The evolving nature of competition in the wireless ecosystem : emergent opportunities and threats

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references.By the end of 2008, there are over 4 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide, translating into a penetration rate of 61%. In developed economies like the United States, the penetration rate has reached over 85%. Even though the subscriber numbers are reaching saturation levels, the revenues of mobile operators continue to grow at a double-digit rate. This is primarily because of an increase in data usage over cellular networks. Mobile handsets have become increasingly powerful and rival the capabilities of personal computers from just a few years ago. These devices can be used to run a variety of applications and are fast becoming the medium of choice for accessing the Internet. Cellular networks are also becoming increasingly powerful in their ability to carry large amounts of data. This evolution in capabilities has attracted a variety of new players to the wireless ecosystem changing the nature of interaction within the ecosystem. The central role played by the wireless operators is increasingly challenged by these new entrants creating both new opportunities and new threats for all the participants in the ecosystem. This thesis will explore the structure of the wireless ecosystem as it exists today and analyze how competition between various layers and within each layer has played out. Further, it will look at the new ways in which the participants are competing with each other and how this results in emergent opportunities and threats. Finally, the thesis will draw lessons from the Internet revolution and the personal computing ecosystem to predict how the platform wars are likely to play out and who has the opportunity to become the dominant player in the new ecosystem.by Nagarjuna Venna.S.M

HUBUNGAN KEAHLIAN KOMITE AUDIT TERHADAP KUALITAS LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2012-2014

Abstrak - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan keahlian komite audit dengan kualitas laba perusahaan dengan menggunakan manajemen laba sebagai proxy. Keahlian komite audit dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu keahlian berdasarkan dan pengalaman kerja. Digunakan sampel dari data sekunder perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI pada 2012-2014 dan manajemen laba perusahaan dihitung menggunakan model modified Jones. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komite audit yang memiliki pendidikan akuntansi dalam komposisi komite audit akan menurunkan tingkat manajemen laba dan meningkatkan kualitas laba, sedangkan semakin banyak anggota komite audit yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan mengenai akuntansi akan mendorong terjadinya manajemen laba dan menurunkan kualitas laba perusahaan. Kata kunci: Manajemen Laba, Komite Audit, Keahlian Abstract – The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the audit committee expertise with the earnings quality by using earnings management as a proxy. Audit committee expertise is divided into two categories, there are the expertise that comes from education and work experience. Used a sample of secondary data companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2014 and earnings management is calculated using a modified model of Jones. The results showed that the audit committee has the accounting education in the composition of the audit committee will reduce the level of earnings management and improve the earnings quality, while a growing number of audit committee members who do not have knowledge of accounting leads to a lowering of earnings management and earnings quality. Keywords : Earnings Management, Audit Committee, Expertis

Correlation between Hemoglobin Concentration and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescent Sportsmen

Background: Sport is a physical activity that increases human body oxygen demand. Hemoglobin has a major role to fulfill the oxygen demand. The body capacity to fulfill the increasing oxygen demand could be seen as cardiorespiratory fitness. Sportsmen have a high cardiorespiratory fitness due to the intensity and frequency of training. This study aimed to explore how hemoglobin concentration affects the cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescence sportsmen. Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach. The sampling started in October – November 2019. Sample of this study were 15-19 years old male badminton and basketball sportsmen at Jakarta and Bogor (n=72). Hemoglobin concentration measured with a digital hemoglobinometer which used an azide-methemoglobin method. VO2max estimated with a beep test. FITNESSGRAM® Performance Standard was used for the classification of cardiorespiratory fitness. All measurement’s ethical issues had been approved. The result of hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness was processed by SPSS program with Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis analysis method. Results: There was a correlation between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001, p < 0.05). Spearman analysis showed there was a weak correlation (r = 0.38) between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed there was a meaningful mean difference in hemoglobin concentration on cardiorespiratory fitness groups (p = 0.005, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The mean of the hemoglobin concentration on the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) cardiorespiratory group was higher than on the Need Improvement (NI) group and the Need Improvement within Health Risk (NI-HR) group.

Correlation between Hemoglobin Concentration and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescent Sportsmen

Background: Sport is a physical activity that increases human body oxygen demand. Hemoglobin has a major role to fulfill the oxygen demand. The body capacity to fulfill the increasing oxygen demand could be seen as cardiorespiratory fitness. Sportsmen have a high cardiorespiratory fitness due to the intensity and frequency of training. This study aimed to explore how hemoglobin concentration affects the cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescence sportsmen. Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach. The sampling started in October – November 2019. Sample of this study were 15-19 years old male badminton and basketball sportsmen at Jakarta and Bogor (n=72). Hemoglobin concentration measured with a digital hemoglobinometer which used an azide-methemoglobin method. VO2max estimated with a beep test. FITNESSGRAM® Performance Standard was used for the classification of cardiorespiratory fitness. All measurement’s ethical issues had been approved. The result of hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness was processed by SPSS program with Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis analysis method. Results: There was a correlation between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.001, p < 0.05). Spearman analysis showed there was a weak correlation (r = 0.38) between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed there was a meaningful mean difference in hemoglobin concentration on cardiorespiratory fitness groups (p = 0.005, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The mean of the hemoglobin concentration on the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) cardiorespiratory group was higher than on the Need Improvement (NI) group and the Need Improvement within Health Risk (NI-HR) group.

HUBUNGAN KEAHLIAN KOMITE AUDIT TERHADAP KUALITAS LABA PADA PERUSAHAAN SEKTOR MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2012-2014

Abstrak - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan keahlian komite audit dengan kualitas laba perusahaan dengan menggunakan manajemen laba sebagai proxy. Keahlian komite audit dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu keahlian berdasarkan dan pengalaman kerja. Digunakan sampel dari data sekunder perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di BEI pada 2012-2014 dan manajemen laba perusahaan dihitung menggunakan model modified Jones. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komite audit yang memiliki pendidikan akuntansi dalam komposisi komite audit akan menurunkan tingkat manajemen laba dan meningkatkan kualitas laba, sedangkan semakin banyak anggota komite audit yang tidak memiliki pengetahuan mengenai akuntansi akan mendorong terjadinya manajemen laba dan menurunkan kualitas laba perusahaan. Kata kunci: Manajemen Laba, Komite Audit, Keahlian Abstract – The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the audit committee expertise with the earnings quality by using earnings management as a proxy. Audit committee expertise is divided into two categories, there are the expertise that comes from education and work experience. Used a sample of secondary data companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2014 and earnings management is calculated using a modified model of Jones. The results showed that the audit committee has the accounting education in the composition of the audit committee will reduce the level of earnings management and improve the earnings quality, while a growing number of audit committee members who do not have knowledge of accounting leads to a lowering of earnings management and earnings quality. Keywords : Earnings Management, Audit Committee, Expertis

Strategi Pembelajaran IPS Berbasis Literasi dalam Membentuk Karakter Siswa SMPN 1 Ngunut

Strategi dalam suatu pembelajaran terhadap peserta didik harus tepat kita perlu adanya pendekatan terhadap peserta didik agar kita dapat mengetahui setiap karakter anak. Strategi pembelajaran memudahkan siswa menerima atau memahami materi pembelajaran, dan pada akhirnya tujuan pembelajaran dapat dikuasai oleh siswa. Pelaksanaan Kurikulum 2013 pada pembelajaran salah satunya menenkankan pentingnya kemampuan literasi. Pemerintah telah membuat program terkait literasi yaitu gerakan literasi sekolah untuk dilaksanakan di setiap jenjang sekolah.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui teknik dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi, mengidentifikasi media pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi dan menganalisis evaluasi hasil belajar siswa setelah pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian berasal dari sumber data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui metode wawancara, studi dokumen, observasi. Uji keabsahan data penelitian menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber. Analisis data menggunakan analisis yaitu reduksi data, sajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan.Hasil penelitian Teknik pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi yang digunakan oleh guru di SMP Negeri 1 Ngunut menggunakan teknik ceramah dan teknik diskusi. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran tersebut didalam kelas memerlukan peranan dari dua unsur penting yaitu guru dan siswa dengan perannya masing- masing. Guru sebagai pendidik mendorong siswa agar tertarik mengikuti pembelajaran dan mendampingi siswa selama kegiatan pembelajaran. Pembelajaran literasi dalam kelas ditujukan agar siswa lebih aktif, kreatif, kritis dan memiliki kemampuan literasi. Media yang guru gunakan dalam pembelajaran IPS berbasis literasi yaitu menggunakan ebook, media internet, dan mengamati kondisi yang ada dimasyarakat di lingkungan kita berada. Evaluasi siswa evaluasai tidak jauh berbeda dengan pembelajaran pada umumnya yaitu melalu tes tulis maupun nontertulis. Penilaian tertulis digunakan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kemampuan kognitif siswa sedangkan nontertulis digunakan untuk mengetahui afektif siswa terutama kemampuan literasi

Molecular engineering design of the SAPO-34 and ZIF-8 membranes for CO2 separation from CH4 and N2.

The separation of C02 from light gases is a very important environmental and energy issue. The state-of-the-art process for the purification of C02 uses amine adsorption, which is a complex, and costly. Membrane technology is far less expensive and requires less energy consumption. Although polymeric membranes can separate CO2, high pressures plasticize them and decrease their separation ability considerably. Zeolite membranes have significant advantages over traditional polymeric membranes, such as high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability. Furthermore, the development of superior performance membranes for gas mixture separations requires novel materials with fundamentally different structural, adsorption and transport properties than those of polymers and zeolites. In this respect, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) a subclass of metal organic frameworks, have emerged as a novel crystalline porous materials which combine highly desirable properties, such as uniform pores and exceptional thermal and chemical stability, making them ideal candidates for molecular separations. This work demonstrates the development of continuous zeolite (SAPO-34) and metal organic framework (ZIF-8) membranes able to separate C02 from CH4 and N2. The membranes were prepared on tubular porous supports by secondary seeded growth. Therefore, first we focused on the synthesis of small homogeneous crystals (both SAPO-34 and ZIF -8) with high surface area and used as “seeds for membrane nucleation and growth. Crystal growth inhibitors, and microwave heating were used to prepare SAPO-34 seeds (~ 0.5 µm). Solvothermal synthesis was employed to prepare ZIF-8 seeds displaying (~ 50 µm). The entire process from gel formation, nucleation, crystallization and growth of ZIF -8 at room temperature was followed. The resultant SAPO-34 membranes were functionalized with organic amino cations to promote CO2 preferential adsorption and evaluated for the separation of Co2/CH4 and Co2/N2 gas mixtures. CO2/CH4 selectivities as high as 245 with CO2 permeances of ~5 x10-7 mol/m2 s Pa at 295K and 138 KPa were observed. To our best knowledge, our SAPO-34 membranes display one of the best (if not the best) overall separation performance for the separation of CO2/CH4 gas mixtures. Moreover, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of novel ZIF-8 membranes for CO2/CH4 gas separation. This work represents one of the first examples (and the only example on CO2/CH4 separation) of the successful preparation of continuous, thin, and reproducible zeolitic imidazolate framework membranes for a functional gas mixture separation. Our ZIF-8 membranes displayed unprecedented high CO2 permeances up to ~ 2.4 X 10-5 mol/m2·s·Pa and CO2/CH4 selectivities from ~4 to 7. The central intellectual thrust of this work is the rational design of SAPO-34 and ZIF-8 membranes, which offer the possibility of demonstrating high separation performance for CO2 purification from light gases, and other functional gas separations. The specific research objectives are: 1. Rational design of small SAPO-34 and ZIF-8 crystals, displaying narrow size distribution and enhanced CO2 sorption properties. 2. Development of continuous SAPO-34 and ZIF-8 membranes for CO2/ CH4 and CO2/N2 gas separations. 3. Elucidate and understand the basic information mechanisms governing the transformation of precursor solutions into ZIF phases. 4. Establish the fundamental structure/separation relationships of SAPO-34 and ZIF-8 membranes in relevant functional gas separations such as CO2/ CH4 and CO2/N2. This work represents an important advance in the rational design of zeolite and metal organic framework membranes and in basic fundamental understanding of its structure/separation relationships. In particular, the proposed research has practical implications in energy and environmental issues, which are areas of great societal importance. For the targeted applications of carbon dioxide purification from methane and nitrogen, the proposed work may have an important economic impact in reducing considerably the separation costs associated to natural gas pretreatment, and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions respectively. It is anticipated that this work could serve as a model for the rational design of zeolitic imidazolate framework membranes for other important relevant molecular gas separations, such as hydrogen purification from synthesis gas

Carbon-sulfur bond formation via alkene addition to an oxidized ruthenium-thiolate.

This thesis reports the reactivity of the trithiolato Ru complex PPN[Ru(DPPBT)3] (DPPBT = 2-diphenylphosphinobenzenethiolate) (1a) with alkenes upon oxidation. Complex 1a in acetonitrile shows two redox events at -345 mV and +455 mV in the square wave voltammogram. Bulk oxidation at a holding potential of +100 mV yields [tris(2-(diphenylphosphino)thiaphenolato)ruthenium(III)], (1b). During oxidation, the absorption bands at 540 nm, 797 nm and 1041 nm grow in intensity while there is a decrease in the absorption band at 435 nm. A plot of charge versus time during bulk electrolysis shows a total coulometric charge of 1.14 electron equivalent. The square wave voltammogram is not effected by this oxidation. Further oxidation by one electron in the presence of ethylene at a holding potential of +620 mV yields [(ethane-1,2-diylbis(thio-2,1-phenylene)diphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)] hexafluorophosphate, (2a). During oxidation the absorption bands at 540 nm, 797 nm and 1041 nm decrease in intensity. Complex 2a displays a single redox couple at +804 mV. The +ESI-MS of 2a shows a parent ion peak at m/z = 1009.1013 amu. The 31P NMR spectrum of 2a shows chemical shift values of ð1 = 61.0 ppm, ð2 = 40.3 ppm, ð3 = 37.5 ppm with coupling constants of J12 ˜ J13 ˜ 30 Hz and J23 = 304 Hz. Complex 2a can be oxidized at a holding potential of +1000 mV to yield [(ethane-1,2-diylbis(thio-2,1-phenylene)diphenyl phosphine)ruthenium(III)] hexaflurophosphate, (2b). The EPR of 2b displays a rhombic signal with g1 = 2.09, g2 = 2.03, g3 = 2.04. Oxidation of 1b in the presence of alkenes including 1-hexene, styrene, cyclohexene, and norbornene yield products similar to 2a. Each of these products can be oxidized to an analogue of 2b. Complex 2a can also be prepared, as the bromide salt, from 1a and 1,2-dibromoethane. The complex [(ethane-1,2-diylbis(thio-2,1-phenylene)diphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)] bromide crystals as thin yellow plates in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell dimensions of a = 10.2565(9) ?, b = 13.2338(12) ?, c = 38.325(3) ?, and ß = 93.3960(10)°