Резервирование в тяговом приводе локомотива

The main purpose of the presented work is to study the possibility of using for rail transport (in particular, for development of promising structures and components of locomotive traction electric drive) of new technical solutions for transmission gears. A design development of gear drive is offered with high processability indices for manufacturing and operation. The possibility of implementation of layout diagram of traction drive with parallel power flows the basis of this gear drive is shown.Основной целью представленной работы является исследование возможности применения на железнодорожном транспорте (в частности, при разработке перспективных конструкций и элементов тягового электропривода локомотива) новых технических решений для передаточных механизмов. Предложена конструкторская разработка зубчатой передачи с высокими показателями технологичности при изготовлении и эксплуатации. Обоснована возможность реализации на базе этой зубчатой передачи компоновочной схемы тягового привода с параллельными потоками мощности

A nonextensive entropy approach to solar wind intermittency

The probability distributions (PDFs) of the differences of any physical variable in the intermittent, turbulent interplanetary medium are scale dependent. Strong non-Gaussianity of solar wind fluctuations applies for short time-lag spacecraft observations, corresponding to small-scale spatial separations, whereas for large scales the differences turn into a Gaussian normal distribution. These characteristics were hitherto described in the context of the log-normal, the Castaing distribution or the shell model. On the other hand, a possible explanation for nonlocality in turbulence is offered within the context of nonextensive entropy generalization by a recently introduced bi-kappa distribution, generating through a convolution of a negative-kappa core and positive-kappa halo pronounced non-Gaussian structures. The PDFs of solar wind scalar field differences are computed from WIND and ACE data for different time lags and compared with the characteristics of the theoretical bi-kappa functional, well representing the overall scale dependence of the spatial solar wind intermittency. The observed PDF characteristics for increased spatial scales are manifest in the theoretical distribution functional by enhancing the only tuning parameter $\kappa$, measuring the degree of nonextensivity where the large-scale Gaussian is approached for $\kappa \to \infty$. The nonextensive approach assures for experimental studies of solar wind intermittency independence from influence of a priori model assumptions. It is argued that the intermittency of the turbulent fluctuations should be related physically to the nonextensive character of the interplanetary medium counting for nonlocal interactions via the entropy generalization.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astrophys.

Coupled oscillators with power-law interaction and their fractional dynamics analogues

The one-dimensional chain of coupled oscillators with long-range power-law interaction is considered. The equation of motion in the infrared limit are mapped onto the continuum equation with the Riesz fractional derivative of order $\alpha$, when $0<\alpha<2$. The evolution of soliton-like and breather-like structures are obtained numerically and compared for both types of simulations: using the chain of oscillators and using the continuous medium equation with the fractional derivative.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Turbulent cross-field transport of non-thermal electrons in coronal loops: theory and observations

&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Context:&lt;/b&gt; A fundamental problem in astrophysics is the interaction between magnetic turbulence and charged particles. It is now possible to use Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) observations of hard X-rays (HXR) emitted by electrons to identify the presence of turbulence and to estimate the magnitude of the magnetic field line diffusion coefficient at least in dense coronal flaring loops.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Aims:&lt;/b&gt; We discuss the various possible regimes of cross-field transport of non-thermal electrons resulting from broadband magnetic turbulence in coronal loops. The importance of the Kubo number K as a governing parameter is emphasized and results applicable in both the large and small Kubo number limits are collected.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Generic models, based on concepts and insights developed in the statistical theory of transport, are applied to the coronal loops and to the interpretation of hard X-ray imaging data in solar flares. The role of trapping effects, which become important in the non-linear regime of transport, is taken into account in the interpretation of the data.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; For this flaring solar loop, we constrain the ranges of parallel and perpendicular correlation lengths of turbulent magnetic fields and possible Kubo numbers. We show that a substantial amount of magnetic fluctuations with energy ~1% (or more) of the background field can be inferred from the measurements of the magnetic diffusion coefficient inside thick-target coronal loops.&lt;/p&gt

Dynamics with Low-Level Fractionality

The notion of fractional dynamics is related to equations of motion with one or a few terms with derivatives of a fractional order. This type of equation appears in the description of chaotic dynamics, wave propagation in fractal media, and field theory. For the fractional linear oscillator the physical meaning of the derivative of order $\alpha<2$ is dissipation. In systems with many spacially coupled elements (oscillators) the fractional derivative, along the space coordinate, corresponds to a long range interaction. We discuss a method of constructing a solution using an expansion in $\epsilon=n-\alpha$ with small $\epsilon$ and positive integer $n$. The method is applied to the fractional linear and nonlinear oscillators and to fractional Ginzburg-Landau or parabolic equations.Comment: LaTeX, 24 pages, to be published in Physica

Состояние радиационной обстановки на территории Орловской области, подвергшейся радиоактивному загрязнению вследствие аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС

Research objective is retrospective analysis of radiation conditions in the Oryol region during 1986- 2015 and assessment of efficacy of the carried out sanitary and preventive activities for population protection against radiation contamination caused by the Chernobyl NPP accident.Article materials were own memoirs of events participants, analysis of federal state statistic surveillance forms 3-DOZ across the Oryol region, f-35 “Data on patients with malignant neoplasms, f-12 “Report on MPI activities”. Risk assessment of oncological diseases occurrence is carried out on the basis of AAED for 1986- 2014 using the method of population exposure risk assessment due to long uniform man-made irradiation in small doses. Results of medical and sociological research of genetic, environmental, professional and lifestyle factors were obtained using the method of cancer patients’ anonymous survey. Data on "risk" factors were obtained from 467 patients hospitalized at the Budgetary Health Care Institution of the Oryol region “Oryol oncology clinic”; a specially developed questionnaire with 60 questions was filled out.The article employs the method of retrospective analysis of laboratory and tool research and calculation of dose loads on the Oryol region population, executed throughout the whole period after the accident.This article provides results of the carried out laboratory research of foodstuff, environment objects describing the radiation conditions in the Oryol region since the first days after the Chernobyl NPP accident in 1986 till 2015.We presented a number of activities aimed at liquidation of man-caused radiation accident consequences which were developed and executed by the experts of the Oryol region sanitary and epidemiology service in 1986-2015. On the basis of the above-stated one may draw the conclusions listed below. Due to interdepartmental interaction and active work of executive authorities in the Oryol region, the population of the territories impacted by radioactive contamination is provided with conditions in compliance with radiation safety requirements and hygienic specifications.Since January 1987 according to radiation and hygienic monitoring in the Oryol region, the local foodstuff did not exceed the hygienic specifications on radiation. In the territories included in the zone of radioactive contamination, the economic activities may be carried out without special protective measures for decrease of caesium-137 and strontium-90 content in produce, there are no restrictions on picking of wild-growing berries, herbs and mushrooms.Being direct participants of development and carrying out of activities for the region protection in case of emergency situation at the radiation hazardous site, we believe that the data presented in this article may be useful both for experts and general population.Целью исследования являлся ретроспективный анализ радиационной обстановки на территории Орловской области за период 1986-2015 гг. и оценка эффективности проведенных санитарно-профилактических мероприятий по защите населения от радиационного загрязнения в результате аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Материалом для статьи являлись собственные воспоминания участников тех событий, формы федерального государственного статистического наблюдения 3-ДОЗ по Орловской области, ф-35«Сведения о больных злокачественными новообразованиями», ф-12 «Отчет о работе ЛПУ». Оценка риска возникновения онкологических заболеваний проведена на основании СГЭД за 1986-2014 гг. в соответствии с методикой оценки радиационного риска у населения за счет длительного равномерного техногенного облучения в малых дозах. Результаты медико-социологического исследования генетических, средовых, профессиональных факторов и образа жизни получены методом анонимного анкетирования больных онкологическими заболеваниями. Сведения о факторах риска получены у 467 пациентов, находящихся на стационарном лечении в БУЗ Орловской области «Орловский онкологический диспансер», с заполнением специально разработанной анкеты из 60 вопросов.В статье использован метод ретроспективного анализа лабораторных, инструментальных исследований и расчетов дозовых нагрузок на население Орловской области, выполненных на протяжении всего периода после аварии.В настоящей статье приведены результаты проведенных лабораторных исследований пищевых продуктов, объектов внешней среды, характеризующие радиационную обстановку на территории Орловской области с первых дней после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС в 1986 г. и до 2015 г. Нами представлен объем мероприятий, направленных на ликвидацию последствий техногенной радиационной аварии, которые были разработаны и выполнены специалистами санитарно-эпидемиологической службы Орловской области в 1986-2015 гг. На основании вышеизложенного можно сделать следующие выводы. На территории Орловской области в результате широкого межведомственного взаимодействия и активной работы исполнительной власти обеспечено проживание населения на территориях, подвергшихся радиоактивному загрязнению, с соблюдением требований и гигиенических нормативов радиационной безопасности.По данным радиационно-гигиенического мониторинга, с января 1987 г. в Орловской области в продовольственном сырье и пищевых продуктах, выращенных на территории области, не выявлялись превышения гигиенических нормативов по радиологическим показателям. Хозяйственная деятельность на территориях, отнесенных к зоне радиоактивного загрязнения, может проводиться без применения специальных защитных мероприятий по снижению содержания цезия-137 и стронция-90 в производимой продукции, отсутствуют ограничения на сбор дикорастущих ягод, трав, грибов.Являясь прямыми участниками разработки и реализации мероприятий по защите региона при возникновении чрезвычайной ситуации на объекте, представляющем радиоактивную опасность, полагаем, что данные, представленные в данной статье, могут быть полезны как специалистам, так и населению

Comparative morphological characteristics of the uteroplacental area in abnormal placentation

The aim. To carry out a comparative morphological characteristic of the uteroplacental area with abnormal placentation – pl. accreta, pl. increta, pl. percreta. Materials and methods. The study included 47 patients with atypical placentation; the comparison group included 10 healthy pregnant women with uterine scar after a previous caesarean section. A histological study of uteroplacental area samples was performed with hematoxylin and eosin, methylene blue staining. An immunohistochemical study with primary antibodies to cytokeratin 7 (CK7), Hif2a, vascular endothelial growth factor, α-SMA was carried out. The differences between the compared values were considered to be statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. The results of the study. Pl. accreta was determined in 12 (25.5 %), pl. increta – in 30 (63.9 %), pl. percreta – in 5 (10.6 %) patients. In all patients of the main group, the decidua was completely or partially absent in the area of abnormal placentation or was replaced by an uneven layer of fetal fibrinoid. Cases when placental villi unevenly penetrated into the thickness of myometrium in the form of “tongues” or “coves” bordered by fetal fibrinoid and often located intermuscularly were defined as pl. increta (n = 26). Cases with the placental villi ingrowth to the serous membrane were considered as pl.  percreta (n  =  5). In cases with deep variants of  ingrowth (pl. increta and pl. percreta) (n = 31), the villi were visualized in the lumen of the vessels and the thinning of the lower uterine segment with the presence of stretched muscle bundles was revealed. Aseptic necrosis of  the myometrium was  found: in 2 (16.7 %) of 12 women with pl. accreta, in 26 (86.7 %) of 30 women with pl. increta and in 5 (100 %) women with pl. percreta. There were no areas of necrosis in the myometrium of the women of comparison group. Conclusion. The appearance and increase of myometrial necrosis zones in response to an increase in the depth of placental villus ingrowth were detected. Myometrial necrosis zones could be the cause of activation of angiogenic factors and an important stimulus for the development of abnormal vascularization in placenta accreta spectrum

Current drive at plasma densities required for thermonuclear reactors

Progress in thermonuclear fusion energy research based on deuterium plasmas magnetically confined in toroidal tokamak devices requires the development of efficient current drive methods. Previous experiments have shown that plasma current can be driven effectively by externally launched radio frequency power coupled to lower hybrid plasma waves. However, at the high plasma densities required for fusion power plants, the coupled radio frequency power does not penetrate into the plasma core, possibly because of strong wave interactions with the plasma edge. Here we show experiments performed on FTU (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade) based on theoretical predictions that nonlinear interactions diminish when the peripheral plasma electron temperature is high, allowing significant wave penetration at high density. The results show that the coupled radio frequency power can penetrate into high-density plasmas due to weaker plasma edge effects, thus extending the effective range of lower hybrid current drive towards the domain relevant for fusion reactors