Implantación de un proceso contable en el Almacén de bicicletas “Bosanbike Santamaría”, ubicado en la ciudad de Ambato, provincia de Tungurahua, período 2009

“Implantación de un Proceso Contable en el Almacén de Bicicletas “BOSANBIKE SANTAMARÍA” ubicado en la ciudad de Ambato, Provincia de Tungurahua, período 2009”. Con el objetivo de cumplir con un procesamiento adecuado y necesario para obtener una información económica-financiera confiable. En esta propuesta se implantará todo un sistema contable que será de fácil manejo para su propietario y trabajadores. El programa a instalar será el MÓNICA 8.5 donde se registrarán todos y cada uno de sus movimientos económicos desde el Plan General de Cuentas, Clientes, Proveedores, Inventarios, Libro Diario y los Estados Financieros. Se realizó una visita personal al almacén donde se entrevistó al gerente-propietario y a sus trabajadores, recogiendo información real la cual está plasmada en el presente documento. En esta Memoria Técnica se implantará un sistema contable para el control económico del almacén, ya que no existe un conocimiento previo de sus pérdidas o ganancias. La puesta en marcha de esta propuesta ayudará a llevar de una manera ordenada el control económico de sus ventas, obteniendo una información real y garantizará la buena y rápida atención al cliente. Se recomienda la implantación del sistema computarizado para tener un mejor control permitiendo a su propietario tomar las decisiones en beneficio del almacén

Use of Bayesian Modeling to Determine the Effects of Meteorological Conditions, Prescribed Burn Season, and Tree Characteristics on Litterfall of Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster Stands

Research Highlights: Litterfall biomass after prescribed burning (PB) is significantly influenced by meteorological variables, stand characteristics, and the fire prescription. Some of the fire-adaptive traits of the species under study (Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster) mitigate the effects of PB on litterfall biomass. The Bayesian approach, tested here for the first time, was shown to be useful for analyzing the complex combination of variables influencing the effect of PB on litterfall. Background and Objectives: The aims of the study focused on explaining the influence of meteorological conditions after PB on litterfall biomass, to explore the potential influence of stand characteristic and tree traits that influence fire protection, and to assess the influence of fire prescription and fire behavior. Materials and Methods: An experimental factorial design including three treatments (control, spring, and autumn burning), each with three replicates, was established at two experimental sites (N = 18; 50 × 50 m$^2$ plots). The methodology of the International Co-operative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP forests) was applied and a Bayesian approach was used to construct a generalized linear mixed model. Results: Litterfall was mainly affected by the meteorological variables and also by the type of stand and the treatment. The effects of minimum bark thickness and the height of the first live branch were random. The maximum scorch height was not high enough to affect the litterfall. Time during which the temperature exceeded 60 °C (cambium and bark) did not have an important effect. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that meteorological conditions were the most significant variables affecting litterfall biomass, with snowy and stormy days having important effects. Significant effects of stand characteristics (mixed and pure stand) and fire prescription regime (spring and autumn PB) were shown. The trees were completely protected by a combination of low-intensity PB and fire-adaptive tree traits, which prevent direct and indirect effects on litterfall. Identification of important variables can help to improve PB and reduce the vulnerability of stands managed by this method

Flammability of Two Mediterranean Mixed Forests: Study of the Non-additive Effect of Fuel Mixtures in Laboratory

In the Mediterranean region, wildfires are a major disturbance, determined by ecosystem and forest species characteristics. Both the flammability and resistance to fire of a mixed forest may vary from those of the individual species. Two mixed Mediterranean woodlands, a Cupressus sempervirens and Quercus ilex stand in Italy; and a Juniperus thurifera and Quercus faginea stand in Spain were investigated. Laboratory flammability tests were conducted on live foliage, litter samples and on litter beds from individual and mixed species to evaluate: (i) the flammability traits of the mixtures of live foliage and litter samples; (ii) whether the flammability of the two-species mixtures are non-additive, i.e., differ from expected flammability based on arithmetic sum of the single effects of each components species in monospecific fuel; (iii) the ignition success and initial fire propagation in litter beds. Flammability tests were also conducted on bark samples to estimate the resistance of the tree species to fire. The ignitibility of live foliage was lower and the combustibility was higher in Cupressaceae than in Quercus. Non-additive effects were observed in some flammability components of live foliage and litter, especially in the mixtures of C. sempervirens and Q. ilex. Ignitability and combustibility were higher and lower than expected, respectively, and tended to be driven by Quercus), while the consumability was lowered more than expected by both Cupressaceae. The ignition success in the litter beds was low, especially for the presence of Cupressaceae that increase the bulk density of the mixtures. Cupressaceae, which have a thinner bark, suffered more damage to the cambium after shorter exposure to the heat source than Quercus species. In all the species studied, time to reach lethal temperatures in the cambium was dependent on thickness rather than on flammability of the bark. The study findings revealed that tree species may influence flammability of mixed fuels disproportionately to their load. The studied species showed to exert a contrasted effect on flammability of the mixtures, increasing ignitability and decreasing combustibility and consumability well out of their proportion in the mixture. This may potentially influence fire dynamics in mixed forests

Revalorization of Posidonia oceanica Waste for the Thermochemical Production of Biochar

Every year, many tonnes of Posidonia oceanica are removed from Mediterranean beaches to maintain the quality and pleasure of use of the beaches. Most of this waste ends up in landfills, entailing removal costs. In this work, the Posidonia oceanica material was characterised, and a washing system was developed to obtain biochar. An adequate washing of the starting biomass was shown to play a key role as it led to an over 90% salt content reduction and, therefore, a decrease in conductivity values. The use of biochar as a soil remediator improves soil properties, carbon sequestration, and plant growth. However, not all types of biochars are suitable for this type of application. Therefore, the properties of biochar made from Posidonia oceanica at different temperatures (300, 400, and 500 °C) were studied. All the biochars obtained showed to exceed 10% organic carbon, which is the lower limit to be applied to soils, the maximum percentage having been obtained at 300 °C. In addition, all presented pH values (8.02, 10.32, and 10.38 for the temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C, respectively) that were similar to those of other effective biochars for the remediation of acid soils.The present study was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain) [grant number PID2019-108632RB-I00] and by Prometheus Programme (Spain) [grant number CIPROM/2021/027]

El papel de la regeneración natural en la restauración tras grandes incendios forestales : el caso del pino negral

El incendio forestal es una perturbación de gran impacto socioeconómico y ambiental, cuya severidad y recurrencia se prevé que irá en aumento como consecuencia de los efectos del cambio climático. El mayor número de incendios con altos niveles de severidad y que afectan a grandes superficies dificulta la toma de decisiones en la restauración de estos ecosistemas. El presente trabajo pretende aportar algunas soluciones y recomendaciones basadas en diversas experiencias llevadas a cabo en diferentes proyectos de investigación en masas de pino negral.Wildfires are a common disturbance in Mediterranean ecosystems with important socioeconomical and environmental impacts. In addition, future effects promoted by climate change could increase severity levels and fire frequency of wildfires. Mega-fires which affect large areas are a challenge for forest managers and decision support tools to restore affected ecosystems are needed. Present work describes the results of some research projects carried out in Pinus pinaster stands. Recommendations and some solutions related to post-fire management are proposed

Phytotoxic Effects of Three Natural Compounds: Pelargonic Acid, Carvacrol, and Cinnamic Aldehyde, against Problematic Weeds in Mediterranean Crops

[EN] Weeds and herbicides are important stress factors for crops. Weeds are responsible for great losses in crop yields, more than 50% in some crops if left uncontrolled. Herbicides have been used as the main method for weed control since their development after the Second World War. It is necessary to find alternatives to synthetic herbicides that can be incorporated in an Integrated Weed Management Program, to produce crops subjected to less stress in a more sustainable way. In this work, three natural products: pelargonic acid (PA), carvacrol (CV), and cinnamic aldehyde (CA) were evaluated, under greenhouse conditions in postemergence assays, against problematic weeds in Mediterranean cropsAmaranthus retroflexus,Avena fatua,Portulaca oleracea,andErigeron bonariensis, to determine their phytotoxic potential. The three products showed a potent herbicidal activity, reaching high efficacy (plant death) and damage level in all species, being PA the most effective at all doses applied, followed by CA and CV. These products could be good candidates for bioherbicides formulations.This research was funded by SEIPASA.Muñoz, M.; Torres-Pagán, N.; Peiró Barber, RM.; Guijarro, R.; Sánchez-Moreiras, AM.; Verdeguer Sancho, MM. (2020). Phytotoxic Effects of Three Natural Compounds: Pelargonic Acid, Carvacrol, and Cinnamic Aldehyde, against Problematic Weeds in Mediterranean Crops. Agronomy. 10(6):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060791S120106Vos, R., & Bellù, L. G. (2019). Global Trends and Challenges to Food and Agriculture into the 21st Century. Sustainable Food and Agriculture, 11-30. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812134-4.00002-9Vats, S. (2014). Herbicides: History, Classification and Genetic Manipulation of Plants for Herbicide Resistance. 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Phytotoxic potential of essential oils from temperate climate plants against the germination of selected weeds and crops. Journal of Pest Science, 90(1), 407-419. doi:10.1007/s10340-016-0759-2Hazrati, H., Saharkhiz, M. J., Niakousari, M., & Moein, M. (2017). Natural herbicide activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion on the seed germination and morphophysiological features of two important weed species. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 142, 423-430. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.041Verdeguer, M., Blázquez, M. A., & Boira, H. (2009). Phytotoxic effects of Lantana camara, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eriocephalus africanus essential oils in weeds of Mediterranean summer crops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 37(4), 362-369. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.06.003Benarab, H., Fenni, M., Louadj, Y., Boukhabti, H., & Ramdani, M. (2020). Allelopathic activity of essential oil extracts from Artemisia herba-alba Asso. on seed and seedling germination of weed and wheat crops. Acta Scientifica Naturalis, 7(1), 86-97. doi:10.2478/asn-2020-0009Benchaa, S., Hazzit, M., & Abdelkrim, H. (2018). Allelopathic Effect ofEucalyptus citriodoraEssential Oil and Its Potential Use as Bioherbicide. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 15(8), e1800202. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201800202Verdeguer, M., Castañeda, L. G., Torres-Pagan, N., Llorens-Molina, J. A., & Carrubba, A. (2020). Control of Erigeron bonariensis with Thymbra capitata, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Santolina chamaecyparissus Essential Oils. Molecules, 25(3), 562. doi:10.3390/molecules25030562Scavo, A., Pandino, G., Restuccia, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2020). Leaf extracts of cultivated cardoon as potential bioherbicide. Scientia Horticulturae, 261, 109024. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109024Ma, S., Fu, L., He, S., Lu, X., Wu, Y., Ma, Z., & Zhang, X. (2018). Potent herbicidal activity of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. against Avena fatua L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. Industrial Crops and Products, 122, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.046Pacanoski, Z., & Mehmeti, A. (2019). Allelopathic effect of Siberian iris (Iris sibirica) on the early growth of wild oat (Avena fatua) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). Journal of Central European Agriculture, 20(4), 1179-1187. doi:10.5513/jcea01/20.4.2047Bainard, L. D., Isman, M. B., & Upadhyaya, M. K. (2006). Phytotoxicity of clove oil and its primary constituent eugenol and the role of leaf epicuticular wax in the susceptibility to these essential oils. Weed Science, 54(5), 833-837. doi:10.1614/ws-06-039r.1Ahuja, N., Singh, H. P., Batish, D. R., & Kohli, R. K. (2015). Eugenol-inhibited root growth in Avena fatua involves ROS-mediated oxidative damage. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 118, 64-70. doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.11.012Vaughn, S. F., & Spencer, G. F. (1993). Volatile Monoterpenes as Potential Parent Structures for New Herbicides. Weed Science, 41(1), 114-119. doi:10.1017/s0043174500057672Verdeguer, M., García-Rellán, D., Boira, H., Pérez, E., Gandolfo, S., & Blázquez, M. A. (2011). Herbicidal Activity of Peumus boldus and Drimys winterii Essential Oils from Chile. Molecules, 16(1), 403-411. doi:10.3390/molecules16010403Saad, M. M. G., Abdelgaleil, S. A. M., & Suganuma, T. (2012). Herbicidal potential of pseudoguaninolide sesquiterpenes on wild oat, Avena fatua L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 44, 333-337. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2012.06.004Araniti, F., Sánchez-Moreiras, A. M., Graña, E., Reigosa, M. J., & Abenavoli, M. R. (2016). Terpenoidtrans-caryophyllene inhibits weed germination and induces plant water status alteration and oxidative damage in adultArabidopsis. Plant Biology, 19(1), 79-89. doi:10.1111/plb.12471Coleman, R., & Penner, D. (2008). Organic Acid Enhancement of Pelargonic Acid. Weed Technology, 22(1), 38-41. doi:10.1614/wt-06-195.1Dayan, F. E., & Duke, S. O. (2014). Natural Compounds as Next-Generation Herbicides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 166(3), 1090-1105. doi:10.1104/pp.114.239061Lebecque, S., Lins, L., Dayan, F. E., Fauconnier, M.-L., & Deleu, M. (2019). Interactions Between Natural Herbicides and Lipid Bilayers Mimicking the Plant Plasma Membrane. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00329Gruenwald, J., Freder, J., & Armbruester, N. (2010). Cinnamon and Health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50(9), 822-834. doi:10.1080/10408390902773052Viazis, S., Akhtar, M., Feirtag, J., & Diez-Gonzalez, F. (2011). Reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 viability on leafy green vegetables by treatment with a bacteriophage mixture and trans-cinnamaldehyde. Food Microbiology, 28(1), 149-157. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2010.09.009Kwon, J. A., Yu, C. B., & Park, H. D. (2003). Bacteriocidal effects and inhibition of cell separation of cinnamic aldehyde on Bacillus cereus. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 37(1), 61-65. doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01350.xFriedman, M. (2017). Chemistry, Antimicrobial Mechanisms, and Antibiotic Activities of Cinnamaldehyde against Pathogenic Bacteria in Animal Feeds and Human Foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 65(48), 10406-10423. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04344Saad, M. M. G., Gouda, N. A. A., & Abdelgaleil, S. A. M. (2019). Bioherbicidal activity of terpenes and phenylpropenes against Echinochloa crus-galli. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 54(12), 954-963. doi:10.1080/03601234.2019.1653121Roselló, J., Sempere, F., Sanz-Berzosa, I., Chiralt, A., & Santamarina, M. P. (2015). Antifungal Activity and Potential Use of Essential Oils AgainstFusarium culmorumandFusarium verticillioides. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(2), 359-367. doi:10.1080/0972060x.2015.1010601Santamarina, M., Ibáñez, M., Marqués, M., Roselló, J., Giménez, S., & Blázquez, M. (2017). Bioactivity of essential oils in phytopathogenic and post-harvest fungi control. Natural Product Research, 31(22), 2675-2679. doi:10.1080/14786419.2017.1286479Krepker, M., Shemesh, R., Danin Poleg, Y., Kashi, Y., Vaxman, A., & Segal, E. (2017). Active food packaging films with synergistic antimicrobial activity. Food Control, 76, 117-126. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.01.014Ye, H., Shen, S., Xu, J., Lin, S., Yuan, Y., & Jones, G. S. (2013). Synergistic interactions of cinnamaldehyde in combination with carvacrol against food-borne bacteria. Food Control, 34(2), 619-623. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.032WU, H., WALKER, S., ROLLIN, M. J., TAN, D. K. Y., ROBINSON, G., & WERTH, J. (2007). Germination, persistence, and emergence of flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis [L.] Cronquist). 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Una forma más equitativa de medir el desarrollo de género en España y sus comunidades autónomas

Antecedentes/Objetivos: Además del desarrollo de género, la equidad de género es un determinante estructural de la salud, importante para las políticas de salud pública. El índice de equidad de género (IEG) mide la distancia entre ambos sexos en las dimensiones empoderamiento, actividad económica y educación. Objetivo: Explorar la variabilidad en la inequidad de género en las comunidades autónomas (CC.AA.) de España en el año 2006, mediante la descripción del IEG modificado. Métodos: Estudio transversal ecológico. Dado que el IEG sólo hace visible la inequidad cuando es desfavorable a las mujeres, se calcula el IEG modificado que puede hacer visibles aquellos casos, de haberlos actualmente o en el futuro, en los que las mujeres están, en términos relativos, mejor que los hombres. Para ello, en lugar de calcular las diferencias de género en las dimensiones del IEG mediante un cociente de proporciones, estas se comparan en términos absolutos (diferencias en las proporciones). IEGm oscila entre –1 (inequidad hacia las mujeres), 0 (equidad) y 1 (inequidad hacia los hombres). Resultados: La inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres está presente en todas las CC.AA. de España (IEGm de España = –0,162). La más equitativa: País Vasco (–0,086). La menos, Navarra (–0,184). En actividad económica, todas las CC.AA. presentan inequidad desfavorable a las mujeres. Baleares es la más equitativa (–0,221). Castilla-La Mancha la menos (–0,355). Inversamente, en actividad económica, todas las CC.AA. presentan valores de inequidad desfavorables a los hombres. Castilla-La Mancha es la única CA donde el valor de la dimensión de empoderamiento es desfavorable a los hombres (0,033). Conclusiones: No contando el índice de equidad de género con dimensión de salud/esperanza de vida, su uso es útil en la búsqueda de asociaciones con la mortalidad. Dadas las diferencias interregionales en la equidad de género en España, la Ley de Igualdad y los Planes de Igualdad en las CC.AA. deben trabajar para asegurar la equidad entre mujeres y hombres en todas sus dimensiones. En España persisten las desigualdades interregionales este-oeste en el desarrollo de género, principalmente debido al peso del empoderamiento político en el IEGm

Looking twice at the gender equity index for public health impact

Background: It has been shown that gender equity has a positive impact on the everyday activities of people (decision making, income allocation, application and observance of norms/rules) which affect their health. Gender equity is also a crucial determinant of health inequalities at national level; thus, monitoring is important for surveillance of women’s and men’s health as well as for future health policy initiatives. The Gender Equity Index (GEI) was designed to show inequity solely towards women. Given that the value under scrutiny is equity, in this paper a modified version of the GEI is proposed, the MGEI, which highlights the inequities affecting both sexes. Methods: Rather than calculating gender gaps by means of a quotient of proportions, gaps in the MGEI are expressed in absolute terms (differences in proportions). The Spearman’s rank coefficient, calculated from country rankings obtained according to both indexes, was used to evaluate the level of concordance between both classifications. To compare the degree of sensitivity and obtain the inequity by the two methods, the variation coefficient of the GEI and MGEI values was calculated. Results: Country rankings according to GEI and MGEI values showed a high correlation (rank coef. = 0.95). The MGEI presented greater dispersion (43.8%) than the GEI (19.27%). Inequity towards men was identified in the education gap (rank coef. = 0.36) when using the MGEI. According to this method, many countries shared the same absolute value for education but with opposite signs, for example Azerbaijan (−0.022) and Belgium (0.022), reflecting inequity towards women and men, respectively. This also occurred in the empowerment gap with the technical and professional job component (Brunei:-0.120 vs. Australia, Canada Iceland and the U.S.A.: 0.120). Conclusion: The MGEI identifies and highlights the different areas of inequities between gender groups. It thus overcomes the shortcomings of the GEI related to the aim for which this latter was created, namely measuring gender equity, and is therefore of great use to policy makers who wish to understand and monitor the results of specific equity policies and to determine the length of time for which these policies should be maintained in order to correct long-standing structural discrimination against women.This research was funded by the Institute of Women, Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (Ref. 112–09) and has been presented orally in “Health and equity in all policies” (SEE-SESPAS), Madrid, October 6-7th 2011

Looking twice at the gender equity index for public health impact.

Background: It has been shown that gender equity has a positive impact on the everyday activities of people (decision making, income allocation, application and observance of norms/rules) which affect their health. Gender equity is also a crucial determinant of health inequalities at national level; thus, monitoring is important for surveillance of women’s and men’s health as well as for future health policy initiatives. The Gender Equity Index (GEI) was designed to show inequity solely towards women. Given that the value under scrutiny is equity, in this paper a modified version of the GEI is proposed, the MGEI, which highlights the inequities affecting both sexes. Methods: Rather than calculating gender gaps by means of a quotient of proportions, gaps in the MGEI are expressed in absolute terms (differences in proportions). The Spearman’s rank coefficient, calculated from country rankings obtained according to both indexes, was used to evaluate the level of concordance between both classifications. To compare the degree of sensitivity and obtain the inequity by the two methods, the variation coefficient of the GEI and MGEI values was calculated. Results: Country rankings according to GEI and MGEI values showed a high correlation (rank coef. = 0.95). The MGEI presented greater dispersion (43.8%) than the GEI (19.27%). Inequity towards men was identified in the education gap (rank coef. = 0.36) when using the MGEI. According to this method, many countries shared the same absolute value for education but with opposite signs, for example Azerbaijan (−0.022) and Belgium (0.022), reflecting inequity towards women and men, respectively. This also occurred in the empowerment gap with the technical and professional job component (Brunei:-0.120 vs. Australia, Canada Iceland and the U.S.A.: 0.120). Conclusion: The MGEI identifies and highlights the different areas of inequities between gender groups. It thus overcomes the shortcomings of the GEI related to the aim for which this latter was created, namely measuring gender equity, and is therefore of great use to policy makers who wish to understand and monitor the results of specific equity policies and to determine the length of time for which these policies should be maintained in order to correct long-standing structural discrimination against women