高等教育中非性别歧视语言使用的定性分析：从马拉加大学教师视角的案例

We live in a fast-changing society where social, economic and cultural changes clearly affect language; therefore, language should be faithfully adjusted to reality to continue fulfilling its function: communication. The problem arises when society advances faster than language research. Currently, the feminine gender only designates women, while the masculine gender has a double use: specific, referring to men, and generic, to refer to both men and women. Consequently, we are usually unaware of whether the language we use is sexist or not and of how it can influence our way of constructing realities and thoughts. Accordingly, educational institutions play a key role in the transmission of values and, since the university context is a pivotal point in the professional and personal development of students, both the content and the language used by teachers must be developed with a non-sexist language. This study aims to investigate the attitudes and opinions of professors towards the use of non-sexist language during the development of the teaching and learning process. The methodology was eminently qualitative, using an in-depth semi-structured interview as a data collection instrument. Professors from different Schools of the University of Málaga (Universidad de Málaga – UMA), specifically from the fields of knowledge ranging from Engineering and Architecture to Social and Legal Sciences, have participated in this study. To complete the study, branches of knowledge were compared from a gender perspective. The results showed some predisposition towards the use of an egalitarian or non-sexist language although most professors systematically use the generic masculine, perhaps by tradition.Vivimos en una sociedad cambiante y acelerada donde los cambios sociales, económicos y culturales afectan de forma evidente al lenguaje, por lo tanto, éste debería ajustarse fielmente a la realidad para seguir cumpliendo su función, la de comunicar. El problema surge cuando la sociedad avanza más deprisa que las personas que estudian la lengua. Actualmente, podemos afirmar que el género femenino sólo designa mujeres, mientras que el género masculino tiene un doble uso: específico, referido a varones y genérico para referirse tanto a hombres como a mujeres. Por ello, suele ocurrir que normalmente no seamos conscientes de si el lenguaje que utilizamos es sexista o no, y cómo puede influir en nuestra forma de construir realidades y pensamientos. En este sentido, las instituciones educativas juegan un papel primordial en la transmisión de valores y, dado que el contexto universitario es punto neurálgico en el desarrollo profesional y personal del alumnado, es fundamental que tanto los contenidos como el lenguaje utilizado por el profesorado, sean desarrollados con un lenguaje no sexista. En este estudio se indagó en las actitudes y opiniones del profesorado de Educación Superior hacia el uso de un lenguaje no sexista durante el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. La metodología utilizada es eminentemente cualitativa, como instrumento de recogida de datos se ha utilizado la entrevista semiestructurada en profundidad. Ha participado profesorado de diferentes Facultades de la Universidad de Málaga de las ramas de conocimiento de Ingenierías y Arquitectura, así como de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas. Para completar el estudio, se ha realizado una comparativa entre ramas de conocimiento con perspectiva de género. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que existe cierta predisposición hacia la utilización de un lenguaje igualitario, aunque la gran mayoría del profesorado utiliza el masculino genérico de manera sistemática, tal vez por tradición.Мы живем в стремительно меняющемся обществе, где социальные, экономические и культурные преобразования явно влияют на язык, поэтому язык должен быть приспособлен к реальности, чтобы продолжать выполнять свою функцию - коммуникацию. Проблема возникает, когда общество развивается быстрее, чем люди, изучающие язык. Сегодня мы можем утверждать, что женский род обозначает только женщин, в то время как мужской род имеет двойное употребление: специфическое, относящееся к мужчинам, и общее, относящееся как к мужчинам, так и к женщинам. По этой причине мы часто не знаем, является ли используемый нами лексикон сексистским или нет, и как он может влиять на то, как мы строим реальность и мысли. В этом смысле учебные заведения играют важную роль в передаче ценностей, и, учитывая, что университетский контекст является невралгической точкой в профессиональном и личностном развитии студентов, важно, чтобы и содержание, и язык, используемый преподавательским составом, были разработаны с использованием несексистских формулировок. В данном исследовании изучалось отношение и мнения преподавательского состава высших учебных заведений относительно использования несексистского языка в процессе преподавания и обучения. Использованная методология является исключительно качественной, а в роли инструмента для сбора данных использовалось полуструктурированное глубинное интервью. В исследовании приняли участие преподаватели различных факультетов Университета Малаги из отраслей наук - инженерных и архитектурных, а также социальных и юридических. Для завершения исследования было проведено сравнение между отраслями знаний с учетом гендерной перспективы. Из полученных результатов можно сделать вывод, что существует определенная предрасположенность к использованию эгалитарного языка, хотя подавляющее большинство учителей систематически используют общий мужской род, возможно, в силу традиции.我们生活在一个不断变化和加速的社会中，社会、经济和文化的变化明显影响语言，因此，语言应该忠实地适应现实，以继续履行其交流的功能。当社会进步快于研究语言的人时，问题就出现了。目前，我们可以肯定，女性的性别只指女性，而男性的性别有双重用途：特指男性，泛指男性和女性。出于这个原因，我们通常不知道我们使用的语言是否是性别歧视的，以及它如何影响我们构建现实和思想的方式。从这个意义上说，教育机构在价值观的传播中发挥着主要作用，鉴于大学环境是学生专业和个人发展的神经中枢，教育机构使用的内容和语言都至关重要。教学人员应使用非性别歧视的语言进行培养。本研究调查了高等教育教师在教学发展过程中对使用非性别歧视语言的态度和意见。所使用的方法是非常定性的，作为一种数据收集工具，我们使用了深入的半结构化访谈。来自马拉加大学不同学院的工程和建筑知识分支以及社会和法律科学的教授参加了该研究。为了完成这项研究，我们从性别视角对知识的分支进行了比较。从所获得的结果可以得出以下结论，在大学里存在使用平等主义语言的某种倾向，尽管绝大多数教师以系统的方式（也许是传统方式）使用通用男性化语言

Propuesta para el ajuste de las tablas estandarizadas del índice de masa corporal para las personas adultas mayores en México

Objetivo. Describir la distribución normalizada de los valores del índice de masa corporal (IMC) en la población adulta mayor mexicana. Material y métodos. Se utilizó la fórmula original de Quetelet para determinar el IMC de los participantes en SABE. Este es un estudio de campo, descriptivo, transversal, simultaneo, de corte comparativo. Fue llevado a cabo en 12 entidades federativas mexicanas en personas adultas mayores de 60 y más años de edad, residentes habituales de su domicilio actual al momento de realizarse la encuesta. La muestra abarcó a 12 411 individuos con representatividad estadística. El estudio se basó en estadística descriptiva. En el manejo estadístico de la información se utilizó como prueba no paramétrica la χ2 con un grado de libertad, y un intervalo de confianza > 95 %. Se consideraron como valores estadísticamente significativos aquellos con p ≤ 0,005. Resultados. Se encontró que los conceptos de IMC ‘normal’, ‘sobrepeso’ y ‘obesidad I’ en SABE fueron mayores que los aportados por las actuales tablas estandarizadas de la OMS, lo que coincide en lo relativo a la obesidad grados II y III

Pixel-Bit

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónContiene anexoEl papel del tutor es clave en los procesos de formación bajo modalidad de e-learning. Se pretende dar a conocer un instrumento elaborado para evaluar distintas funciones del tutor en este tipo de procesos formativos. La construcción del instrumento parte de un estudio realizado desde una metodología de investigación cuantitativa, de tipo descriptivo, con un diseño de encuesta. El análisis realizado ha permitido comprobar la calidad del instrumento a través de la fiabilidad y validez de su medida.ES

Association Between Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 and Social Cognition in Huntington's Disease

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) seems to be involved in the neural circuits associated with social cognition and brain structure.Study funded by Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (Sacyl GRS 1768/A/18)

Antiviral, Immunomodulatory and Antiproliferative Activities of Recombinant Soluble IFNAR2 without IFN-beta Mediation

Soluble receptors of cytokines are able to modify cytokine activities and therefore the immune system, and some have intrinsic biological activities without mediation from their cytokines. The soluble interferon beta (IFN-ss) receptor is generated through alternative splicing of IFNAR2 and has both agonist and antagonist properties for IFN-ss, but its role is unknown. We previously demonstrated that a recombinant human soluble IFN-ss receptor showed intrinsic therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Here we evaluate the potential biological activities of recombinant sIFNAR2 without the mediation of IFN-ss in human cells. Recombinant sIFNAR2 down-regulated the production of IL-17 and IFN-? and reduced the cell proliferation rate. Moreover, it showed a strong antiviral activity, fully protecting the cell monolayer after being infected by the virus. Specific inhibitors completely abrogated the antiviral activity of IFN-ss, but not that of the recombinant sIFNAR2, and there was no activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Consequently, r-sIFNAR2 exerts immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and antiviral activities without IFN-ss mediation, and could be a promising treatment against viral infections and immune-mediated diseases

Hydroxychloroquine is associated with a lower risk of polyautoimmunity: data from the RELESSER Registry

Objectives. This article estimates the frequency of polyautoimmunity and associated factors in a large retrospective cohort of patients with SLE. Methods. RELESSER (Spanish Society of Rheumatology Lupus Registry) is a nationwide multicentre, hospital-based registry of SLE patients. This is a cross-sectional study. The main variable was polyautoimmunity, which was defined as the co-occurrence of SLE and another autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune thyroiditis, RA, scleroderma, inflammatory myopathy and MCTD. We also recorded the presence of multiple autoimmune syndrome, secondary SS, secondary APS and a family history of autoimmune disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate possible risk factors for polyautoimmunity. Results. Of the 3679 patients who fulfilled the criteria for SLE, 502 (13.6%) had polyautoimmunity. The most frequent types were autoimmune thyroiditis (7.9%), other systemic autoimmune diseases (6.2%), secondary SS (14.1%) and secondary APS (13.7%). Multiple autoimmune syndrome accounted for 10.2% of all cases of polyautoimmunity. A family history was recorded in 11.8%. According to the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with polyautoimmunity were female sex [odds ratio (95% CI), 1.72 (1.07, 2.72)], RP [1.63 (1.29, 2.05)], interstitial lung disease [3.35 (1.84, 6.01)], Jaccoud arthropathy [1.92 (1.40, 2.63)], anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB autoantibodies [2.03 (1.55, 2.67)], anti-RNP antibodies [1.48 (1.16, 1.90)], MTX [1.67 (1.26, 2.18)] and antimalarial drugs [0.50 (0.38, 0.67)]. Conclusion. Patients with SLE frequently present polyautoimmunity. We observed clinical and analytical characteristics associated with polyautoimmunity. Our finding that antimalarial drugs protected against polyautoimmunity should be verified in future studies

Competencias, TIC e Innovación. Nuevos escenarios para nuevos retos

[ES] Coordinadores: José Manuel Ríos Ariza y Julio Ruíz PalmeroISBN: 978‐84‐676‐5943‐6Depósito Legal: SE‐3771‐2011Editorial: MADAño de edición: 2011Nº Edición: 1ªLugar edición: Alcalá de Guadaíra (Sevilla)Nº páginas: 140Idioma: EspañolRaposo Rivas, M. (2012). Competencias, TIC e Innovación. Nuevos escenarios para nuevos retos. REDU. Revista de Docencia Universitaria. 10(2):467-470. https://doi.org/10.4995/redu.2012.6118OJS46747010

Risk Factors for COVID-19 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National, ENEIDA-Based Case–Control Study (COVID-19-EII)

(1) Scant information is available concerning the characteristics that may favour the acquisition of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess these differences between infected and noninfected patients with IBD. (2) This nationwide case-control study evaluated patients with inflammatory bowel disease with COVID-19 (cases) and without COVID-19 (controls) during the period March-July 2020 included in the ENEIDA of GETECCU. (3) A total of 496 cases and 964 controls from 73 Spanish centres were included. No differences were found in the basal characteristics between cases and controls. Cases had higher comorbidity Charlson scores (24% vs. 19%; p = 0.02) and occupational risk (28% vs. 10.5%; p < 0.0001) more frequently than did controls. Lockdown was the only protective measure against COVID-19 (50% vs. 70%; p < 0.0001). No differences were found in the use of systemic steroids, immunosuppressants or biologics between cases and controls. Cases were more often treated with 5-aminosalicylates (42% vs. 34%; p = 0.003). Having a moderate Charlson score (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3-5.9), occupational risk (OR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.8-4.4) and the use of 5-aminosalicylates (OR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) were factors for COVID-19. The strict lockdown was the only protective factor (OR: 0.1; 95%CI: 0.09-0.2). (4) Comorbidities and occupational exposure are the most relevant factors for COVID-19 in patients with IBD. The risk of COVID-19 seems not to be increased by immunosuppressants or biologics, with a potential effect of 5-aminosalicylates, which should be investigated further and interpreted with caution

Association of candidate gene polymorphisms with chronic kidney disease : Results of a case-control analysis in the NEFRONA cohort

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Despite classical clinical risk factors for CKD and some genetic risk factors have been identified, the residual risk observed in prediction models is still high. Therefore, new risk factors need to be identified in order to better predict the risk of CKD in the population. Here, we analyzed the genetic association of 79 SNPs of proteins associated with mineral metabolism disturbances with CKD in a cohort that includes 2,445 CKD cases and 559 controls. Genotyping was performed with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression models considering different genetic inheritance models to assess the association of the SNPs with the prevalence of CKD, adjusting for known risk factors. Eight SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs2238135, rs1800247, rs385564, rs4236, rs2248359, and rs1564858) were associated with CKD even after adjusting by sex, age and race. A model containing five of these SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs1800247, rs4236, and rs2248359), diabetes and hypertension showed better performance than models considering only clinical risk factors, significantly increasing the area under the curve of the model without polymorphisms. Furthermore, one of the SNPs (the rs2248359) showed an interaction with hypertension, being the risk genotype affecting only hypertensive patients. We conclude that 5 SNPs related to proteins implicated in mineral metabolism disturbances (Osteopontin, osteocalcin, matrix gla protein, matrix metalloprotease 3 and 24 hydroxylase) are associated to an increased risk of suffering CKD

Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism combination pattern of the Klotho gene with non-cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality, with cardiovascular death being extensively investigated. However, non-cardiovascular mortality represents the biggest percentage, showing an evident increase in recent years. Klotho is a gene highly expressed in the kidney, with a clear influence on lifespan. Low levels of Klotho have been linked to CKD progression and adverse outcomes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the Klotho gene have been associated with several diseases, but studies investigating the association of Klotho SNPs with noncardiovascular death in CKD populations are lacking. The main aim of this study was to assess whether 11 Klotho SNPs were associated with non-cardiovascular death in a subpopulation of the National Observatory of Atherosclerosis in Nephrology (NEFRONA) study (n ¼ 2185 CKD patients). After 48 months of follow-up, 62 cardiovascular deaths and 108 non-cardiovascular deaths were recorded. We identified a high non-cardiovascular death risk combination of SNPs corresponding to individuals carrying the most frequent allele (G) at rs562020, the rare allele (C) at rs2283368 and homozygotes for the rare allele (G) at rs2320762 (rs562020 GG/AG þ rs2283368 CC/CT þ rs2320762 GG). Among the patients with the three SNPs genotyped (n ¼ 1016), 75 (7.4%) showed this combination. Furthermore, 95 (9.3%) patients showed a low-risk combination carrying all the opposite genotypes (rs562020 AA þ rs2283368 TT þ rs2320762 GT/TT). All the other combinations [n ¼ 846 (83.3%)] were considered as normal risk. Using competing risk regression analysis, we confirmed that the proposed combinations are independently associated with a higher fhazard ratio [HR] 3.28 [confidence interval (CI) 1.51-7.12]g and lower [HR 6 × 10- (95% CI 3.3 × 10--1.1 × 10-)] risk of suffering a non-cardiovascular death in the CKD population of the NEFRONA cohort compared with patients with the normal-risk combination. Determination of three SNPs of the Klotho gene could help in the prediction of non-cardiovascular death in CKD