Cooperação brasileira para o desenvolvimento internacional (COBRADI): O brasil e os fundos multilaterais de desenvolvimento

According to the survey by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in collaboration with the Brazilian Agency for Cooperation (ABC), Brazil contributed during the period of 2005-2009, with funds for International Development in the order of R $3.2 billion. Of the total budget for Brazilian Cooperation for International Development (COBRADI), R$ 929.7 million, almost 30%, corresponded to contributions to multilateral development funds such as the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, the Fund for Special Operations (FSO) of the Inter-American Development Bank and the African Development Fund (ADF) of the African Development Bank. This paper seeks to describe the role of these institutions, their priorities, funding conditions and the Brazilian contribution throughout their participation as shareholders. Likewise, it seeks to launch for discussion a few elements present in the current debate on the quality of aid offered by those institutions that provide resources for the development of the poorest countries in the world, within highly concessional terms and to which Brazil has allocated a significant portion of their contributions during the period

Montado’s Ecosystem Services

Although the concept of ecosystem services is well defined and centred on human use of natural systems, it is not yet consensual. The ecosystem services connect ecology and economy; they allow to integrate ecology into policies and to bring a monetary value. Even if the authors do not entirely agree with the idea of giving a monetary value to all elements, living and not living, they consider that the concept of ecosystem services can be improved in the sense of a holistic landscape ecological approach. Montado is a high valuated cultural landscape typical from the Southwest of Iberian Peninsula. It concerns a human-shaped ecosystem composed by a mosaic of scattered cork oaks, holm oaks or mix oaks, with a high grazing diversity. The most important products of Montado are cork and other non-timber products. Nevertheless its highly value is on the ecosystem functions it can provide, namely water cycle regulation, carbon sequestration and conservation of biodiversity, soil and cultural landscape values. These ecosystem services are highly interconnected, and have a lot of dependences in a complex structure. So, the first goal of this paper is to identify the main Montado ecosystem services that must be valued in sustainable management and policies, in order to prevent biodiversity losses and other types of ecosystem and landscape degradation. It is therefore of the utmost importance enhance Montados ecosystems services knowledge.CIMAC,ICAAM,DPAO e CIDEHUS (UID/HIS/00057/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007702) project

Longitudinal Strength of Ships: A Simplified Approach

A simplified method is proposed to predict the behaviour of full cross-sections of ships under longitudinal bending. The method assumes that plane sections remain plane and thus a linear distribution of strains is considered over the cross-section. The hull girder collapse strength may be calculated for any heeling conditions. The large panels between the primary framing system of the cross-section are assumed to have the same behaviour as their significant individual elements - stiffener with associated plate. The load-shortening curves of the stiffened plates is assessed using the Jonhson-Ostenfeld or the Perry-Robertson formulation. These formulations are basically used to determine the flexural collapse strength of the stiffened elements, but here, they are extended to cover the whole range of strains, predicting the pre and post buckling behaviour. The reduction of the effective width of the associated plate during the path loading is accounted for by considering approximated average stress- strain curves of the plate elements and the Faulkner proposal is adopted to quantify the impact of this reduction on the load-shortening curve of the column. The effects of flexural-torsional buckling are considered, applying the methods developed by Adamchak and Faulkner, both in respect to the ultimate carrying capacity of the stiffened plate and the post buckling behaviour. The stress-strain curves of the plate elements are determined in relation to a design formula of the ultimate strength of simply supported plates and the concept is extended in order to obtain the curve for the whole range of strains. The method includes the effect of residual stresses in the plate elements by modifying the material properties. So the impact of plate residual stresses on hull girder strength may be investigated. Also available is a method to incorporate the effect of plate and stiffener distortions and their effects on the ultimate strength of the ships. An investigation of the effect of secondary load systems in plate elements is made. Formulae to include the effect of biaxial loading, lateral pressure and edge shear are indicated based on a study of the ultimate strength of plate elements. Concerning to the ultimate bending moment of the hull girder, the effect of residual stresses and stiffener distortions is investigated as well as the consequences of corrosion and the use of high tensile steel. The strength of the hull girder is calculated for any angle of heel by a method that ensures a constant angle between the position of the neutral axis at any curvature and the horizontal

O consumo de álcool e o sentido de coerência em jovens em formação educativa

El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas ha sufrido alteraciones, y también los factores que lo influencian. Con objeto de percibir el papel del sentido en el estándar de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, fue desarrollado un estudio en una muestra de jóvenes adultos (N=260) con edad entre 20 y 30 años, en Lisboa. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test y el Questionário do Sentido de Coerência. Los resultados muestran que el 10,8% tiene problemas de consumo de alcohol. Aquellos que poseen sentido de coherencia más bajo, principalmente en la dimensión capacidad de inversión, presentan mayor consumo nocivo y de riesgo. Se concluye que la promoción de comportamientos de salud debe incluir medidas que visen al fortalecimiento del sentido de coherencia.The rate of consumption of alcoholic beverages has undergone changes as well as the factors that influence it. In order to understand the significance of drinking patterns, this study was conducted with a sample of young adults (N = 260) ages 20 to 30, in Lisbon. The instruments used were The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Sense of Coherence Questionnaire. The results show that 10.8% had problems with alcohol. Those who had a lower sense of coherence, especially in the dimension of investment capacity, presented with more harmful and risky consumption patterns. We conclude that health promotion behaviors should include measures to strengthen a sense of coherence.O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas tem sofrido alterações assim como os fatores que o influenciam. Com o objetivo de perceber o papel do sentido no padrão de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, realizou-se estudo, numa amostra de jovens adultos (N=260) com idade entre 20 e 30 anos, em Lisboa. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test e o Questionário do Sentido de Coerência. Os resultados mostram que 10,8% têm problemas de consumo de álcool. Os que têm sentido de coerência mais baixo, principalmente na dimensão capacidade de investimento, apresentam mais consumo nocivo e de risco. Conclui-se que a promoção de comportamentos de saúde deve incluir medidas que visem o fortalecimento do sentido de coerência

Effect of abutment angulation in the retention and durability of three overdenture attachment systems: An in vitro study

PURPOSE. This in vitro study investigated and compared the durability and retention of three types of attachments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Three commercially available attachments were investigated: Clix (R), Dalbo-Plus (R) and Locator (R). In total, 72 samples of these attachments were placed in the acrylic resin forms and subjected to mechanical testing (5400 cycles of insertion and removal) over the respective ball or Locator abutments immersed in artificial saliva at pH 7 and 37 degrees C. The abutments were placed at angulations of 0 degrees, 10 degrees and 20 degrees. The retention force was recorded at the beginning and after 540, 1080, 2160, 3240, 4320 and 5400 insertion-removal cycles. RESULTS. The results revealed that there were significant differences in the average values of the insertion/removal force due to angulation (F ((2.48)) = 343619, P<.05) and the type of attachment (F ((7.48)) = 23.220, P<.05). CONCLUSION. Greater angulation of the abutments was found to influence the retention capacity of the attachments, and the fatigue test simulating 5 years of denture insertion and removal did not produce wear in the metal abutments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Observation of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair at the LHC with the ATLAS detector

The observation of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair ( tt¯H ), based on the analysis of proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider, is presented. Using data corresponding to integrated luminosities of up to 79.8 fb −1 , and considering Higgs boson decays into bb¯ , WW⁎ , τ+τ− , γγ , and ZZ⁎ , the observed significance is 5.8 standard deviations, compared to an expectation of 4.9 standard deviations. Combined with the tt¯H searches using a dataset corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.5 fb −1 at 7 TeV and 20.3 fb −1 at 8 TeV, the observed (expected) significance is 6.3 (5.1) standard deviations. Assuming Standard Model branching fractions, the total tt¯H production cross section at 13 TeV is measured to be 670 ± 90 (stat.) −100+110 (syst.) fb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction.Peer Reviewe

Measurement of photon–jet transverse momentum correlations in 5.02 TeV Pb + Pb and pppp collisions with ATLAS

Jets created in association with a photon can be used as a calibrated probe to study energy loss in the medium created in nuclear collisions. Measurements of the transverse momentum balance between isolated photons and inclusive jets are presented using integrated luminosities of 0.49 nb$^{-1}$ of Pb+Pb collision data at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=5.02$ TeV and 25 pb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Photons with transverse momentum $63.1 31.6$ GeV and pseudorapidity $\left|\eta^\mathrm{jet}\right| 7\pi/8$. Distributions of the per-photon jet yield as a function of $x_\mathrm{J\gamma}$, $(1/N_\gamma)(\mathrm{d}N/\mathrm{d}x_\mathrm{J\gamma})$, are corrected for detector effects via a two-dimensional unfolding procedure and reported at the particle level. In $pp$ collisions, the distributions are well described by Monte Carlo event generators. In Pb+Pb collisions, the $x_\mathrm{J\gamma}$ distribution is modified from that observed in $pp$ collisions with increasing centrality, consistent with the picture of parton energy loss in the hot nuclear medium. The data are compared with a suite of energy-loss models and calculations.Peer Reviewe

Surface indicators are correlated with soil multifunctionality in global drylands

1. Multiple ecosystem functions need to be considered simultaneously to manage and protect the several ecosystem services that are essential to people and their environments. Despite this, cost effective, tangible, relatively simple and globally relevant methodologies to monitor in situ soil multifunctionality, that is, the provision of multiple ecosystem functions by soils, have not been tested at the global scale. 2. We combined correlation analysis and structural equation modelling to explore whether we could find easily measured, field‐based indicators of soil multifunctionality (measured using functions linked to the cycling and storage of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus). To do this, we gathered soil data from 120 dryland ecosystems from five continents. 3. Two soil surface attributes measured in situ (litter incorporation and surface aggregate stability) were the most strongly associated with soil multifunctionality, even after accounting for geographic location and other drivers such as climate, woody cover, soil pH and soil electric conductivity. The positive relationships between surface stability and litter incorporation on soil multifunctionality were greater beneath the canopy of perennial vegetation than in adjacent, open areas devoid of vascular plants. The positive associations between surface aggregate stability and soil functions increased with increasing mean annual temperature. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings demonstrate that a reduced suite of easily measured in situ soil surface attributes can be used as potential indicators of soil multifunctionality in drylands world‐wide. These attributes, which relate to plant litter (origin, incorporation, cover), and surface stability, are relatively cheap and easy to assess with minimal training, allowing operators to sample many sites across widely varying climatic areas and soil types. The correlations of these variables are comparable to the influence of climate or soil, and would allow cost‐effective monitoring of soil multifunctionality under changing land‐use and environmental conditions. This would provide important information for evaluating the ecological impacts of land degradation, desertification and climate change in drylands world‐wide.This work was funded by the European Research Council ERC Grant agreement 242658 (BIOCOM). CYTED funded networking activities (EPES, Acción 407AC0323). D.J.E. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (DP150104199) and F.T.M. support from the European Research Council (BIODESERT project, ERC Grant agreement no 647038), from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BIOMOD project, ref. CGL2013-44661-R) and from a Humboldt Research Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. M.D.-B. was supported by REA grant agreement no 702057 from the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions of the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-MSCA-IF-2016), J.R.G. acknowledges support from CONICYT/FONDECYT no 1160026

Combined fit to the spectrum and composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory including magnetic horizon effects

The measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory of the energy spectrum and mass composition of cosmic rays can be interpreted assuming the presence of two extragalactic source populations, one dominating the flux at energies above a few EeV and the other below. To fit the data ignoring magnetic field effects, the high-energy population needs to accelerate a mixture of nuclei with very hard spectra, at odds with the approximate E$^{-2}$ shape expected from diffusive shock acceleration. The presence of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields in the region between the closest sources and the Earth can significantly modify the observed CR spectrum with respect to that emitted by the sources, reducing the flux of low-rigidity particles that reach the Earth. We here take into account this magnetic horizon effect in the combined fit of the spectrum and shower depth distributions, exploring the possibility that a spectrum for the high-energy population sources with a shape closer to E$^{-2}$ be able to explain the observations