Aktivaattorin käyttö oikomishoidossa

Tiivistelmä. Tämä kirjallisuuskatsaus käsittelee aktivaattorin käyttöä oikomishoidossa. Aktivaattori on yksi ortodontiassa käytettävistä funktionaalisista kojeista, ja sitä käytetään distaali- ja syväpurentojen hoidossa. Muita tässä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa mainittavia funktionaalisia kojeita ovat Fränkelin koje, Van Beekin aktivaattori, Twin-Block sekä Herbstin koje. Aktivaattorin toimintaperiaatteena on ohjata retrognaattisen mandibulan kasvua eteenpäin niin sanotun konstruktiopurennan avulla. Konstruktiopurennassa alaleuka on tuotuna eteenpäin, jolloin lihakset ja pehmytkudokset venyttyvät, ja paine välittyy hammaskaarille ja skeletaalisiin rakenteisiin. Konstruktiopurenta saa aikaan kondyylien kasvun stimuloitumisen. Mandibulan eteenpäin suuntautuvan kasvun stimuloinnin lisäksi aktivaattorilla on myös maksillan kasvua rajoittava vaikutus. On epäselvää, mikä osuus funktionaalisten kojeiden vaikutuksesta on dentoalveolaarista ja mikä skeletaalista, ja funktionaalisten kojeiden vaikutusmekanismi onkin yksi kiistellyimmistä asioista ortodontiassa. Aktivaattorihoito, kuten myös hoito muilla funktionaalisilla kojeilla, tulee ajoittaa potilaan nopean kasvun aikaan, puberteettispurttiin, jolloin myös mandibulan kasvunopeus kiihtyy. Aktivaattorihoito on siis tehokkainta, kun se ajoittuu toiseen vaihduntavaiheeseen. Hoidon ajoituksessa tyttöjen ja poikien kasvuspurtin ajankohdan ero tulee ottaa huomioon. Distaalipurentaa tulee hoitojakson aikana hieman ylikorjata, jotta estettäisiin AII-purennan palautuminen. Aktiivisen hoitojakson päätteeksi hoitotulosten ylläpitoon tarvitaan retentiovaihe. Aktivaattorihoidon retentiona käytetään tyypillisesti aktivaattoria, jonka käyttöä harvennetaan

Bat lung epithelial cells show greater host species-specific innate resistance than MDCK cells to human and avian influenza viruses

Background With the recent discovery of novel H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viral RNA in bats and report on high frequency of avian H9 seroconversion in a species of free ranging bats, an important issue to address is the extent bats are susceptible to conventional avian and human influenza A viruses. Method To this end, three bat species (Eidolon helvum, Carollia perspicillata and Tadarida brasiliensis) of lung epithelial cells were separately infected with two avian and two human influenza viruses to determine their relative host innate immune resistance to infection. Results All three species of bat cells were more resistant than positive control Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to all four influenza viruses. TB1-Lu cells lacked sialic acid α2,6-Gal receptors and were most resistant among the three bat species. Interestingly, avian viruses were relatively more replication permissive in all three bat species of cells than with the use of human viruses which suggest that bats could potentially play a role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses. Chemical inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway in bat cells had no effect on virus production suggesting that type I interferon signalling is not a major factor in resisting influenza virus infection. Conclusion Although all three species of bat cells are relatively more resistant to influenza virus infection than control MDCK cells, they are more permissive to avian than human viruses which suggest that bats could have a contributory role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses

The LAGUNA design study- towards giant liquid based underground detectors for neutrino physics and astrophysics and proton decay searches

The feasibility of a next generation neutrino observatory in Europe is being considered within the LAGUNA design study. To accommodate giant neutrino detectors and shield them from cosmic rays, a new very large underground infrastructure is required. Seven potential candidate sites in different parts of Europe and at several distances from CERN are being studied: Boulby (UK), Canfranc (Spain), Fr\'ejus (France/Italy), Pyh\"asalmi (Finland), Polkowice-Sieroszowice (Poland), Slanic (Romania) and Umbria (Italy). The design study aims at the comprehensive and coordinated technical assessment of each site, at a coherent cost estimation, and at a prioritization of the sites within the summer 2010.Comment: 5 pages, contribution to the Workshop "European Strategy for Future Neutrino Physics", CERN, Oct. 200

Estimating the Characteristic Curve of a Directional Control Valve in a Combined Multibody and Hydraulic System Using an Augmented Discrete Extended Kalman Filter

The estimation of the parameters of a simulation model such that the model’s behaviour matches closely with reality can be a cumbersome task. This is due to the fact that a number of model parameters cannot be directly measured, and such parameters might change during the course of operation in a real system. Friction between different machine components is one example of these parameters. This can be due to a number of reasons, such as wear. Nevertheless, if one is able to accurately define all necessary parameters, essential information about the performance of the system machinery can be acquired. This information can be, in turn, utilised for product-specific tuning or predictive maintenance. To estimate parameters, the augmented discrete extended Kalman filter with a curve fitting method can be used, as demonstrated in this paper. In this study, the proposed estimation algorithm is applied to estimate the characteristic curves of a directional control valve in a four-bar mechanism actuated by a fluid power system. The mechanism is modelled by using the double-step semi-recursive multibody formulation, whereas the fluid power system under study is modelled by employing the lumped fluid theory. In practise, the characteristic curves of a directional control valve is described by three to six data control points of a third-order B-spline curve in the augmented discrete extended Kalman filter. The results demonstrate that the highly non-linear unknown characteristic curves can be estimated by using the proposed parameter estimation algorithm. It is also demonstrated that the root mean square error associated with the estimation of the characteristic curve is 0.08% with respect to the real model. In addition, all the errors in the estimated states and parameters of the system are within the 95% confidence interval. The estimation of the characteristic curve in a hydraulic valve can provide essential information for performance monitoring and maintenance applications.Publishers versio

In Bonobos Yawn Contagion Is Higher among Kin and Friends

In humans, the distribution of yawn contagion is shaped by social closeness with strongly bonded pairs showing higher levels of contagion than weakly bonded pairs. This ethological finding led the authors to hypothesize that the phenomenon of yawn contagion may be the result of certain empathic abilities, although in their most basal form. Here, for the first time, we show the capacity of bonobos (Pan paniscus) to respond to yawns of conspecifics. Bonobos spontaneously yawned more frequently during resting/relaxing compared to social tension periods. The results show that yawn contagion was context independent suggesting that the probability of yawning after observing others\u27 yawns is not affected by the propensity to engage in spontaneous yawns. As it occurs in humans, in bonobos the yawing response mostly occurred within the first minute after the perception of the stimulus. Finally, via a Linear Mixed Model we tested the effect of different variables (e.g., sex, rank, relationship quality) on yawn contagion, which increased when subjects were strongly bonded and when the triggering subject was a female. The importance of social bonding in shaping yawn contagion in bonobos, as it occurs in humans, is consistent with the hypothesis that empathy may play a role in the modulation of this phenomenon in both species. The higher frequency of yawn contagion in presence of a female as a triggering subject supports the hypothesis that adult females not only represent the relational and decisional nucleus of the bonobo society, but also that they play a key role in affecting the emotional states of others

Kohti tyypin 2 diabeetikon yksilöllistä hyperglykemian hoitoa

Teema : Diabetes avoterveydenhuollossa. English summaryPeer reviewe

Micropolar beam-like structures under large deformation

Results from experimental torsion and bending tests show the existence of a size effect, which conventional continuum models are unable to describe. Therefore, the incorporation of the micropolar media into numerical approaches for the analysis of materials with a complex microstructure looks necessary. So far, most studies utilize Cosserat continuum theory with 3D finite solid elements, even though, it covers only few beam elements developed within a linear strain–displacement relationship, and therefore only works in a small deformation regime. In this study, the authors aim to develop a size-dependent 3D continuum beam element based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) with microstructure inclusions. Comparing analytical solutions within the Cosserat continuum model and models based on the proposed and already existing 3D micropolar solid elements, one can see a good correlation between them, with a faster convergence rate for the developed ANCF beam element. That allows exploiting the developed beam element within the non-linear deformation range, which is usually bypassed because of high computational costs, thus, accounting fully for differences between two media descriptions.publishedVersionPeer reviewe