PM2.5 chemical source profiles of emissions resulting from industrial and domestic burning activities in India

A study has been performed to develop PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5) chemically speciated source profiles of different industrial and domestic burning practices in India. A total of fifty-five PM2.5 samples have been collected in emissions resulting from (1) industrial furnaces, (2) household fuels, (3) municipal solid waste burning, and (4) welding workshop burning practices, and categorized for eleven subtypes of sources. The collected samples were subjected to chemical analysis for twenty-one elemental (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, Zn), nine ionic (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, Cl–, F–, NO3–, SO42–), OC, and EC source indicator species using atomic absorption spectrometry, ion chromatography and carbon analysis (thermal/optical transmittance method), respectively. The carbonaceous fraction was most abundant in household fuel burning emissions (47.6 ± 7.45% to 65.92 ± 13.13%). The ionic/elemental ratios of major inorganic constituents (Ca2+/Ca, Mg2+/Mg and Na+/Na) have been identified to describe the PM2.5 emissions from combustion or re-suspension dusts during industrial activities. Brick Kiln processes (BKP) have been identified as the major emitter of the highest number of toxic species (Cd, Co, Mo, Sb and V), followed by steel re-rolling mills (Hg and Pb) and steel processing industries (As, Ni). The source marker calculations also confirmed that K+, Mn, and As are good markers for biomass burning, metallurgical industrial emission, and coal burning, respectively, similar to the findings in previous studies

Procjena i vrednovanje PM2.5 u vanjskom okolišu u odnosu na njegove zdravstvene učinke u industrijskim područjima u kojima se koristi mineralni ugljen

Atmospheric PM2.5 pollution, has shown potential impact on the human health in general, thus it requires to look into the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 masses for designing effective policies to reduce health risks amongst public under exposure. The study carried out, here, has presented the ambient PM2.5 concentrations, concentrations of chemical components and associated health risks over rural and urban environments in the area of mineral based coal-fired industrial areas of central India for a period of one year (2015–16). Overall 260 PM2.5 samples, collected from rural, urban and industrial sites, were analyzed for various elements Al, As, Ca, Hg, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Na, Mg, K, V and Zn, ions such as Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, F–, Cl–, NH4+, NO3–, SO42– and carbonaceous matter. The annual average PM2.5 mass concentrations were found to be ~2 to ~6 folds higher than the annual National Ambient Air Quality standard (40 µg m–3). Further this study also evaluates, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with ambient PM2.5 exposures (via ingestion, inhalation and dermal). The elemental species that have shown non-carcinogenic risks for both children and adults of all three sites are: Co, Mn, Ni (rural), As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, V (urban and industrial sites). Similarly, the excess carcinogenic risks, in total, from Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb was found to be higher than acceptable limits (10–6 to 10–4).Onečišćenje atmosfere lebdećim česticama (PM2.5) pokazalo je potencijalni utjecaj na zdravlje ljudi općenito. Stoga je potrebno sagledati kemijska svojstva čestica PM2.5 kako bi se postiglo učinkovito smanjenje zdravstvenih rizika izložene populacije. U ovome radu prikazuju se rezultati studije koncentracija PM2.5 i koncentracija kemijskih sastojaka u lebdećim česticama za jednogodišnje razdoblje (2015.–2016.) koji su povezani sa zdravstvenim rizicima u ruralnim i urbanim sredinama u industrijskim područjima u središnjoj Indiji u kojima se koristi mineralni ugljen kao pogonsko industrijsko gorivo. Ukupno je analizirano 260 uzoraka PM2.5 s ruralnih, urbanih i industrijskih lokacija za različite elemente: Al, As, Ca, Hg, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, K, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se , B, Na, Mg, K, V i Zn, ione poput Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, F–, Cl–, NH4+, NO3–, SO42– i spojeve ugljika. Utvrđeno je da su prosječne godišnje masene koncentracije PM2.5 od ~2 do ~6 puta više od dopuštenih godišnjih vrijednosti prema indijskom Nacionalnom standardu kvalitete zraka (40 µgm–3). Nadalje, ova studija također ocjenjuje kancerogene i nekancerogene rizike za zdravlje povezane s izloženošću česticama PM2.5 u okolišu (putem gutanja, udisanja i dodira s kožom). Elementi koji su pokazali nekancerogene rizike i za djecu i za odrasle na sve tri lokacije su: Co, Mn, Ni (ruralno područje), As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni i V (urbano i industrijsko područje). Slično, utvrđen je povećan kancerogeni rizik za Cd, Co, Cr, Ni i Pb, koji je veći od prihvatljivih granica (10–6 do 10–4)

Cultural and Ritual Burning Emission Factors and Activity Levels in India

Real-world particulate matter, organic carbon, and elemental carbon (OC and EC) emission measurements were measured for different cultural and ritual services. These were (g/kg): 11.36 (OC), 0.27 (EC) and 31.04 (RPM) of Marriage Events

Source Profiles for PM10-2.5 Resuspended Dust and Vehicle Exhaust Emissions in Central India

Eight composite PM10-2.5 source profiles were developed for resuspended dust and vehicle exhaust emissions with 32 chemical species, including 21 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn), 9 water-soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4 +, Cl-, F-, NO3-, and SO42-), and carbonaceous fractions (OC and EC). Dust samples were dominated by crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Mg) while exhaust emissions showed high abundances of carbonaceous aerosol (OC and EC). Crustal species (Al, Fe, Mg, and Na) were more enriched over native soils in PM10-2.5 as compared to PM2.5. The higher coefficients of divergence (COD) indicate that profiles differ from each other. Ca accounted for nearly 30% of PM10-2.5 mass in construction dust while Fe accounted for nearly 20% of PM10-2.5 mass in paved road dust. Three-and four-wheeler diesel exhaust profiles consisted of 5-7% EC, with 6-10 times higher Pb, Se, and S abundances than those in two-wheeler gasoline exhaust profile. The heavy-duty diesel exhaust profile consist of nearly 20% EC with abundant (> 0.5%) trace elements (e.g., Pb, Se, and Zn)

Coarse particle (PM10–2.5) source profiles for emissions from domestic cooking and industrial process in Central India

To develop coarse particle (PM10–2.5, 2.5to10μm) chemical source profiles, real-world source sampling fromfour domestic cooking and seven industrial processing facilities were carried out in “Raipur-Bhilai” of Central India. Collected samples were analysed for 32 chemical species including 21 elements (Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 8 water-soluble ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, F−, NO3 −, and SO4 2−) by ion chromatography, ammonium (NH4 +) by spectrophotometry, and carbonaceous fractions (OC and EC) by thermal/optical transmittance. The carbonaceous fractions were most abundant fraction in household fuel and municipal solid waste combustion emissions while elemental speciesweremore abundant in industrial emissions.Most of the elemental specieswere enriched in PM2.5 (b2.5 μm) size fraction as compared to the PM10–2.5 fraction. Abundant Ca (13–28%) was found in steelrollingmill (SRM)and cement production industry (CPI) emissions, with abundant Fe (14–32%) in ferro-manganese (FEMNI), steel production industry (SPI), and electric-arc welding emissions. High coefficients of divergence (COD) values (0.46 to 0.88) among the profiles indicate their differences. These region-specific source profiles aremore relevant to source apportionment studies in India than profiles measured elsewhere