El uso de corpus textuales en localización

El procés de digitalització en la societat contemporània ha suposat un creixement exponencial en els processos de localització d'hipertextos, software o videojocs. En l'actualitat, aquests processos es troben altament estructurats a la indústria de la localització, i resulta fonamental el paper que juguen els sistemes de memòria de traducció i les bases terminològiques com a recursos de suport al traductor. Tanmateix, un tercer recurs de gran impacte en els Estudis de Traducció no es troba plenament incorporat a aquest procés tecnològic, els corpus textuals (Bowker i Barlow, 2008; Shreve, 2006). Aquest article defensa la pertinencia del seu ús en el procés de localització i posterior avaluació (anàlisi de qualitat), amb l'objectiu de produir textos localitzats de més qualitat que (1) s'ajustin més a les expectatives de l'audiència meta i (2) s'aproximin més al objectiu de ser rebuts com si s'haguéssin produït originalment a la regió lingüística d'origen (LISA, 2003). Els seus possibles usos i avantatges s'il·lustraran a través d'anàlisis de concordàncies utilitzant el Corpus Web del espanyol recopilat per l'autor (Jiménez-Crespo, 2008a).El proceso de digitalización en la sociedad contemporánea ha supuesto un crecimiento exponencial en los procesos de localización de hipertextos, software o videojuegos. En la actualidad, estos procesos se encuentran altamente estructurados en la industria de la localización, siendo fundamental el papel que desempeñan los sistemas de memoria de traducción y las bases terminológicas como recursos de apoyo al traductor. Sin embargo, un tercer recurso de amplio impacto en los Estudios de Traducción no se encuentra plenamente incorporado a este proceso tecnológico, los corpus textuales (Bowker y Barlow, 2008; Shreve, 2006). El presente artículo defiende la pertinencia de su uso en el proceso de localización y posterior evaluación (análisis de calidad), con el objetivo de producir textos localizados de más calidad que en mayor medida (1) se ajusten a las expectativas de la audiencia meta y (2) se aproximen al objetivo de ser recibidos como si se hubieran producido originalmente en la región lingüística de destino (LISA, 2003). Sus posibles usos y ventajas se ilustrarán mediante análisis de concordancias usando el Corpus Web del español recopilado por el autor (Jiménez-Crespo, 2008a).Digitalisation in modern society has brought about exponential growth in terms of hypertext, software and video game localisation processes. At present, such processes are highly structured in the localisation industry, in which respect translation memory systems and terminology bases serve as fundamental aids for translators. However, despite having had a significant impact on Translation Studies, text corpora constitute a resource yet to be fully incorporated into the localisation process (Bowker and Barlow, 2008; Shreve, 2006). This article contends that such corpora are well suited to use in the localisation process and the subsequent assessment (quality analysis) of its output, with a view to producing higher quality localised texts that go further towards fulfilling (1) the expectations of the target audience and (2) the aim of giving the impression of being original texts created in the target language area (LISA, 2003). The potential uses and benefits of corpora will be illustrated through the analysis of concordances extracted from the web-based corpus of Spanish compiled by the author (Jiménez-Crespo, 2008a)

Localization and writing for a new medium : a review of digital style guides

Durant les últimes dues dècades, un nombre creixent de publicacions han descrit les diferències entre l'escriptura per imprimir i l'escriptura per visualitzar en pantalla, des d'una perspectiva tant normativa com empírica. Aquestes recomanacions són molt importants per als localitzadors: la capacitat d'ajustar l'estil d'escriptura per a diferents mitjans, gèneres i situacions de comunicació és una de les habilitats essencials que aquests professionals han d'adquirir. Aquest article ofereix una revisió de les recomanacions de les guies d'estil de redacció de programari i per a la web; ofereix un resum concís als professionals de la localització i els traductors nous en procés de formació. La visió general inclou directrius relatives a idiomes, tipus de localització, guies d'estil específiques d'empreses i també publicacions relatives a la usabilitat.Durante las dos últimas décadas, un creciente número de publicaciones han descrito las diferencias entre la escritura para ser impresa y la escritura para leer en pantalla, desde una perspectiva tanto normativa como empírica. Estas recomendaciones son de suma importancia para los localizadores, ya que la capacidad de ajustar el estilo de escritura para diferentes medios, géneros y situaciones de comunicación es una de las habilidades esenciales que estos profesionales deben adquirir. Este artículo ofrece una revisión de las recomendaciones incluidas en las guías de estilo de redacción de software y de entornos web, con la intención de ofrecer un resumen conciso a los profesionales de la localización y a los traductores nuevos en proceso de formación. La visión general incluye directrices de idioma, tipo de localización, guías de estilo específicas de empresas y también publicaciones relativas a la usabilidad.Over the last two decades, an increasing number of publications have described the differences between print and screen writing, both from prescriptive and empirical perspectives. These recommendations are of paramount importance to localizers, as the ability to adjust their writing style to different mediums, genres and communicative situations is one of the essential skills these professionals should acquire. This paper offers a review of recommendations in web and software writing style guides in order to provide a concise summary for localization professionals and trainees. The overview encompasses guidelines from language, localization type, company-specific style guides, and usability publications

Localization and writing for a new medium : a review of digital style guides

Durant les últimes dues dècades, un nombre creixent de publicacions han descrit les diferències entre l'escriptura per imprimir i l'escriptura per visualitzar en pantalla, des d'una perspectiva tant normativa com empírica. Aquestes recomanacions són molt importants per als localitzadors: la capacitat d'ajustar l'estil d'escriptura per a diferents mitjans, gèneres i situacions de comunicació és una de les habilitats essencials que aquests professionals han d'adquirir. Aquest article ofereix una revisió de les recomanacions de les guies d'estil de redacció de programari i per a la web; ofereix un resum concís als professionals de la localització i els traductors nous en procés de formació. La visió general inclou directrius relatives a idiomes, tipus de localització, guies d'estil específiques d'empreses i també publicacions relatives a la usabilitat.Durante las dos últimas décadas, un creciente número de publicaciones han descrito las diferencias entre la escritura para ser impresa y la escritura para leer en pantalla, desde una perspectiva tanto normativa como empírica. Estas recomendaciones son de suma importancia para los localizadores, ya que la capacidad de ajustar el estilo de escritura para diferentes medios, géneros y situaciones de comunicación es una de las habilidades esenciales que estos profesionales deben adquirir. Este artículo ofrece una revisión de las recomendaciones incluidas en las guías de estilo de redacción de software y de entornos web, con la intención de ofrecer un resumen conciso a los profesionales de la localización y a los traductores nuevos en proceso de formación. La visión general incluye directrices de idioma, tipo de localización, guías de estilo específicas de empresas y también publicaciones relativas a la usabilidad.Over the last two decades, an increasing number of publications have described the differences between print and screen writing, both from prescriptive and empirical perspectives. These recommendations are of paramount importance to localizers, as the ability to adjust their writing style to different mediums, genres and communicative situations is one of the essential skills these professionals should acquire. This paper offers a review of recommendations in web and software writing style guides in order to provide a concise summary for localization professionals and trainees. The overview encompasses guidelines from language, localization type, company-specific style guides, and usability publications

Translation quality, use and dissemination in an Internet era: using single-translation and multi-translation parallel corpora to research translation quality on the Web

ABSTRACT The Internet revolution is having a profound impact on the practice and theorisation of translation. Among the many changes induced by this revolution, this corpus-based study focuses on the impact of the immediacy afforded by the Internet on the fuzzy notion of translation quality. If this notion is understood as a relative construct due to economic and time constraints (Hönig 1998), increased time pressure entails inevitable compromises between access to information and translation quality. In order to research this issue, this paper contrasts the quality in a corpus of White House official translations of Obama´s speeches to a parallel corpus of similar translations released by online media immediately after their delivery. Following previous time-pressure studies (De Rooze 2003), an errorbased quality analysis is used and the differences between both textual populations are quantitatively and qualitatively described. In a second stage, the quality of the translations under pressure is contrasted with their reuse or reposting on the WWW. The results of this analysis do not show a direct relationship between translation quality and the potential for use and subsequent reuse. Rather, there seems to be a direct relationship between translation reuse and the volume of traffic of the website in which a translation was posted. This study sheds some light on the uneven relationship between translation quality, time pressure enhanced by Internet immediacy and the impact of translated texts on receiving cultures

Rapid decrease in titer and breadth of neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved SVR

The main targets for neutralizing anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies (HCV-nAbs) are the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins. We have studied the characteristics of HCV-nAbs through a retrospective study involving 29 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) with pegIFNα+ribavirin anti-HCV therapy. Plasma samples at baseline and week 24 after SVR were used to perform neutralization assays against fve JFH1-based HCV recombinant viruses coding for E1 and E2 from genotypes 1a (H77), 1b (J4), 2a (JFH1), 3a (S52) and 4a (ED43). At baseline, the majority of plasma samples neutralized 1a, 1b, 2a, and 4a, but not 3a, genotypes. Twenty-four weeks following SVR, most neutralizing titers declined substantially. Furthermore, titers against 3a and 2a were not detected in many patients. Plasma samples with high HCV-nAb titers neutralized all genotypes, and the highest titers at the starting point correlated with the highest titers at week 24 after SVR. In conclusion, high titers of broad-spectrum HCV-nAbs were detected in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals, however, those titers declined soon after SVRThis study was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII; grant numbers PI14/01094 and PI17/00657 to JB, PI17/00903 to JGG, PI14CIII/00011 and PI17CIII/00003 to SR) and Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad (grant number EC11-241). Te study was also funded by the RD16CIII/0002/0002, RD16/0025/0018, and RD16/0025/0017 projects as part of the Plan Nacional R+D+I and co-funded by ISCIII- Subdirección General de Evaluación and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER

Studi Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Pada Kelas Cerdas Istimewa Bakat Istimewa (Cibi) SMP Negeri 2 Surakarta

The objective of research was to describe the implementation of character education to mathematics learning, the constraints the teacher faced and the solution the teachers took to the constraints with the implementation of character education in mathematics learning in the gifted and talented class of SMP Negeri 2 Surakarta. This study was a descriptive qualitative research; the subject of researcher was one mathematics teacher and six students in the grade VII gifted and talented class. Techniques of validating data used were researcher persistence and time triangulation. Techniques of analyzing data used were (1) data reduction, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion drawing and verification. The results of research are as follows. 1) The process of character education implementation to learning was below. (a) The development of logical, critical, creative and innovative thinking character was conducted by means of assignment, directing the students to the correct answer and to make decision with debriefing. (b) The development of hard work character was conducted by means of group assignment. (c) The development of curiosity character was conducted by providing the example of material existing in real life. (d) The development of independency character was conducted by assigning the material reading to be discussed in the next meeting. (e) The development of self-confidence character was conducted by means of facilitating the students writing the result on the blackboard. 2) The constraints the teacher faced and the solutions the teacher took were as follows. (a) In the implementation of logical, critical, creative and innovative thinking character, the students monopolized actively the debriefing process so that the teacher should limit and provide other students the opportunity of asking question. (b) In the implementation of hard work character, not all students in the classroom had equal hard work ethos. The solutions taken were to play motivation video and to convince them about the ability they had, to display the students\u27 work, and to reward the students with the best performance. (c) In the implementation of curiosity character, the students who did not want to think too hard responded poorly to the stimulus given. In this case, the teacher could give reward in the form of mark (grade). (d) In the implementation of self-confidence character, the students with less self-confidence would select the easy assignment in presenting the group assignment, and they explained in very soft voice. The solutions taken were to give more mark to the students explaining group assignment, and to direct the students in the presentation. For teacher independency character, the teacher did not face a significant constraint

Everolimus plus minimized tacrolimus on kidney function in liver transplantation: REDUCE, a prospective, randomized controlled study

Background and aim: reduction in calcineurin inhibitor levels is considered crucial to decrease the incidence of kidney dysfunction in liver transplant (LT) recipients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and impact of everolimus plus reduced tacrolimus (EVR + rTAC) vs. mycophenolate mofetil plus tacrolimus (MMF + TAC) on kidney function in LT recipients from Spain. Methods: the REDUCE study was a 52-week, multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, phase 3b study in de novo LT recipients. Eligible patients were randomized (1:1) 28 days post-transplantation to receive EVR + rTAC (TAC levels <_ 5 ng/mL) or to continue with MMF + TAC (TAC levels = 6-10 ng/mL). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), clinical benefit in renal function, and safety were evaluated. Results: in the EVR + rTAC group (n = 105), eGFR increased from randomization to week 52 (82.2 [28.5] mL/min/1.73 m2 to 86.1 [27.9] mL/min/1.73 m2) whereas it decreased in the MMF + TAC (n = 106) group (88.4 [34.3] mL/min/1.73 m2 to 83.2 [25.2] mL/min/1.73 m2), with significant (p < 0.05) differences in eGFR throughout the study. However, both groups had a similar clinical benefit regarding renal function (improvement in 18.6 % vs. 19.1 %, and stabilization in 81.4 % vs. 80.9 % of patients in the EVR + rTAC vs. MMF + TAC groups, respectively). There were no significant differences in the incidence of acute rejection (5.7 % vs. 3.8 %), deaths (5.7 % vs. 2.8 %), and serious adverse events (51.9 % vs. 44.0 %) between the 2 groups. Conclusion: EVR + rTAC allows a safe reduction in tacrolimus exposure in de novo liver transplant recipients, with a significant improvement in eGFR but without significant differences in renal clinical benefit 1 year after liver transplantation

Risk factors associated with moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction among heart transplant patients: results from the CAPRI study

[Abstract] The longer survival of patients with heart transplantation (HT) favors calcineurin inhibitor–related chronic kidney disease (CKD). It behoves to identify risk factors. At 14 Spanish centers, data on 1062 adult patients with HT (age 59.2 ± 12.3 yr, 82.5% men) were collected at routine follow-up examinations. Glomerular filtration rate, GFR, was estimated using the four-variable MDRD equation, and moderate-or-severe renal dysfunction (MSRD) was defined as K/DOQI stage 3 CKD or worse. Time since transplant ranged from one month to 22 yr (mean 6.7 yr). At assessment, 26.6% of patients were diabetic and 63.9% hypertensive; 53.9% were taking cyclosporine and 33.1% tacrolimus; and 61.4% had MSRD. Among patients on cyclosporine or tacrolimus at assessment, multivariate logistic regression identified male sex (OR 0.44), pre- and post-HT creatinine (2.73 and 3.13 per mg/dL), age at transplant (1.06 per yr), time since transplant (1.05 per yr), and tacrolimus (0.65) as independent positive or negative predictors of MSRD. It is concluded that female sex, pre- and one-month post-HT serum creatinine, age at transplant, time since transplant, and immunosuppression with cyclosporine rather than tacrolimus may all be risk factors for development of CKD ≥ stage 3 by patients with HT

Prevalence, Incidence, and Outcomes of Hyperkalaemia in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction from a Spanish Multicentre Study: SPANIK-HF Design and Baseline Characteristics

[Abstract] Hyperkalaemia is a growing concern in the treatment of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) as it limits the use of some prognostic-modifying drugs and has a negative impact on prognosis. The objective of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of hyperkalaemia in outpatients with HFrEF and its impact on achieving optimal medical treatment. For this purpose, a multicentre, prospective, and observational study was carried out on consecutive HFrEF patients who were monitored as outpatients in heart failure (HF) units and who, in the opinion of their doctor, received optimal medical treatment. A total of 565 HFrEF patients were included from 16 specialised HF units. The mean age was 66 ± 12 years, 78% were male, 45% had an ischemic cause, 39% had atrial fibrillation, 43% were diabetic, 42% had a glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.7 m2, and the mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 31 ± 7%. Treatment at the study entry included: 76% on diuretics, 13% on ivabradine, 7% on digoxin, 18.9% on angiotensin-conversing enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), 11.3% on angiotensin receptors blockers (ARBs), 63.8% on angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi), 78.5% on mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and 92.9% on beta-blockers. Potassium levels in the baseline analysis were: ≤5 mEq/L = 80.5%, 5.1–5.4 mEq/L = 13.8%, 5.5–5.9 mEq/L = 4.6%, and ≥6 mEq/L = 1.06%. Hyperkalaemia was the reason for not prescribing or reaching the target dose of an MRAs in 34.8% and 12.5% of patients, respectively. The impact of hyperkalaemia on not prescribing or dropping below the target dose in relation to ACEi, ARBs, and ARNi was significantly less. In conclusion, hyperkalaemia is a frequent problem in the management of patients with HFrEF and a limiting factor in the optimisation of medical treatment.AstraZeneca Farmacéutica; ESR-17-1324