: Introducción (9) ; Garantismo y proceso a los militares: una categoría difícil para el par constituyente/constituido (13) por Hernán Bouvier; Reflexiones en torno a los fundamentos éticos y políticos de la imprescriptibilidad de los delitos de lesa humanidad. (53) por Daniela Domeniconi; El derecho a la educación de los condenados y procesados por delitos de lesa humanidad. Un análisis crítico de la Resolución del Consejo Superior de la UBA. (79) por María Valentina Risso y María Belén Gulli; Sobre el dominio territorial como requisito del elemento político en la definición de delitos de lesa humanidad. Un análisis enfocado en la calificación jurídica de los actos de la izquierda armada en Argentina. (107) Por Juan F. Iosa; Dictadura Argentina: el antagonismo en una misma sociedad (143) por Dana Antonela Loncon; Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y Justicia Transicional: algunas inquietudes a partir de «Gelman» (169) por Juan M. Mocoroa ; ¿Retribución o venganza? Un problema en el marco de la justificación de los juicios por violación de derechos humanos. (209) Por Natalia ScavuzzoA 30 años del retorno de la democracia en Argentina y superado el período de clausura de responsabilidades generado por las leyes de obediencia debida y punto final durante el gobierno del presidente Alfonsín y por los indultos dictados en su momento por el presidente Menem, las instituciones argentinas han retomado el camino del juzgamiento y castigo de los máximos responsables de los delitos de lesa humanidad cometidos durante la última dictadura. Este proceso ha sido denominado «la tercera generación de juicios por violación de derechos humanos». Es altamente probable que con la adopción de esta vía institucional, y una vez avanzados los juicios y dictadas las condenas, comience a cerrarse un ciclo de la historia argentina, ciclo signado por las demandas de memoria, verdad y justicia de parte de nuestra sociedad y particularmente de los organismos de derechos humanos. Fortalece esta hipótesis la avanzada edad de la mayoría de los implicados en los delitos investigados. Las instituciones argentinas han elegido un camino que no ha carecido de cuestionamientos y que no ha sido compartido por una buena cantidad de países que vivieron procesos similares (los casos de Sudáfrica y Chile son paradigmáticos). Asimismo, las variadas cuestiones jurídico-políticas surgidas en ocasión de los juicios (imprescriptibilidad, retroactividad, perdón, castigo, alcance de las garantías procesales y de fondo para este tipo de casos, etc.) han dado lugar a posturas divergentes que aun hoy no están cerradas ni por la justicia, ni por la doctrina, ni por la sociedad en general. Bien se puede decir que el juzgamiento de estos delitos es un punto de intensidad jurídico-políticofilosófico donde se entrecruzan cuestiones de diversa naturaleza pero que comparten su centralidad para el desenvolvimiento de la democracia y la vigencia del estado de derecho en nuestro país. El presente volumen reúne una serie de ensayos que giran alrededor del juzgamiento de los delitos de lesa humanidad en la Argentina postdictatorial. Los trabajos son el producto de una investigación grupal de dos años, bajo la codirección de Juan Iosa y Hernán Bouvier, subsidiado por Secyt-UNC. Motivó este proyecto, entre otras cosas, la idea de que el juzgamiento de los hechos ocurridos entre 1976 y 1983 en Argentina requería un balance. La necesidad de este balance se imponía por múltiples razones. Entre ellas, los vaivenes políticos y jurídicos que signaron las diferentes etapas de juzgamiento, así como la percepción general de que por razones institucionales y generacionales una parte importante de los juicios estaba llegando a su culminación. Los juicios se tomaron como objeto de un estudio predominantemente (aunque no excluyentemente) normativo. Tuvo central importancia la evaluación crítica, desde los puntos de vista jurídico, moral y político, de las decisiones de los tribunales en estos casos

Association Between a Social-Business Eating Pattern and Early Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND The importance of a healthy diet in relation to cardiovascular health promotion is widely recognized. Identifying specific dietary patterns related to early atherosclerosis would contribute greatly to inform effective primary prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES This study sought to quantify the association between specific dietary patterns and presence and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population of asymptomatic middle-aged adults. METHODS The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study enrolled 4,082 asymptomatic participants 40 to 54 years of age (mean age 45.8 years; 63\% male) to evaluate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple vascular territories. A fundamental objective of this cohort study was to evaluate the life-style-related determinants, including diet, on atherosclerosis onset and development. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data, including detailed information on dietary habits obtained as part of the overall life-style and risk factor assessment, as well as a complete vascular imaging study that was performed blinded to the clinical information. RESULTS Most PESA participants follow a Mediterranean (40\% of participants) or a Western (41\%) dietary pattern. A new pattern, identified among 19\% of participants, was labeled as a social-business eating pattern, characterized by a high consumption of red meat, pre-made foods, snacks, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages and frequent eating-out behavior. Participants following this pattern presented a significantly worse cardiovascular risk profile and, after adjustment for risk factors, increased odds of presenting subclinical atherosclerosis (odds ratio: 1.31; 95\% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.63) compared with participants following a Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS A new social-business eating pattern, characterized by high consumption of red and processed meat, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages, and by frequent snacking and eating out as part of an overall unhealthy life-style, is associated with an increased prevalence, burden, and multisite presence of subclinical atherosclerosis. (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis [PESA]; NCT01410318) (C) 2016 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.This study was supported by a noncompetitive unrestricted grant shared between the National Center for Cardiovascular Research Carlos III (CNIC) and the Bank of Santander. The PESA study is a noncommercial study independent of the health care and pharmaceutical industry. The CNIC is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the Pro-CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MINECO award SEV-2015-0505). Dr. Vedanthan is supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award K01 TW 009218-05. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Bueno has received advisory/speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb-Pfizer, Novartis, and Servier; has received a research grant from AstraZeneca; has received advisory fees from Abbott; and has received speaking fees from Ferrer. Frank B. Hu, MD, served as Guest Editor for this paper

Association Between a Social-Business Eating Pattern and Early Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: The importance of a healthy diet in relation to cardiovascular health promotion is widely recognized. Identifying specific dietary patterns related to early atherosclerosis would contribute greatly to inform effective primary prevention strategies. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to quantify the association between specific dietary patterns and presence and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in a population of asymptomatic middle-aged adults. METHODS: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study enrolled 4,082 asymptomatic participants 40 to 54 years of age (mean age 45.8 years; 63% male) to evaluate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple vascular territories. A fundamental objective of this cohort study was to evaluate the life-style-related determinants, including diet, on atherosclerosis onset and development. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data, including detailed information on dietary habits obtained as part of the overall life-style and risk factor assessment, as well as a complete vascular imaging study that was performed blinded to the clinical information. RESULTS: Most PESA participants follow a Mediterranean (40% of participants) or a Western (41%) dietary pattern. A new pattern, identified among 19% of participants, was labeled as a social-business eating pattern, characterized by a high consumption of red meat, pre-made foods, snacks, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages and frequent eating-out behavior. Participants following this pattern presented a significantly worse cardiovascular risk profile and, after adjustment for risk factors, increased odds of presenting subclinical atherosclerosis (odds ratio: 1.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.06 to 1.63) compared with participants following a Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS: A new social-business eating pattern, characterized by high consumption of red and processed meat, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages, and by frequent snacking and eating out as part of an overall unhealthy life-style, is associated with an increased prevalence, burden, and multisite presence of subclinical atherosclerosis. (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis [PESA]; NCT01410318)

Integridad y diseño institucional: estrategias para enfrentar la corrupción en el sector público en Argentina = Integrity and institutional design: strategies to face corruption in the public sector in Argentina

O trabalho analisa questões que devem ser consideradas para combater a corrupção em instituições democráticas em todo o mundo e em especial na Argentina

A 30-month worksite-based lifestyle program to promote cardiovascular health in middle-aged bank employees: Design of the TANSNIP-PESA randomized controlled trial

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. With atherosclerosis as the underlying cause for many CVD events, prevention or reduction of subclinical atherosclerotic plaque burden (SAPB) through a healthier lifestyle may have substantial public health benefits. The objective was to describe the protocol of a randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of a 30-month worksite-based lifestyle program aimed to promote cardiovascular health in participants having a high or a low degree of SAPB compared with standard care. We will conduct a randomized controlled trial including middle-aged bank employees from the Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis cohort, stratified by SAPB (high SAPB n = 260, low SAPB n = 590). Within each stratum, participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive a lifestyle program or standard care. The program consists of 3 elements: (a) 12 personalized lifestyle counseling sessions using Motivational Interviewing over a 30-month period, (b) a wrist-worn physical activity tracker, and (c) a sit-stand workstation. Primary outcome measure is a composite score of blood pressure, physical activity, sedentary time, body weight, diet, and smoking (ie, adapted Fuster-BEWAT score) measured at baseline and at 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up. The study will provide insights into the effectiveness of a 30-month worksite-based lifestyle program to promote cardiovascular health compared with standard care in participants with a high or low degree of SAPB.Sin financiación4.171 JCR (2017) Q2, 39/128 Cardiac and Cardiovascular SystemsUE

Prevalence, Vascular Distribution, and Multiterritorial Extent of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged Cohort: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) Study.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on the presence, distribution, and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) study prospectively enrolled 4184 asymptomatic participants 40 to 54 years of age (mean age, 45.8 years; 63% male) to evaluate the systemic extent of atherosclerosis in the carotid, abdominal aortic, and iliofemoral territories by 2-/3-dimensional ultrasound and coronary artery calcification by computed tomography. The extent of subclinical atherosclerosis, defined as presence of plaque or coronary artery calcification ≥1, was classified as focal (1 site affected), intermediate (2-3 sites), or generalized (4-6 sites) after exploration of each vascular site (right/left carotids, aorta, right/left iliofemorals, and coronary arteries). Subclinical atherosclerosis was present in 63% of participants (71% of men, 48% of women). Intermediate and generalized atherosclerosis was identified in 41%. Plaques were most common in the iliofemorals (44%), followed by the carotids (31%) and aorta (25%), whereas coronary artery calcification was present in 18%. Among participants with low Framingham Heart Study (FHS) 10-year risk, subclinical disease was detected in 58%, with intermediate or generalized disease in 36%. When longer-term risk was assessed (30-year FHS), 83% of participants at high risk had atherosclerosis, with 66% classified as intermediate or generalized. CONCLUSIONS: Subclinical atherosclerosis was highly prevalent in this middle-aged cohort, with nearly half of the participants classified as having intermediate or generalized disease. Most participants at high FHS risk had subclinical disease; however, extensive atherosclerosis was also present in a substantial number of low-risk individuals, suggesting added value of imaging for diagnosis and prevention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01410318