La doble nacionalidad de productos europeos: ¿Por qué pensamos que las hamburguesas y los perritos calientes son americanos?

Actualmente, productos de origen europeo como las hamburguesas y los perritos calientes son percibidos en ciertos sectores de la sociedad como procedentes de Estados Unidos. Este hecho no tiene una causa exacta ni ha sido fruto de un hecho intencionado, pero distintos fenómenos sociales a lo largo de la historia han resultado en esta realidad actual. La historia del origen de estos dos productos confirma su procedencia alemana, por lo que a través de las fuentes de las que nacen este texto, ilustraremos los distintos posibles factores que justifican la existencia de este pensamiento actual. Entre ellos la publicidad, como herramienta que fomenta esta realidad.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Publicidad y Relaciones Pública

A preliminary study of spatial distribution and plant density in a leucaena-grass planting in north Corrientes, Argentina

In northeast Argentina, most beef cattle graze naturalized range pastures continuously, with limited winter supplementation and restricted access to improved pastures. Calving rates are low, averaging 40‒50% annually and calf weaning weights average 150‒170 kg at 6 months. Overall, productivity remains low (30‒40 kg LW/ha/yr), mainly due to poor cattle nutrition (Goldfarb et al. 1993; Goldfarb and Casco 1994). In past decades, several improved grass and legume species were evaluated as a strategy to overcome this problem (Goldfarb et al. 1993; Goldfarb and Casco 1998) with Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) showing definite potential.EEA CorrientesFil: Gandara, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Corrientes; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Maria Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Corrientes; ArgentinaFil: Stup, Marcos. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Susceptibilidade de crianças asmáticas a infecções respiratórias

OBJECTIVE: A case-control study of patients with pneumonia was conducted to investigate whether wheezing diseases could be a risk factor. METHODS: A random sample was taken from a general university hospital in S. Paulo City between March and August 1994 comprising 51 cases of pneumonia paired by age and sex to 51 non-respiratory controls and 51 healthy controls. Data collection was carried out by two senior paediatricians. Diagnoses of pneumonia and presence of wheezing disease were independently established by each paediatrician for both cases and controls. Pneumonia was radiologically confirmed and repeatability of information on wheezing diseases was measured. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. RESULTS: Wheezing diseases, interpreted as proxies of asthma, were found to be an important risk factor for pneumonia with an odds ratio of 7.07 (95%CI= 2.34-21.36), when the effects of bedroom crowding (odds ratio = 1.49 per person, 95%CI= 0.95-2.32) and of low family income (odds ratio = 5.59 against high family income, 95%CI= 1.38-22.63) were controlled. The risk of pneumonia attributable to wheezing diseases is tentatively calculated at 51.42%. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that at practice level asthmatics should deserve proper surveillance for infection and that at public health level pneumonia incidence could be reduced if current World Health Organisation's guidelines were reviewed as to include comprehensive care for this illness.OBJETIVO: Investigar, através de um estudo caso-controle de pacientes com pneumonia, se as doenças chiadoras poderiam constituir-se em fator de risco. MÉTODOS: De um hospital universitário, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, entre março e agosto de 1994, foi tomada uma amostra de 51 casos de pneumonia pareados por sexo e idade a 51 controles sadios e 51 controles não respiratórios. O diagnóstico de pneumonia e a presença de doença chiadora foram investigados de forma independente por cada pediatra tanto para casos quanto para controles. Foi confirmada pneumonia radiologicamente e a repetibilidade da informação sobre doença chiadora foi medida. Foi utilizada regressão logística para identifição de riscos. RESULTADOS: As doenças chiadoras, entendidas como representantes de asma, mostraram ser importante fator de risco para pneumonia, com um odds ratio de 7,07 (IC95%= 2,34-21,36), controlados os efeitos de aglomeração no quarto de dormir (odds ratio de 1,49 por pessoa a mais no quarto, IC95%= 0,95-2,32) e a baixa renda familiar (odds ratio de 5,59 contra alta renda familiar, IC95%= 1,38-22,63). O risco atribuível às doenças chiadoras foi calculado de forma exploratória em 51,42%. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que os clínicos devem ter atenção sobre asmáticos para o risco de infecção e que ao nível da saúde pública a incidência de pneumonia poderia ser reduzida se as orientações atuais da Organização Mundial da Saúde pudessem ser revistas para oferecer atenção integral para os doentes

Efect of age regrowth and nitrogen fertilization on the nutritive value of Brachiaria brizantha cv. "Marandú"

Se evaluó en Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandú, el valor nutritivo en función de la edad del rebrote (28, 56, 84 y 112 días) y fertilización (F1, F2, F3, F4 y F5). Se determinó proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA) y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS). El contenido de PB, mostró interacción entre edad de rebrote y fertilización. Los valores promedio por edad fueron de 46; 48; 60; 71; y 77 g PB Kg MS-1 para F1, F2, F3, F4 y F5 respectivamente. La fertilización nitrogenada permitió incrementar la proporción de PB. Sobre FDN hubo una respuesta positiva de la fertilización (627 a 645 g FDN Kg MS-1 para F1 y F5) y de la edad (567 a 683 g Kg MS-1 de los 28 a los 112 días) y sobre FDA hubo diferencias significativas en función de la edad, (con valores de 278 a 399 g FDA Kg MS-1 a los 28 y 112 días respectivamente). La DIVMS presentó diferencias significativas en función de la edad de rebrote variando de 603 a 370 g Kg MS-1 desde los 28 días a 112 días. En los parámetros analizados la edad de rebrote fue un factor determinante en el valor nutritivo.In Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú, it was evaluated the nutritional value. Nutritional value was considered: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM). The variables were evaluated for age of regrowth (28, 56, 84 and 112 days) and fertilization (F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4). We determined the nutritional value. CP content showed interaction between age and fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization can increase the proportion of PB. The average values of regrowth age were 46, 48, 60, 71, and 77 g CP kg DM-1 to F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 respectively. It was a positive answer to fertilization (627-645 g NDF kg DM-1 to F1 and F4) and age (567-683 g kg DM-1 from 28 to 112 days). In turn, fertilization had no effect on the ADF and if there was a positive response from the age of regrowth, with average values of 278 to 399 g kg DM-1 ADF at 28 and 112 days respectively. The IVDDM was affected by the age ranging from 603 to 370 g kg DM-1 from 28 days to 112 days. Age regrowth is the most important factor in the nutritional value.Fil: Gándara, Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina)Fil: Borrajo, Celina I.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina)Fil: Fernández, Juan A.. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias AgrariasFil: Pereira, Mercedes. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina

Diagnóstico da diversidade de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) em uma paisagem fragmentada no Amazonas, Brasil.

To diagnose the diversity of Phlebotominae in a fragmented landscape in Amazonia, the species richness, abundance and composition of sand flies in light trap samples from three Fazendas (cattle ranches) north of the city of Manaus were compared. Sampling was done in continuous primary forest, forest fragments of one, ten and one hundred hectares, and secondary vegetation (the matrix of the fragments), at one meter and fifteen meters above the florest floor, in the interior and at the edges of the different treatments. A pilot trial of light traps suplemented with a source of carbon dioxide was carried out to evaluate the cost effectiveness of this attractant. Female sand flies collected from their day time resting places on tree trunks were dissected for parasitological examination. The Phlebotomine fauna of the three fazendas in the area of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project was found to include 58 species of Lutzomyia and one species of Brumptomyia among the 23 303 specimens collected. Light traps supplemented with carbon dioxide captured more sand flies than did the control traps, but the increased productivity was considered insufficient to compensate the additional cost and possible selective bias in the relative abundance of individual species. Samples from 15 m above the forest floor had on average fewer species and individuals than those taken at 1 m, with significant differences in the relative abundance of some species. Between fazendas, species richness and abundance varied more as a function of season (lower in the dry period) than of space over a range of 40 km. The three fazendas could be discriminated both in terms of presence or absence of species and their relative abundance. Comparisons of contemporaneous samples from different environments within fazendas revealed divergent patterns between fazendas. Vector species infected with Leishmania were found in fragments as small as 1 ha, which is consistent with the habits of at least Didelphis marsupialis, a mammalian reservoir host of Leishmania guyanensis.Para fazer o diagnóstico da diversidade de Phlebotominae em uma paisagem fragmentada na Amazônia, foi comparada a riqueza, abundância e composição de espécies de Phlebotominae presentes em fragmentos de um, dez e cem hectares, floresta contínua e vegetação secundária em três fazendas do Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais. As amostras de Phlebotominae foram coletadas em armadilhas de luz suspensas a 1m e 15m do chão nos ambientes e microambientes (borda e interior) amostrados. Algumas armadilhas de luz foram suplementadas com gelo seco durante um ensaio para avaliar o rendimento na captura. Foram coletadas também fêmeas de flebotomíneos repousando em bases de árvores para exame parasitológico. A fauna de Phlebotominae na área do projeto PDBFF foi constituída por 58 espécies de Lutzomyia e uma espécie de Brumptomyia identificadas entre os 23 303 indivíduos coletados. Armadilhas de luz suplementadas com gelo seco capturaram um maior número de flebotomíneos que armadilhas sem a suplementação, mas a diferença no rendimento não foi considerada suficiente para justificar o custo adicional e possíveis efeitos seletivos sobre a composição das amostras. A comparação entre amostragens a 1m e 15m do chão mostrou que as amostras coletadas a 15m tinham em média menos espécies e indivíduos que a 1m, com diferença na abundância relativa de algumas espécies. A comparação entre as amostras coletadas entre fazendas mostrou que a riqueza e abundância variaram mais em função da época de coleta (menores no período seco) do que em função do espaço em uma gama de 40 km. Nas análises de presença/ausência e de abundância relativa das espécies, foi possível discriminar as três fazendas. Nas comparações entre ambientes e tamanhos de fragmento de uma mesma fazenda, as três Fazendas apresentaram padrões distintos. Vetores infectados com Leishmania ocorreram mesmo em fragmentos de 1 ha. Considerando que entre os hospedeiros de Leishmania guyanensis, pelo menos Didelphis marsupialis explora vegetação antrópica, é provável que o ciclo de transmissão desta leishmânia persista nos fragmentos, embora não se possa descartar a imigração de flebotomíneos infectados oriundos da mata contínua

Lean Six Sigma Approach to Improve the Production Process in the Mould Industry: a Case Study

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore the optimization of internal process is assumed as a critical factor to be capable of answering to the moulds industries. Consequently, it has been considered essential to adopt high-valued methodologies to support tooling industry in order to achieve global competitive advantages. For that purpose, this work aims to apply LEAN principles and techniques to support mould design and manufacturing processes. Methodology/Approach: The methodology used was based on PDCA/DMAIC, with the following stages: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control. For each stages was taken some of Lean Six Sigma techniques, such as Continuous Improvement, Value Stream Mapping, Pareto analysis and Overall Equipment Effectiveness. Findings: This study results was revealed that there are many areas on the organizations in the Mould Industry, when they utilize otimizations tools obtain hugt successes. With the Pareto analysis was carried out to show that events that contributes the most to the stops. The results were: unavailability of the operator (16.4%), programming the machine (14.4%) and tool exchange (12.4%) In the case of this Mould Industry study was obtained for the CNC machines studies, with the implementation of Lean Six Sigma tools as obtained a improvement about 20% of global OEE. Research Limitation/implication: This research was revealed that there the moulds are Project unique and difficult to analyze. Moreover, this paper reports that the approach LEAN Six Sigma is very interesting for the continuous improvement of processes and profitability of moulds industry. Originality/Value of paper: This research highlight areas of future research using of quality management methods and Lean Six Sigma tools to analyse and optimize production in the moulds industry. Therefore this research It is considered to promote and adopt high-valued methodologies to support tooling industry in order to achieve global competitive advantages.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

On the acquisition of high-resolution maps with open source software and commercials off-the-shelf quad-rotors

Mosaics are high-resolution images obtained aerially and employed in several scientific research areas, such for example, in the field of environmental monitoring and precision agriculture. Although many high resolution maps are obtained by commercial demand, they can also be acquired with commercial aerial vehicles which provide more experimental autonomy and availability. For what regard to mosaicing-based aerial mission planners, there are not so many - if any - free of charge software. Therefore, in this paper is presented a framework designed with open source tools and libraries as an alternative to commercial tools to carry out mosaicing tasks

Resolução de problemas aritméticos: método analítico ou sintético? O que revelam as revistas e documentos oficiais alagoanos (1924-1930)

Solving arithmetic problems: analitic method or synthetic ? what the official Alagoan magazines and documents (1924-1930)ResumoEste artigo é parte da dissertação de mestrado defendida por Fernandes (2017) que objetivou investigar quais métodos pedagógicos, sintético ou analítico, figuravam nos documentos oficiais - programas de ensino e nas revistas de ensino de Alagoas das décadas de 1920 e 1930, que orientaram o ensino de problemas aritméticos. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de cunho historiográfico que tomou como base os princípios da história cultural. O referencial teórico-metodológico que fundamentou as análises foram os estudos de Chartier (1990); Chervel (1990); De Certeau (2014); Mortatti (2009); Valente (2015) entre outros. As análises indicaram que, apesar das iniciativas pela pedagogia intuitiva, o método sintético norteou a abordagem para a resolução de problemas no ensino primário alagoano. Palavras-Chave: História. Educação Matemática. Alagoas. Problemas Aritméticos  AbstractThis article is part of a Master’s degree dissertation defended by Fernandes (2017), whose aim was to analyze which pedagogical methods – synthetic or analytical – were present in official documents, that is, in teaching programs and education journals in Alagoas in the 1920’s and 1930’s, which guided the teaching of arithmetic problems. The study had a historiographical approach based on the principles of cultural history. The theoretical framework was founded on studies by Costa (1931), Chervel (1990), Mortatti (2009), de Certeau (2014), Valente (2015) and among other. The analyses pointed out that, despite initiatives with the intuitive method, the synthetic method led the approach to problem solving in primary schools in Alagoas. Keywords:  History. Mathematics Education Alagoas. Arithmetic Problems 

Resolução de problemas aritméticos: método analítico ou sintético? O que revelam as revistas e documentos oficiais alagoanos (1924-1930)

Disponível em: https://paginas.uepa.br/seer/index.php/cocar/article/view/2476Este artigo é parte da dissertação de mestrado defendida por Fernandes (2017) que objetivou investigar quais métodos pedagógicos, sintético ou analítico, figuravam nos documentos oficiais - programas de ensino e nas revistas de ensino de Alagoas das décadas de 1920 e 1930, que orientaram o ensino de problemas aritméticos. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa de cunho historiográfico que tomou como base os princípios da história cultural. O referencial teórico-metodológico que fundamentou as análises foram os estudos de Chartier (1990); Chervel (1990); De Certeau (2014); Mortatti (2009); Valente (2015) entre outros. As análises indicaram que, apesar das iniciativas pela pedagogia intuitiva, o método sintético norteou a abordagem para a resolução de problemas no ensino primário alagoano

Abnormal expression of cerebrospinal fluid cation chloride cotransporters in patients with Rett Syndrome

Objective: Rett Syndrome is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder caused mainly by mutations in the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. The relevance of MeCP2 for GABAergic function was previously documented in animal models. In these models, animals show deficits in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Neuronal Cation Chloride Cotransporters (CCCs) play a key role in GABAergic neuronal maturation, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor is implicated in the regulation of CCCs expression during development. Our aim was to analyse the expression of two relevant CCCs, NKCC1 and KCC2, in the cerebrospinal fluid of Rett syndrome patients and compare it with a normal control group. Methods: The presence of bumetanide sensitive NKCC1 and KCC2 was analysed in cerebrospinal fluid samples from a control pediatric population (1 day to 14 years of life) and from Rett syndrome patients (2 to 19 years of life), by immunoblot analysis. Results: Both proteins were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and their levels are higher in the early postnatal period. However, Rett syndrome patients showed significantly reduced levels of KCC2 and KCC2/NKCC1 ratio when compared to the control group. Conclusions: Reduced KCC2/NKCC1 ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of Rett Syndrome patients suggests a disturbed process of GABAergic neuronal maturation and open up a new therapeutic perspective