ESPLICITAZIONE STRUTTURALE E GRADI DI INFORMATIVITÀ: UN’INDAGINE PRAGMATICO-COGNITIVA SULLA TRADUZIONE FRANCO-ITALIANA DI COSTRUZIONI RELATIVE NELLA STAMPA PERIODICA SETTECENTESCA

Nel secolo dei Lumi, le traduzioni giocano un ruolo fondamentale nella trasmissione delle conoscenze scientifiche: emerge un pubblico sempre più ampio che auspica una più larga diffusione delle opere scientifiche nelle lingue europee. Dalla metà del Settecento, la traduzione di testi scientifici francesi contribuisce in modo significativo all’emergere di una stampa periodica di carattere specialistico. Il presente contributo verte su fenomeni di esplicitazione e implicitazione strutturali nelle traduzioni scientifiche dal francese all’italiano su tre periodici pubblicati tra il 1750 e il 1790 nell’Italia settentrionale. Ci si concentrerà su aggiustamenti costruzionisti che i traduttori operano all’interno di proposizioni di valore relativo. L’analisi ha come obiettivo quello di indagare in quale misura il principio pragmatico-cognitivo di informatività determini la scelta dei traduttori tra la struttura canonica della frase relativa e le corrispondenti costruzioni alternative con valore di relativa implicita. A seconda del tipo di periodico, i dati fanno vedere una certa correlazione tra l’esplicitazione strutturale di costrutti a valore relativo e il grado di informatività dei contenuti proposizionali veicolati.   Structural explicitness and degrees of informativeness: a pragmatic-cognitive investigation on the French-Italian translation of relative constructions in the eighteenth-century periodical press In the Age of Enlightenment, translations play a fundamental role in the transfer of scientific knowledge, since an ever-growing public asked for wider distribution of scientific works in different European languages. From the middle of the 18th century, the translation of French scientific texts significantly contributed to the emergence of a specialized periodical press in Italy. This paper deals with phenomena of structural explicitness and implicitness in scientific translations from French to Italian in three periodicals published between 1750 and 1790 in Northern Italy. The focus will be on construction shifts within relative clauses. The analysis aims to investigate to what extent the pragmatic-cognitive principle of informativeness determines the translators’ choice between the canonical structure of relative clauses and the corresponding alternative implicit relative constructions. Depending on the type of periodical, the data show a certain correlation between the structural explicitness of relative constructions and the degree of informativeness of the propositional contents conveyed

Normes textuelles et construction d’une identité professionnelle

Les chroniqueurs de la presse écrite québécoise jouissent à l’heure actuelle d’une forte popularité, surtout en raison de l’originalité de leur écriture. Compte tenu de leur notoriété publique, nous cherchons à savoir s’ils ont développé une identité professionnelle qui diffère de celle des autres scripteurs en milieu journalistique. Dans cette optique, nous nous intéressons à la perception de certaines traditions textuelles, aussi appelées normes textuelles, aspect que nous traitons à partir d’un corpus d’entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de douze chroniqueurs qui écrivent pour des quotidiens à tirage élevé. Nous nous proposons d’analyser dans quelle mesure les chroniqueurs considèrent ces normes textuelles comme des constituants de leur identité professionnelle qui devraient régir leurs pratiques. Les résultats montrent que la place qu’accordent les chroniqueurs aux variations individuelles dans ces techniques d’écriture leur permet de se démarquer en tant qu’auteurs. Today, Quebec newspaper columnists are very popular, especially because of the originality of their writing. Given their popularity, the aim of this paper is to analyse if these columnists have developed a professional identity that differs from other writers in the journalistic community. To this end, we focus on the columnists’ perception of certain text traditions, i. e. textual norms. Our analysis bases on a data collection of semi-structured interviews with twelve columnists who write for daily newspapers. We examine the extent to which these columnists consider different textual norms governing their daily writing as components of their professional identity. The results show that the scope these columnists give to individual variation in well-established text traditions allows them to stand out as authors

Growth curves of common factors in psychotherapy: Multilevel growth modelling and outcome analysis.

OBJECTIVE A large body of literature discusses change mechanisms underlying psychotherapy with an emphasis on common factors. The present study examined how different comprehensive common factors change over the course of therapy and whether this change was associated with clinical outcome at discharge. METHOD Three hundred forty-eight adults (mean age = 32.1, SD = 10.6; 64% female) attended a standardized 14-week day-clinic psychotherapy program. They provided longitudinal data on common factors based on weekly assessments. Additionally, pre- and post-assessment questionnaires on clinical outcome were completed. Using multilevel modelling, we predicted common factors by time (week in therapy). Multiple linear regression models tested the association between changes in common factors and clinical outcome. RESULTS The common factor 'Therapeutic Alliance' was best fitted by linear growth models, whereas models for the common factors 'Coping', 'Cognitive Integration' and 'Affective Processing' indicated logarithmic changes over time. 'Coping', that is change in patients' ability to cope with their individual problems, was most closely linked with outcome. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence for the changeability of common factors over the course of therapy as well as their specific contributions to psychotherapeutic progress

Collateral and collateral-adjacent hyperemic vascular resistance changes and the ipsilateral coronary flow reserve: Documentation of a mechanism causing coronary steal in patients with coronary artery disease

Objectives: The goal of this clinical study was to assess the influence of hyperemic ipsilateral, collateral and contralateral vascular resistance changes on the coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) of the collateral-receiving (i.e. ipsilateral) artery, and to test the validity of a model describing the development of collateral steal. Methods: In 20 patients with one- to two-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing angioplasty of one stenotic lesion, adenosine induced intracoronary (i.c.) CFVR during vessel patency was measured using a Doppler guidewire. During stenosis occlusion, simultaneous i.c. distal ipsilateral flow velocity and pressure (Poccl, using a pressure guidewire) as well as contralateral flow velocity measurements via a third i.c. wire were performed before and during intravenous adenosine. From those measurements and simultaneous mean aortic pressure (Pao), a collateral flow index (CFI), and the ipsilateral, collateral, and contralateral vascular resistance index (Ripsi, Rcoll, Rcontra) were calculated. The study population was subdivided into groups with CFI<0.15 and with CFI≥0.15. Results: The percentage-diameter coronary artery stenosis (%-S) to be dilated was similar in the two groups: 78±10% versus 82±12% (NS). CFVR was not associated with %-S. In the group with CFI≥0.15 but not with CFI<0.15, CFVR was directly and inversely associated with Rcoll and Rcontra, respectively. Conclusions: A hemodynamic interaction between adjacent vascular territories can be documented in patients with CAD and well developed collaterals among those regions. The CFVR of a collateralized region may, thus, be more dependent on hyperemic vascular resistance changes of the collateral and collateral-supplying area than on the ipsilateral stenosis severity, and may even fall below

Impact of clopidogrel in coronary artery bypass grafting

Objective: Clopidogrel has become the standard of care to prevent thrombotic complications following cardiological interventions, in particular intracoronary stenting. In addition, patients with aspirin intolerance and those with carotid and peripheral vascular disease are also increasingly treated with clopidogrel. Platelet inhibition may become a concern for hemostasis in patients treated with clopidogrel who need emergency and undelayed surgery. Methods: We prospectively analyzed the intra- and postoperative outcome of 505 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG and compared two groups: those with clopidogrel exposure until 72 h prior to surgery (n=136) with those without exposition to clopidogrel (n=369). Patients undergoing emergency surgery because of failed PTCA and cardiogenic shock, associated valvular surgery, redo-CABG, and those with additional platelet IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor exposure were excluded. Patients who received aspirin and/or heparin treatment prior to surgery were not excluded. Results: Patients who received clopidogrel had a higher prevalence of angina class III or IV (67 vs 39%, P<0.01), received more often revascularization within 48 h (41 vs 14%, P=0.02), and had received more frequently stenting (57 vs 13%). Chest tube drainage was significantly increased during the first 24 h following CABG in the group of patients who had clopidogrel treatment (1485 vs 780 ml, P=0.003) These patients also required more transfusion of platelets and fresh frozen plasma. Overall re-exploration rate because of bleeding was significantly higher in the clopidogrel group (5.9 vs 1.2%, P<0.01). Platelets transfused before chest closure had a beneficial effect on preservation of the hemostasis. Conclusions: Clopidogrel exposure 3 days or less prior to CABG surgery significantly increases the risk of postoperative bleeding, the need for perioperative transfusion and the incidence of re-exploration. Surgery should be performed using standard heparinization and anti-fibrinolytic strategies but aggressive correction of platelets dysfunction is required before chest closur

Is there collateral flow in normal coronary arteries?

Rarefaction plot of sampling effort. The plot shows the number of species expected to be found for the number of individuals sampled for Sweden (blue), Italy (green) and the Netherlands (orange). (PNG 6 kb

Prevalence of Candida species in Psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis patients are more frequently colonised with Candida species. The correlation between fungal colonisation and clinical severity is unclear, but may exacerbate psoriasis and the impact of antipsoriatic therapies on the prevalence of Candida is unknown. Objectives: To examine the prevalence of C species in psoriasis patients compared to an age- and sex-matched control population, we investigated the influence of Candida colonisation on disease severity, immune cell activation and the interplay on psoriatic treatments. Methods: The prevalence of C species was examined in 265 psoriasis patients and 200 control subjects by swabs and stool samples for fungal cultures. Peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) were collected from 20 fungal colonised and 24 uncolonised patients and stimulated. The expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17A, IL-22 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α from stimulated PBMCs was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: A significantly higher prevalence for Candida was detected in psoriatic patients (p ≤ .001) compared to the control subjects; most abundant in stool samples, showing Candida albicans. Older participants (≥51 years) were more frequent colonised, and no correlation with gender, disease severity or systemic treatments like IL-17 inhibitors was found. Conclusions: Although Candida colonisation is significantly more common in patients with psoriasis, it does not influence the psoriatic disease or cytokine response. Our study showed that Candida colonisation is particularly more frequent in patients with psoriasis ≥51 years of age. Therefore, especially this group should be screened for symptoms of candidiasis during treatment with IL-17 inhibitors