Dynamic fragmentation of graphite under laser-driven shocks: Identification of four damage regimes

This study presents the results of a large experimental campaign conducted on the Luli2000 laser facility. Thin targets of a commercial grade of porous graphite were submitted to high-power laser-driven shocks leading to their fragmentation. Many diagnostics were used such as high-speed time- and space-resolved imaging systems (shadowgraphy and photography), laser velocimetry (PDV and VISAR), debris collection and post-mortem X-ray tomography. They provided the loading levels into the targets, the spall strength of the material, the shape and size of debris and the localization of the subsurface cracks. The crossed data reduction of all the records showed their reliability and allowed to get a better insight into the damage phenomena at play in graphite. Thereby, four damage regimes, ranked according to their severity and loading level, were identified. It confirms that laser shocks are very complementary to classical impact tests (plates and spheres) since they ally two-dimensional loadings to the possibility of using both, in-situ and post-mortem diagnostics. Finally, the campaign shall be able to provide large and consistent data to develop and adjust reliable models for shock wave propagation and damage into porous graphite

The future of evapotranspiration : global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources

The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This is especially acute for impacts associated with changes in drought frequency and intensity on the distribution and timing of water availability. The development of effective adaptation strategies for these emerging threats to food and water security are compromised by limitations in our understanding of how natural and managed ecosystems are responding to changing hydrological and climatological regimes. This information gap is exacerbated by insufficient monitoring capabilities from local to global scales. Here, we describe how evapotranspiration (ET) represents the key variable in linking ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources, and highlight both the outstanding science and applications questions and the actions, especially from a space-based perspective, necessary to advance them

Open versus laparoscopically-assisted oesophagectomy for cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled phase III trial - the MIRO trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Open transthoracic oesophagectomy is the standard treatment for infracarinal resectable oesophageal carcinomas, although it is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates of 2 to 10% and 30 to 50%, respectively, for both the abdominal and thoracic approaches. The worldwide popularity of laparoscopic techniques is based on promising results, including lower postoperative morbidity rates, which are related to the reduced postoperative trauma. We hypothesise that the laparoscopic abdominal approach (laparoscopic gastric mobilisation) in oesophageal cancer surgery will decrease the major postoperative complication rate due to the reduced surgical trauma.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The MIRO trial is an open, controlled, prospective, randomised multicentre phase III trial. Patients in study arm A will receive laparoscopic-assisted oesophagectomy, i.e., a transthoracic oesophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy and laparoscopic gastric mobilisation. Patients in study arm B will receive the same procedure, but with the conventional open abdominal approach. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the major postoperative 30-day morbidity. Secondary objectives are to assess the overall 30-day morbidity, 30-day mortality, 30-day pulmonary morbidity, disease-free survival, overall survival as well as quality of life and to perform medico-economic analysis. A total of 200 patients will be enrolled, and two safety analyses will be performed using 25 and 50 patients included in arm A.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Postoperative morbidity remains high after oesophageal cancer surgery, especially due to major pulmonary complications, which are responsible for 50% of the postoperative deaths. This study represents the first randomised controlled phase III trial to evaluate the benefits of the minimally invasive approach with respect to the postoperative course and oncological outcomes in oesophageal cancer surgery.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p><a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00937456">NCT00937456</a> (ClinicalTrials.gov)</p

Évaluation de l'apprentissage par simulation de la laparoscopie

Introduction et objectif: Evaluer le bénéfice de l'apprentissage par simulation lors de la formation à la chirurgie laparoscopique. Matériel et méthode: Entre 2007 et 2011, la dextérité chirurgicale de 89 chirurgiens en formation (65 hommes) a été évaluée avant et après un apprentissage par simulation. Cet enseignement comprenait une session théorique d'anatomie et une session pratique de dissections coelioscopique sur spécimen anatomiques et sur modèle porcin. Un simulateur chirurgical (LAP Mentor® de Simbionix) permettait de reproduire les mêmes dissections. Une évaluation était faite avant et après cette formation. Elle déterminait le temps nécessaire à chaque étudiant pour accomplir 7 exercices différents (MISTELS). Des pénalités étaient attribuées en fonction du nombre d'erreurs commises pendant ces exercices. Résultats : La dextérité chirurgicale des chirurgiens en formation a significativement progressé après l'apprentissage par simulation. Tous les étudiants ont amélioré leurs résultats. Le score global médian du post-test est de 1583 versus 1114,5 pour le pré-test (p<0.0001). Les progrès obtenus sont indépendants du sexe ou de la spécialité clinique des étudiants. Entre les tests, les étudiants ont préfèré se former sur les modèles anatomiques et porcins, plutôt que sur les simulateurs virtuels. Discussion: L'intégration de la dissection coelioscopique sur simulateur devrait être proposée dès le début de la formation aux Diplômes d'Etudes Spécialisées chirurgicaux. Les tests pratiques appliqués dans cette étude pourraient servir à évaluer le progrès des internes en chirurgie au cours de leur apprentissage.MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocSudocFranceF

La thérapie interstitielle par laser dans le traitement des métastases hépatiques des cancers colorectaux (mise au point sur la technique en 2003, étude et comparaison des fibres optiques)

MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocMONTPELLIER-BU Médecine (341722104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Résultats des réinterventions pour reflux gastro œsophagien et hernie hiatale

Introduction : Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer nos pratiques et nos résultats lors des refundoplicatures (RFP) pour récidive de reflux gastro-oesophagien ou de hernie hiatale (RH). Matériel et Méthodes: Une étude de cohorte bi centrique rétrospective sur Il ans incluant 71 patients à été menée, évaluant les symptômes et la prise en charge des RFP. Un questionnaire a évalué les symptômes et la qualité de vie (QdV) des patients par le score GIQLI. Résultats: Les principaux symptômes motivant la RFP étaient la dysphagie (85.5 %) et le reflux (69.6%). Des anomalies anatomiques ou fonctionnelles ont été diagnostiquées dans 92.8% et dans 59.4% des cas. La présence d'une RH était la première cause de récidive (67.7%). La dysphagie était liée à la présence d'anomalies anatomiques. Les symptômes ou les anomalies étiologiques n'influençaient pas le type de RFP. La mortalité postopératoire était nulle et le taux de complication per opératoire était de 19%. Les symptômes ont été améliorés chez 66% des patients. Le score GIQLI après RFP était de 95.2+/-26. La QdV après RFP était améliorée mais restait plus faible qu'après une première intervention ou par rapport à la population générale. Le taux de satisfaction des patients était de 75%. Le type de RFP et la durée de suivi n'influençaient pas les résultats à long terme et la QdV. Conclusion : La RFP permet d'améliorer les symptômes et la QdV des patients en cas de récidive de RGO ou de RH. Une sélection précise des indications est nécessaire. Le type de RFP doit être déterminé en fonction des symptômes et des anomalies étiologiques. Des recommandations pour améliorer la prise en charge des patients ont été proposées.MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocMONTPELLIER-BU Médecine (341722104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Traitement des tumeurs hépatiques par thermothérapie interstitielle induite par le laser diode

MONTPELLIER-BU Médecine (341722104) / SudocMONTPELLIER-BU Médecine UPM (341722108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Improving Digital Engineering Tools in Complex Product Development by Means of an Adequate Monitoring of Research Projects

Part 4: Capture and Reuse of Product and Process InformationInternational audienceComplex products development relies on established and tested processes that embed software applications in collaborative PLM systems. Many efforts are performed by companies to improve their development process by means of research projects. However the transfer of research results into industrial processes implies a high level of risk. The maturity assessment and the proof of usage are two criteria that help decreasing the risky transition. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) methodology and usage scenarios are tools which provide evidence associated to those two criteria. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to guide stakeholders in the development of usage scenario in the frame of TRL methodology. Thanks to the proposed methodology, at the end of the research project, the proof of usage and the maturity of engineering technology products are validated and could support their industrialization

Improving Digital Engineering Tools in Complex Product Development by Means of an Adequate Monitoring of Research Projects

Part 4: Capture and Reuse of Product and Process InformationInternational audienceComplex products development relies on established and tested processes that embed software applications in collaborative PLM systems. Many efforts are performed by companies to improve their development process by means of research projects. However the transfer of research results into industrial processes implies a high level of risk. The maturity assessment and the proof of usage are two criteria that help decreasing the risky transition. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) methodology and usage scenarios are tools which provide evidence associated to those two criteria. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to guide stakeholders in the development of usage scenario in the frame of TRL methodology. Thanks to the proposed methodology, at the end of the research project, the proof of usage and the maturity of engineering technology products are validated and could support their industrialization

New key success factors for engineering technology transfer between research and development: technology maturity and proof of usage

International audienc