Impactos da pandemia de COVID-19 no Custo Unitário Básico (CUB) da construção civil no estado de Rondônia, Brasil

A construção civil teve um grande impacto causado pela pandemia de COVID-19 que iniciou em março de 2020, influenciando diversos setores econômicos do país. Além de fortalecer a economia, o setor é também capaz de proporcionar desenvolvimento social, pois é responsável pela geração de muitos empregos e tem grande impacto no produto interno bruto (PIB) do Brasil. Na Construção Civil esse impacto pode ser medido pela variação do Custo Unitário Básico (CUB/m²) da construção do projeto-padrão baixo, padrão normal e padrão alto, que é um indicador que serve de base para analisar parte dos custos de construção dos edifícios. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa objetiva analisar a variação no Custo Unitário Básico no período de 2019 a 2022 visando identificar o impacto da pandemia no contexto da Engenharia Civil no estado de Rondônia. Para isso, foram utilizadas informações disponíveis no website do Sindicato da Indústria da Construção Civil do Estado de Rondônia (SINDUSCON/RO) e do Sistema Nacional de Pesquisas de Custos e Índices da Construção Civil (SINAPI). Os dados que se referem aos custos da construção de projetos de padrão residencial (baixo, normal e alto) foram organizados trimestralmente e foram calculadas médias e percentuais objetivando identificar sua variação ao longo do período de estudo. Os resultados mostram que todos os padrões residenciais apresentaram aumento no custo, principalmente no período de 2020 a 2021, que foi seu ápice. Todavia, é possível identificar tendência de redução dos preços a partir de 2021, o que pode ser um indicativo de que as empresas do setor estão buscando novas estratégias de negócios

Proposal of a plan of sustainable maintenance of the building hydraulic facilities of cold water: IFPB, Campus João Pessoa

The sustainable buildings must be related to maintenance, comfort, durability and safety of the construction in its lifetime. The research intends to develop a maintenance plan for the building installations of cold water at Federal Institute of Paraiba, Campus João Pessoa. Data were collected by architectural design, visits to wet areas, defects records presented on the utilization parts at the Campus, resulting in quantification of all sanitary appliances and parts with and without defects presented in tables and graphs for analysis of lifespan transformed with no time for planning inspection and repairs that supported the preparation of the Sustainable Maintenance Plan of the institution under study. The proposal of a Maintenance Plan was developed to avoid emergency repairs, the unnecessary consumption of potable water for leaks and unnecessary spending in maintenance shopping without planning, reducing the environmental impacts in the post- construction

Outside the classroom: Community health education to prevent diseases in South Bahia, Brazil

[EN] The objective of this paper was to report the achievements of a workgroup which was focused on outside of classroom activities linked to the social demands of primary health care to improve the learning of diseases among health students in South Bahia, Brazil. The methodology encompassed a pedagogical approach including local diagnostic of health and development of strategy actions of continuing education on health promotion. This has strengthened the development of new teaching resources that favored the learning of the biology of diseases frequently found in these communities. While on the one hand it has improved the quality of information on health in self-care and sexually transmitted diseases, on the other hand it has helped health students develop skills and acquire competencies aligned to the principles of health promotion. The authors suggest that continuing education activities are the best strategies underlying the mechanisms of collective knowledge and the relations between learning and practical action. New approaches on health education span the notions of individual and family hygiene and practices in health, with emphasis on prevention and prophylaxis, which are the objectives of programs health promotion and disease prevention.Leal, V.; Dos Santos, N.; Santos, M.; Mendes, P.; Pellizzoni, T.; Da Silva, M. (2015). Outside the classroom: Community health education to prevent diseases in South Bahia, Brazil. En 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGHER EDUCATION ADVANCES (HEAD' 15). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 273-278. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD15.2015.256OCS27327

Scrapie diagnosis in a goat and four Santa Inês sheep from the same herd in Brazil

Scrapie is a fatal and progressive transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of natural occurrence in sheep and goats. The suspicion of scrapie may be based on clinical signs; however, the detection of pathological features of the prionic protein (PrP) in target tissues is necessary to diagnose the disease. The presence of an abnormal protein form (PrPSc) in lymphoreticular and nervous tissues is an important characteristic in diagnosis. This paper reports a case of scrapie in a flock of 55 Suffolk crossbred sheep, 19 Santa Inês sheep and 21 goats in the Mato Grosso state, midwestern Brazil. The animals were euthanized after the confirmation of a scrapie case with clinical signs in a Suffolk sheep in the same farm. Samples of brainstem at the level of the obex and lymphoid issues like palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, third eyelid fixed in formalin 10% were processed for histological examination. Histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin did not show any microscopic changes in samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination to detect anti-prion PrPSc was performed in lymphoid tissues. Scrapie diagnosis was confirmed based on IHC positive results for PrPSc in lymphoid tissues of a crossbreed goat and four Santa Inês sheep, without any clinical scrapie signs. IHC showed positive staining in at least three lymphoid germinal centers in goat mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and third eyelid samples. The mesenteric lymph node, and tonsil samples of all sheep showed positive immunostaining, and only one sheep showed positive staining in lymphoid follicles in the third eyelid. Scrapie diagnosis using IHC in fixed samples of lymphoreticular tissue is technically feasible to detect the disease in both goats and sheep, as a form of pre-clinical diagnosis. The results indicate that the herd was infected by a sheep coming from another herd where scrapie had been diagnosed before.Scrapie é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível (EET) progressiva e fatal de ocorrência natural em ovinos e caprinos. A suspeita de scrapie é baseada nos sinais clínicos, porém a manifestação patológica da proteína priônica (PrP) nos tecidos-alvo é necessária para a confirmação da doença. A presença de uma forma anormal da proteína (PrPSc) em tecido linforreticular e tecido nervoso constitui uma característica importante para o diagnóstico. Este trabalho é o relato de um foco de scrapie ocorrido em rebanho com 55 ovinos mistos Suffolk, 21 caprinos e 19 ovinos Santa Inês, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os animais foram eutanasiados após a confirmação de um caso de scrapie com sinais clínicos em um ovino Suffolk nessa propriedade. Amostras de tronco cerebral na altura do obex e tecidos linfoides, que incluíram tonsilas, linfonodos mesentéricos e tecido linfoide da terceira pálpebra foram processados para exame histológico. O exame histológico utilizando a coloração de hematoxilina e eosina não revelou a presença de alterações microscópicas nos tecidos examinados. O diagnóstico de scrapie foi confirmado com base nos resultados positivos de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) para PrPSc nos tecidos linfoides de um caprino sem raça definida e quatro ovinos da raça Santa Inês, sem sinais clínicos de scrapie. A IHQ apresentou marcação positiva em pelo menos três centros linfoides na tonsila, terceira pálpebra e linfonodo mesentérico do caprino. Em todos os ovinos, a IHQ revelou marcação positiva nos folículos linfoides da tonsila palatínica e linfonodo mesentérico; a marcação positiva nos folículos linfoides da terceira pálpebra só foi observada em um dos ovinos. Este trabalho demonstra a importância da utilização de tecido linforreticular para o diagnóstico pré-clínico de scrapie através de IHQ e é tecnicamente viável em ovinos e caprinos. Os resultados indicam que os animais foram contaminados por um ovino oriundo de um rebanho que apresentava casos clínicos de scrapie

Classical scrapie diagnosis in ARR/ARR sheep in Brazil

Background: Scrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that affects sheep flocks and goat herds. The transfer of animals or groups of these between sheep farms is associated with increased numbers of infected animals and with the susceptibility or the resistance to natural or classical scrapie form. Although several aspects linked to the etiology of the natural form of this infection remain unclarified, the role of an important genetic control in scrapie incidence has been proposed. Polymorphisms of the PrP gene (prion protein, or simply prion), mainly in codons 136, 154, and 171, have been associated with the risk of scrapie. Case: One animal from a group of 292 sheep was diagnosed positive for scrapie in the municipality of Valparaíso, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The group was part of a flock of 811 free-range, mixed-breed Suffolk sheep of the two genders and ages between 2 and 7 years from different Brazilian regions. Blood was collected for genotyping (for codons 136, 141, 154 and 171), and the third lid and rectal mucosa were sampled for immunohistochemistry (IHC) for scrapie, from all 292 animals of the group. IHC revealed that seven (2.4%) animals were positive for the disease. Collection of samples was repeated for 90 animals, among which the seven individuals diagnosed positive and 83 other animals that had some degree of kinship with those. These 90 sheep were sacrificed and necropsied, when samples of brain (obex), cerebellum, third eyelid, rectal mucosa, mesenteric lymph node, palatine tonsil, and spleen were collected for IHC. The results of IHC analyses carried out after necropsy of the seven positive animals submitted to the second collection of lymphoreticular tissue and of the 83 animals with some degree of kinship with them confirmed the positive diagnosis obtained in the first analysis, and revealed that three other sheep were also positive for scrapie. Samples of 80 animals (89%) were negative for the disease in all organs and tissues analyzed. In turn, 10 sheep (11%) were positive, presenting immunoreactivity in one or more tissues. Genotyping revealed the presence of four of the five alleles of the PrP gene commonly detected in sheep: ARR, ARQ, VRQ and ARH. These allele combinations formed six haplotypes: ARR/ARR, ARR/ARQ, ARH/ARH, ARQ/ARH, ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ. Animals were classified according to susceptibility to scrapie, when 8.9% of the genotyped sheep were classified into risk group R1 (more resistant, with no restriction to breeding). In turn, 40% of the animals tested ranked in groups R4 and R5 (genetically very susceptible, cannot be used for breeding purposes). Discussion: The susceptibility of sheep flocks depends on the genetic pattern of animals and is determined by the sequence of the gene that codifies protein PrP. Additionally, numerous prion strains are differentiated based on pathological and biochemical characteristics, and may affect animals differently, depending on each individual’s genotype. Most epidemiologic data published to date indicate that animals that carry the ARR/ARR genotype are less susceptible to classical scrapie. However, in the present study, the fact that two scrapie-positive sheep presented the haplotype ARR/ARR indicates that this genotype cannot always be considered an indicator of resistance to the causal agent of the classical manifestation of the disease. The coexistence in the same environment of several crossbred animals from different flocks and farms, which characterizes a new heterogeneous flock, may have promoted a favorable scenario to spread the disease, infecting animals in the most resistant group

O amor em "Marília de Dirceu", de Tomás Antônio Gonzaga

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa relativa ao livro Marília de Dirceu, de Tomás Antônio Gonzaga. Nesse trabalho, analisaram-se as imagens do amor na primeira e na segunda partes dessa obra. Foi uma pesquisa de cunho bibliográfico, em que a partir de revisão de bibliografia publicada sobre  o livro e dos conceitos de amor presentes em O Banquete, de Platão, verificou-se como o amor está representado nas liras dedicadas a Marília. Para isso, partiu-se do pressuposto de que o amor que é representado nas liras pode ser relacionado aos discursos a respeito do amor presentes em O Banquete. Após a análise, constatou-se que o amor nas duas primeiras partes de Marília de Dirceu é o amor platônico, sintetizado no discurso de Sócrates

Photobiomodulation therapy does not decrease pain and disability in people with non-specific low back pain: a systematic review

Question: In people with non-specific low back pain (LBP), what are the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on pain, disability and other outcomes when compared with no intervention, sham PBMT and other treatments, and when used as an adjunct to other treatments? Design: Systematic review of randomised trials with meta-analysis. Participants: People with acute/subacute or chronic non-specific LBP. Interventions: Any type of PBMT (laser class I, II and III and light-emitting diodes) compared with no treatment, sham PBMT and other types of treatment, or used as an adjunct to another treatment. Outcome measures: Pain intensity, disability, overall improvement, quality of life, work absence and adverse effects. Results: Twelve randomised controlled trials were included (pooled n = 1,046). Most trials had low risk of bias. Compared with sham PBMT, the effect of PBMT on pain and disability was clinically unimportant in people with acute/subacute or chronic LBP. In people with chronic LBP, there was no clinically important difference between the effect of PBMT and the effect of exercise on pain or disability. Although benefits were observed on some other outcomes, these estimates were imprecise and/or based on low-quality evidence. PBMT was estimated to reduce pain (MD −11.20, 95% CI −20.92 to −1.48) and disability (MD −11.90, 95% CI −17.37 to −6.43) more than ultrasound, but these confidence intervals showed important uncertainty about whether the differences in effect were worthwhile or trivial. Conversely, PBMT was estimated to reduce pain (MD 19.00, 95% CI 9.49 to 28.51) and disability (MD 17.40, 95% CI 8.60 to 26.20) less than Tecar (Energy Transfer Capacitive and Resistive) therapy, with marginal uncertainty that these differences in effect were worthwhile. Conclusion: Current evidence does not support the use of PBMT to decrease pain and disability in people with non-specific LBP.publishedVersio

Estado de hidratação e avaliação de performance de jogadores de futebol

Dehydration is common among football players and is related to the reduction of sports performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the fluid losses induced by exercise and its association with fluid intake and performance in a field test, besides evaluating the knowledge about the hydration of the players. 20 male athletes from a professional football club in Fortaleza-CE participated in the study. The hydration status was evaluated from the percentage of weight loss on a training day, in which the water consumption of the athletes was recorded; And then applied the Yo-Yo Intermitent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYRT1). The prevalence of dehydration status was observed, with weight loss of 1.289 ±0.6193%. The mean water consumption was 1106.0 ±290.0 mL, and the mean distance covered in the YYR1 was 1040 ±394.2 meters. No significant correlation was found between the variables. The evaluation of the answers frequencies of the questionnaire showed a low level of knowledge in the subject approached. The findings in this study show the need to educate athletes about hydration as a way to avoid the reduction of performance and harm to the health of these individuals.A desidratação é comum entre jogadores de futebol e está relacionada com a redução do desempenho esportivo. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as perdas hídricas induzidas pelo exercício e sua associação com o consumo hídrico e desempenho em um teste de campo, além de avaliar os conhecimentos sobre hidratação dos jogadores. 20 atletas do sexo masculino de um clube de futebol profissional em Fortaleza-CE participaram do estudo. O estado de hidratação foi avaliado a partir do percentual de perda de peso em um dia de treino, no qual o consumo hídrico dos atletas foi registrado; e então aplicado o teste Yo-Yo Intermitent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYRT1). Foi verificada prevalência de estado de desidratação, com perda de peso de 1.289 ±0.6193%. O consumo hídrico médio foi de 1106.0 ±290.0 mL, e a média de distância percorrida no YYR1 foi de 1040 ±394.2 metros. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre as variáveis. A avaliação das frequências de respostas do questionário demonstrou baixo nível de conhecimento no tema abordado. Os achados nesse estudo mostram a necessidade de educação dos atletas sobre hidratação como forma de evitar a redução de performance e danos à saúde desses indivíduos

Epidermal Renewal after Treatment of Primary Canine Hypothyroidism using Levothyroxine

Background: Primary canine hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder that causes imbalances in the hypothalamus-pituitarythyroid axis, is a common cause of endocrine dermatoses, which frequently presents with opaque dry brittle hair. Tissue changes are also visible, such as myxedema, hyperkeratosis, epidermal atrophy, alopecia, and others. This paper describes the skin changes caused by primary hypothyroidism in a female dog before and after treatment with levothyroxine.Case: This case study involved a 7-year-old Dalmatian bitch with a history of weight gain and changes such as rough dry brittle hair. For about a year, the dog also had also presented symmetrical erythematous and alopecia skin lesions in the regions of the hind limbs, lower back and tail, progressive lethargy and fatigue after exercise. A hemogram showed mild normocytic and normochromic regenerative anemia, as well as mild leukopenia and neutropenia. Biochemical tests revealed increased levels of creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Skin biopsy revealed the presence of comedones in the epidermis and acanthosis and trichilemmal keratinization. Hormonal tests revealed high TSH and low free T4 and total T4 levels. A cervical ultrasound scan showed changes in the thyroid glands, with hypoechoic parenchyma, in addition to increased size of the right lobe, suggesting thyroiditis. Based on these exams, the patient was diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism, and treatment with levothyroxine was instituted.Discussion: Around 90% of dogs with hypothyroidism show a decrease in total T4 and about 65-75% of them show an increase in TSH levels. In endocrinopathy, there is a decrease in the expression of T3 receptors in the keratinocytes and genes responsible for epidermal renewal. Also, molecules that affect epidermal differentiation bind to intracellular receptors belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily. In this study, however, the application of the minimum levothyroxine dose restored the normal epidermal pattern for the species and the remaining parameters returned to normal. The hormone T3 acts in the differentiation of keratinocytes, a fact that, although not yet proven, is believed to be indirect and mediated by the epidermal growth factor or by the expression of the genes responsible for the renewal of the epidermis. Besides, some effects on the epidermis caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones may be due to secondary vitamin A deficiency, which is necessary for epithelial differentiation and binding epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the cell. Still, there is a theory that sex hormones also affect the differentiation of the epidermis, as studies show that deficiency causes effects similar to those caused by hypothyroidism. Some studies indicate the investigation of the relationship between secondary vitamin D deficiency and the increased cellularity of the epidermis of the spayed hypothyroid female rats. Additionally, the mechanism of the formation of hyperkeratosis in hypothyroidism is not yet elucidated. T3 is known to regulate keratingene expression and perhaps also epidermal maturation, epithelial cycle, and normal keratin synthesis. The single treatment with levothyroxine in the female dog was effective in promoting the restoration of gene expression to T3 in keratinocytes.Keywords: dermatopathies, endocrinopathies, hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, synthetic hormone