A Comparison of Different Station Data on Revealing the Characteristics of Extreme Hourly Precipitation Over Complex Terrain: The Case of Zhejiang, China

Abstract Both long‐term but small number of national stations and short‐term but large number of regional stations have been frequently used to study the extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP) in China. However, few studies focus on the differences of the two for revealing the features of EXHP. In this study, the characteristics of EXHP in Zhejiang Province are investigated using three rainfall data sets at three threshold criteria. The comparison between different data sets shows that increasing the station density can better reflect the climatic spatial distribution of EXHP thresholds if long‐term data is absent. The majority of EXHP can be classified into four weather types: the southwesterly wind type (30.7%–48.5%), the trough type (12.2%–23.6%), the tropical cyclone (TC) type (11.4%–17.5%) and the easterly wind type (4.9%–17.9%). The selection of stations is more sensitive to the proportions of the four weather types than the statistical years and threshold criteria. The monthly and diurnal variations of EXHP, as well as their differences revealed by the three data sets, are varied by weather type. Only using national stations cannot distinguish the spatial differences between the TC type and the easterly wind type, and there is an underestimation for southwesterly wind type and trough type in the mountainous area of southwest Zhejiang. The statistical year and station height are the main reasons for the differences in the duration of EXHP events calculated by different data sets, with the TC type having the largest effect and the southwesterly wind type the smallest

Effects of Water and Nitrogen on Grain Filling Characteristics, Canopy Microclimate with Chalkiness of Directly Seeded Rice

In order to determine how to reduce the chalkiness of rice grains through irrigation modes and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management. The experiment was designed using three irrigation modes (flooding (W1), dry–wet alternating (W2), and dry alternating (W3)), three N application strategies (under 150 kg ha−1, the application ratio of base:tiller:panicle fertilizer (30%:50%:20% (N1), 30%:30%:40% (N2), and 30%:10%:60% (N3)), and zero N as the control (N0) in 2019 and 2020. The results revealed that water–nitrogen interactions had a significant or extremely significant effect on the chalkiness characteristics of the superior and inferior grains. Compared with W1 and W3 treatments, W2 coupled with the N1 application strategy can further optimize grain filling characteristics and canopy microclimate parameters, thereby reducing grain chalkiness. Correlation analysis revealed that increasing grain filling parameters (Gmax or Gmean) and mean grain filling rates (MGRs) during the mid-filling stage in superior grains of the primary branches and inferior grains of the secondary branches, which were important factors in water–nitrogen interaction effects, could further reduce chalkiness. Improving the canopy microclimate (daily average temperature difference and daily average light intensity difference) during the early-filling stage for inferior grains and the mid-filling stage for superior grains could be another important method to reduce chalkiness

Genome-Wide Investigation of G6PDH Gene in Strawberry: Evolution and Expression Analysis during Development and Stress

As one of the key enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) provides NADPH and plays an important role in plant development and stress responses. However, little information was available about the G6PDH genes in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). The recent release of the whole-genome sequence of strawberry allowed us to perform a genome-wide investigation into the organization and expression profiling of strawberry G6PDH genes. In the present study, 19 strawberry G6PDH genes (FaG6PDHs) were identified from the strawberry genome database. They were designated as FaG6PDH1 to FaG6PDH19, respectively, according to the conserved domain of each subfamily and multiple sequence alignment with Arabidopsis. According to their structural and phylogenetic features, the 19 FaG6PDHs were further classified into five types: Cy, P1, P1.1, P2 and PO. The number and location of exons and introns are similar, suggesting that genes of the same type are very similar and are alleles. A cis-element analysis inferred that FaG6PDHs possessed at least one stress-responsive cis-acting element. Expression profiles derived from transcriptome data analysis exhibited distinct expression patterns of FaG6PDHs genes in different developmental stages. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression level of five types FaG6PDHs genes and demonstrated that the genes were expressed and responded to multiple abiotic stress and hormonal treatments

The Southern China monsoon rainfall experiment (SCMREX)

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00235.1A unique program is developed for improving heavy rainfall forecasts over southern China during the presummer rainy season through field campaigns and research on physical mechanisms and convection-permitting modeling.Public Welfare Scientific Research Projects in MeteorologyScientific Projects of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS)Outreach Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Severe WeatherNational Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)GYHY201406013 (PWSRPM)GYHY201406003 (PWSRPM)GYHY201306004 (PWSRPM)GYHY201406007 (PWSRPM)2014Z004 (CAMS)2014LASW-B04 (OPSKLSW)2014LASW-B05 (OPSKLSW)2012CB417202 (973 Program)2014CB441402 (973 Program

The Southern China Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SCMREX)

A unique program is developed for improving heavy rainfall forecasts over southern China during the presummer rainy season through field campaigns and research on physical mechanisms and convection-permitting modeling.Public Welfare Scientific Research Projects in Meteorology [GYHY201406013, GYHY201406003, GYHY201306004, GYHY201406007]; Scientific Research Projects of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) [2014Z004]; Outreach Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather [2014LASW-B04, 2014LASW-B05]; National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) [2012CB417202, 2014CB441402]SCI(E)ARTICLE5999-10139