Plant vascular development: mechanisms and environmental regulation

[EN] Plant vascular development is a complex process culminating in the generation of xylem and phloem, the plant transporting conduits. Xylem and phloem arise from specialized stem cells collectively termed (pro)cambium. Once developed, xylem transports mainly water and mineral nutrients and phloem transports photoassimilates and signaling molecules. In the past few years, major advances have been made to characterize the molecular, genetic and physiological aspects that govern vascular development. However, less is known about how the environment re-shapes the process, which molecular mechanisms link environmental inputs with developmental outputs, which gene regulatory networks facilitate the genetic adaptation of vascular development to environmental niches, or how the first vascular cells appeared as an evolutionary innovation. In this review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in vascular development, focusing on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, (2) describe the anatomical effect of specific environmental factors on the process, (3) speculate about the main entry points through which the molecular mechanisms controlling of the process might be altered by specific environmental factors, and (4) discuss future research which could identify the genetic factors underlying phenotypic plasticity of vascular development.Work in the authors' laboratories is supported by funds from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Universities (BIO2016-79147-R to JA, and BFU2016-80621-P to MAB). JA holds a Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2014-15752). We are deeply grateful to Debra Westall (Universitat Politecnica de Valencia) for revising the manuscript. Due to space limitations, not all relevant publications could be included in this review.Agustí, J.; Blazquez Rodriguez, MA. (2020). 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Hacia enfoques intradisplinarios en el diseño de la Licenciatura en Administración

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Development of Corporate Social Responsibility Legislation in Argentina.

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ACAULIS5 Is Required for Cytokinin Accumulation and Function During Secondary Growth of Populus Trees

[EN] In the primary root and young hypocotyl of Arabidopsis, ACAULIS5 promotes translation of SUPPRESSOR OF ACAULIS51 (SAC51) and thereby inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis and vascular cell division. In this study, the relationships between ACAULIS5, SAC51 and cytokinin biosynthesis were investigated during secondary growth of Populus stems. Overexpression of ACAULIS5 from the constitutive 35S promoter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides) trees suppressed the expression level of ACAULIS5, which resulted in low levels of the physiologically active cytokinin bases as well as their direct riboside precursors in the transgenic lines. Low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin levels of the transgenic trees coincided with low cambial activity of the stem. ACAULIS5 therefore, contrary to its function in young seedlings in Arabidopsis, stimulates cytokinin accumulation and cambial activity during secondary growth of the stem. This function is not derived from maturing secondary xylem tissues as transgenic suppression of ACAULIS5 levels in these tissues did not influence secondary growth. Interestingly, evidence was obtained for increased activity of the anticlinal division of the cambial initials under conditions of low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin accumulation. We propose that ACAULIS5 integrates auxin and cytokinin signaling to promote extensive secondary growth of tree stems.This research was supported by the Swedish Research Council Formas (grant no. 232-2009-1698), the Swedish Research Council VR (grant no. 621-2013-4949), Vinnova (grant no. 201600504), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (grant no. 2016-0341), Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), through CEEC/IND/00175/2017 contract to AM, FCT R&D Unit grants to GREEN-IT -Bioresources for Sustainability (grant no. UIDB/04551/2020), BioISI (grants nos. UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (grant no. BFU2016-80621-P), and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Czech Republic through the European Regional Development Fund-Project "Plants as a Tool for Sustainable Global Development" (grant no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827).Milhinhos, A.; Bollhoner, B.; Blazquez Rodriguez, MA.; Novak, O.; Miguel, CM.; Tuominen, H. (2020). ACAULIS5 Is Required for Cytokinin Accumulation and Function During Secondary Growth of Populus Trees. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11:1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.601858S11111Agusti, J., Herold, S., Schwarz, M., Sanchez, P., Ljung, K., Dun, E. A., … Greb, T. (2011). Strigolactone signaling is required for auxin-dependent stimulation of secondary growth in plants. 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Origin of gibberellin-dependent transcriptional regulation by molecular exploitation of a transactivation domain in DELLA proteins

[EN] DELLA proteins are plant specific transcriptional regulators known to interact through their C-terminal GRAS domain with over 150 transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. Besides, DELLAs from vascular plants can interact through the N-terminal domain with the gibberellin receptor encoded by GID1, through which gibberellins promote DELLA degradation. However, this regulation is absent in non-vascular land plants, which lack active gibberellins or a proper GID1 receptor. Current knowledge indicates that DELLAs are important pieces of the signalling machinery of vascular plants, especially angiosperms, but nothing is known about DELLA function during early land plant evolution or if they exist at all in charophytan algae. We have now elucidated the evolutionary origin of DELLA proteins, showing that algal GRAS proteins are monophyletic and evolved independently from those of land plants, which explains why there are no DELLAs outside land plants. DELLA genes have been maintained throughout land plant evolution with only two major duplication events kept among plants. Furthermore, we show that the features needed for DELLA interaction with the receptor were already present in the ancestor of all land plants, and propose that these DELLA N-terminal motifs have been tightly conserved in non-vascular land plants for their function in transcriptional co-activation, which allowed subsequent exaptation for the interaction with the GID1 receptor when vascular plants developed gibberellin synthesis and the corresponding perception module.We thank the members of the Hormone Signaling and Plasticity Lab at IBMCP (http://plasticity.ibmcp.csic.es/) for useful discussions and suggestions. Work in our laboratories was supported by grants BFU2016-80621-P of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and H2020-MSCA-RISE-2014-644435 of the European Union. J.H.-G. and A.B.-M. hold Fellowships of the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport FPU15/01756 and FPU14/01941, respectively.Hernández-García, J.; Briones-Moreno, A.; Dumas, R.; Blazquez Rodríguez, MA. (2019). Origin of gibberellin-dependent transcriptional regulation by molecular exploitation of a transactivation domain in DELLA proteins. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36(5):908-918. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz009S90891836

In search for the role of thermospermine synthase gene in poplar vascular development

This work is supported by the FCT project PTDC/AGR-GPL/098369/2008 and FCT PhD grant SFRH/BD/30074/2006 (A.M.).Peer Reviewe

Combinando Linked Data con servicios geoespaciales

La Web de Linked Data supone un nuevo paradigma que pretende explotar la Web como un espacio global de información. La aplicación de los principios de esta nueva Web a la información geoespacial superará la integración de información tradicional, logrando una articulación semántica de los datos que haga desaparecer los silos de datos presentes en las actuales Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales. Ante esta propuesta, en este artículo se describe el trabajo desarrollado en el marco de un caso de uso utilizando una parte de los datos del SIGNA. En este caso de uso se ha llevado a cabo un proceso de generación y publicación de los mencionados datos conforme a los principios de Linked Data y estos se combinan con diversos servicios de la IDEE y CartoCiudad para explotar el componente geoespacial