Aerobiological and phenological study of the vineyards in the denomination of origin Montilla-Moriles

El viñedo es uno de los cultivos perennes más abundantes en el mundo, con las mayores concentraciones de hectáreas localizadas en Europa. Una de las principales amenazas para este cultivo son las enfermedades fúngicas, siendo las principales el Mildiu (Uncinula necator), el Oídio (Plasmopara viticola) y la podredumbre gris (Botrytis cinerea). Un conocimiento sobre el contenido de esporas de hongos en el aire es considerado útil como indicador del desarrollo de patógenos, mientras que las concentraciones de polen aerovagante son una herramienta importante para el conocimiento de la intensidad y la estacionalidad de la floración. El objetivo principal de la tesis ha sido conocer las relaciones que existen entre la fenología del viñedo, el polen aerovagante y los factores meteorológicos, además del estudio de las esporas en el aire de hongos patógenos del viñedo. El estudio se ha realizado en cuatro viñedos de la DOP Montilla- Moriles durante el periodo 2015-2018. Las concentraciones de esporas de hongos y granos de polen se han monitorizado mediante dos tipos de captadores de impacto: uno tipo Hirst y varios captadores de tipo pasivo. Para el muestreo aerobiológico se procedió según el Manual de Calidad y Gestión de la Red Española de Aerobiología (REA) y los requerimientos mínimos de la European Aerobiogy Society (EAS). El análisis de los granos de polen se realizó mediante la lectura de la muestra superando el 10% de la superficie total y en el caso de las esporas de hongos superando el 5% de la superficie total. Los datos fenológicos se tomaron semanalmente (dos veces en semana durante la floración) para las 4 variedades a estudio (Pedro Ximénez, Verdejo, Moscatel de Grano menudo y Chardonnay). Mediante el programa R se realizaron correlaciones de Spearman para comparar las concentraciones de granos de polen y esporas de hongos con los parámetros meteorológicos. Debido a las complejas relaciones entre la meteorología y las concentraciones de granos de polen y esporas, se procedió también a la realización de Análisis de Redundancia (RDA) y árboles de decisión. Respecto a las esporas de hongos detectadas en la DOP, Uncinula necator ha sido la espora más común, seguida por Botrytis cinerea y, en último lugar, Plasmopara viticola. La mayor presencia de esporas se detectó durante los estadios previos a la floración, la temperatura media fue el factor que más afectó de forma significativa a las tres esporas. Botrytis cinerea ha presentado correlación con el punto de rocío, Plasmopara viticola con la humedad y el punto de rocío y Uncinula necator presenta mayor correlación con la precipitación aunque no significativamente. Los tipos polínicos más importantes en la zona de muestreo, por orden abundancia, fueron: Olea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Urtica membranacea, Vitis, Plantago, Pinus y Amaranthaceae. Los parámetros meteorológicos con mayor influencia para el contenido polínico fueron la temperatura y el punto de rocío. Se ha observado una correlación significativa entre las concentraciones de polen y esporas semanales de los captadores pasivos y el captador volumétrico, pero la integral estacional de esporas siempre fue más alta con el captador volumétrico que con los pasivos. La comparativa entre los captadores pasivos y el volumétrico pone de manifiesto una buena representación de la DOP con los datos obtenidos mediante el captador volumétrico, siendo éste el más recomendado para zonas amplias. En términos del período de floración, los cultivares estudiados se han clasificado como "cultivares tempranos". El espectro de polen en la zona de estudio es consecuencia del uso agrícola de la tierra, con altas concentraciones de algunos tipos de polen de especies cultivables, y una menor diversidad de otros tipos polínicos en el aire en comparación con estudios realizados en zonas urbanas. El análisis de RDA ha ofrecido una mejor explicación de la compleja relación entre los parámetros meteorológicos y el polen aerovagante, en comparación con los resultados del análisis de correlación Spearman.The vineyard is one of the most abundant perennial crops in the world, with the highest concentrations of hectares located in Europe. Principal vineyard diseases are powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Knowledge about airborne fungal spore concentrations is useful as indicator of pathogen development, while airborne pollen concentrations are an important tool for studying the timing and intensity of flowering. The main goal of the thesis has been to know the relationships between the phenology of the vineyard, the airborne pollen and meteorological factors, as well as the study about pathogenic fungal spores causing diseases in the vineyard. The study was carried out in four vineyards of the PDO Montilla- Moriles during the 2015-2018 period. The concentrations of fungal spores and pollen grains have been monitored using two types of impact collectors: a Hirst type and several passive spore traps (PTS). For aerobiological sampling, we proceeded according to the Management and Quality manual of the Spanish Network of Aerobiology (REA) and the minimum requirements of the European Aerobiogy Society (EAS). The analysis of pollen grains was performed exceeding 10% of the total surface area of the daily sample and for fungal spores the 5%. Phenological data were taken weekly (twice a week during flowering) for the 4 varieties under study (Pedro Ximénez, Verdejo, Small Grains Muscat and Chardonnay). Using the R program, Spearman correlations were made to compare pollen and fungal spore concentrations with the meteorological parameters. Due to the complex correlations between meteorology and pollen and spore concentrations, Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and decision trees were also carried out. Regarding fungal spores detected in the PDO, Uncinula necator has been the most common spore, followed by Botrytis cinerea and Plasmopara viticola. The highest presence of spores was detected during the stages prior to flowering; the average temperature was the factor that most significantly affected the three spores. Botrytis cinérea has correlated with dew point, Plasmopara viticola with moisture and dew point and Uncinula necator with rainfall but not significantly. The most important pollen types in the sampling area, in order of abundance, were: Olea, Quercus, Poaceae, Urticaceae, Urtica membranacea, Vitis, Plantago, Pinus and Amaranthaceae. The meteorological parameters with greatest influence on airborne pollen were the temperature and the dew point. A significant correlation has been observed between the weekly pollen and spore concentrations of the passive and Hirst-type samplers, but the seasonal spore integral was always higher for the Hirst-type sampler than for the passive ones. The comparison between the passive and the Hirst samplers shows the good representation of the PDO according to the data obtained by the Hirst sampler, being the most recommended for large areas. In terms of the flowering period, the cultivars studied have been classified as "early cultivars". The pollen spectrum in the study area is a consequence of agricultural land use, increasing the pollen concentrations of cultivated species and decreasing the diversity of pollen types in the air. The RDA analysis has offered a better explanation of the complex relationship between the meteorological parameters and airborne pollen, comparing with the results of the Spearman correlation analysis between the studied variables

First Long-Time Airborne Fungal Spores Study in Dublin, Ireland (1978–1980)

Ambient fungal spores within the atmosphere can contribute to a range of negative human, animal and plant health conditions and diseases. However, trends in fungal spore seasonality, species prevalence, and geographical origin have been significantly understudied in Ireland. Previously unpublished data from the late 1970s have recently been collected and analysed to establish historical fungal spore trends/characteristics for Dublin. Historical spore concentrations were largely dominated by Alternaria, Ascospores, Basidiospores, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Erysiphe and Rusts. The main fungal spore season for Dublin commenced in April with the fructification of Scopulariopsis and Ganoderma. However, the vast majority of other spore types did not reach peak spore release until late summer. The correlation between ambient spore concentration, and meteorological parameters was examined using Multivariable Regression Tree (MRT) analysis. The notable correlations found for fungal spore concentrations tended to involve temperature-based parameters. The use of a non-parametric wind regression was also employed to determine the potential geographical origin of ambient fungal spores. The impact of wind direction, and high windspeed on fungal spores was established, ultimately highlighting the importance of studying and monitoring fungal spores within Ireland, rather than attempting to rely on data from other regions, as most fungal spores collected in Dublin appeared to originate from within the island

Airborne Fungal Spore Review, New Advances and Automatisation

Fungal spores make up a significant portion of Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs) with large quantities of such particles noted in the air. Fungal particles are of interest because of their potential to affect the health of both plants and humans. They are omnipresent in the atmosphere year-round, with concentrations varying due to meteorological parameters and location. Equally, differences between indoor and outdoor fungal spore concentrations and dispersal play an important role in occupational health. This review attempts to summarise the different spore sampling methods, identify the most important spore types in terms of negative effects on crops and the public, the factors affecting their growth/dispersal, and different methods of predicting fungal spore concentrations currently in use

Clouds and aerosols in Puerto Rico ─ a new evaluation

The influence of aerosols, both natural and anthropogenic, remains a major area of uncertainty when predicting the properties and behaviour of clouds and their influence on climate. In an attempt to better understand warm cloud formation in a tropical marine environment, a period of intensive measurements took place in December 2004 in Puerto Rico, using some of the latest developments in online instrumentation such as aerosol mass spectrometers, cloud condensation nuclei counters and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser. Simultaneous online measurements of aerosol size distributions, composition, hygroscopicity and optical properties were made near the lighthouse of Cape San Juan in the north-eastern corner of the island and at the top of East Peak mountain (1040 m a.s.l.), the two sites separated by 17 km. Additional measurements of the cloud droplet residual and interstitial aerosol properties were made at the mountain site, accompanied by measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, liquid water content and the chemical composition of cloud and rain water samples. <br><br> Both aerosol composition and cloud properties were found to be sensitive to wind sector. Air from the east-northeast (ENE) was mostly free of anthropogenic influences, the submicron fraction being mainly composed of non-sea salt sulphate, while that from the east-southeast (ESE) was found to be moderately influenced by populated islands upwind, adding smaller (&lt;100 nm), externally mixed, carbonaceous particles to the aerosol that increased the number concentrations by over a factor of 3. This change in composition was also accompanied with a reduction in the measured hygroscopicity and fractional cloud activation potential of the aerosol. At the mountain site, the average cloud droplet concentrations increased from 193 to 519 cm^&minus;3, median volume diameter decreased from 20 to 14 μm and the liquid water content increased from 0.24 to 0.31 g m^&minus;3 when the winds shifted from the ENE to ESE. Larger numbers of interstitial particles were recorded, most notably at sizes greater than 100 nm, which were absent during clean conditions. The average size of the residual particles and concentrations of cloudwater nitrate, sulphate and insoluble material increased during polluted conditions. <br><br> Previous studies in Puerto Rico had reported the presence of a significant non-anthropogenic organic fraction in the aerosols measured and concluded that this was a factor controlling the in situ cloud properties. However, this was not observed in our case. In contrast to the 1.00&plusmn;0.14 μg m^&minus;3 of organic carbon measured in 1992 and 1995, the organic matter measured in the current study of 0.17&plusmn;0.35 μg m^&minus;3 is many times lower, most of which can be attributed to anthropogenic sources. During clean conditions, the submicron aerosol was observed to be almost entirely inorganic, an observation supported by the hygroscopicity measurements. This suggests that organic aerosols from marine sources may not be completely ubiquitous (either spatially or temporally) in this environment and requires further investigation to quantify their true extent and implications, with more extensive, longer-term sampling in conjunction with wind field analyses

Influence of Resilence, Everyday Stress, Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, Emotional Intelligence, and Empathy on Attitudes toward Sexual and Gender Diversity Rights

The present study forms part of the project “Cross-disciplinary education for sexual, body, and gender diversity” (Code 419). The aim of this study was to analyze the role played by the psychoeducational variables involved in burnout (resilience, self-e cacy, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, empathy, and everyday stress) on attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity rights. Participants comprised 170 university students undertaking a degree in primary education. Instruments were administered to assess the constructs analyzed, ensuring informed consent, voluntary participation, anonymity, and data confidentiality. An ex post facto design was employed to determine whether attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity rights are influenced by the possible relationships and role of these variables. We found statistically significant associations between students’ attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity at all three levels (sociocultural, relational, and personal) and the variable of burnout. Attitudes towards gender sexual orientation and gender identity rights influence burnout, and vice versa. As we ponder deeply about how these factors influence one another, we can shift our perspectives in a way that builds social harmony. It is important to learn how exactly these influences work, and this knowledge translates into making teaching strategies more e ective to help raise awareness about guaranteeing rights for all. At the personal level of students’ attitudes toward sexual and gender diversity/equality, we found positive correlations between this level and the total score for the variable of resilience and with its factor of personal competence. The data obtained will be of use for future psychoeducational assessment and intervention programs related to an education in sexual orientation and gender identity rights that are aimed at developing socio-emotional competencies and attention to diversity with the ultimate goal of improving social harmony by dismantling stereotypes and raising awareness of the importance of the variables of resilience, self-e cacy, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, empathy, and everyday stress which highlights how “education is an instrument of social transformationUNESC

Didactic resources for the localization and identification of mosses and liverworts in the city of Cordoba

Este proyecto trata de utilizar la ciudad de Córdoba como recurso educativo para la enseñanza del mundo vegetal, en concreto musgos y hepáticas. Se trata de acercar al alumnado estos organismos, que aunque pasan desapercibidos por su pequeño tamaño, están presentes en las ciudades. El objetivo ha sido diseñar rutas que se puedan realizar con alumnado en las que sea frecuente encontrar especies de briofitos y aportarles material para realizar de forma autónoma la identificación de las especies. Se han desarrollado itinerarios por la ciudad de Córdoba y por el Campus Universitario de Rabanales en los que se han añadido con una señal las especies que se pueden encontrar en cada uno de los puntos marcados a lo largo de la ruta, para que el alumnado pueda encontrar las especies sin dificultad. Se ha elaborado también una guía didáctica que incluye una pequeña introducción de los briofitos, una clave dicotómica para la identificación de las especies, utilizado caracteres morfológicos fácilmente observables a simple vista y una guía fotográfica con fotos y descripciones detalladas de las especies de hepáticas y musgos que se han encontrado con frecuencia en la ciudad. El material se ha elaborado en español y en inglés.This project tries to use the city of Córdoba as educational resource for teaching plant biology, specifically mosses and liverworts. The aim is to bring these organisms closer to the students since, although they go unnoticed due to their small size, they are present in cities. The objectives have been to design routes to be done with students where it is common to find bryophytes and to provide students with material so they can carry out the identification in an autonomous way. A series of itineraries have been developed in the city of Córdoba and in the University Campus of Rabanales. The species that can be found in each of the marked point along the route have been marked with a label so that the students can find the species without difficulty and at the same time a didactic guide has been elaborated including a small introduction of bryophytes, a dichotomous key for identification of the species using morphological characters observable to the naked eye and a photographic guide with photos and detailed descriptions of the liver and moss species that have been found frequently in the city of Córdoba. This material has been prepared in Spanish and English

Análisis de la opinión de estudiantes sobre conductas de riesgo de jóvenes en Puerto Rico

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the opinion that students of the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus (UPRRP) have about some risk behaviors in teenagers of both genders between the ages of 13-18. We administered an online survey, which was taken by 1,836 students enrolled during the first semester of the 2017-18 academic year. We used mixed methods: descriptive statistics analysis and content analysis. The findings reveal that the opinion of students is that youth is a stage of confusion and turbulence; that some risk behaviors have increased during the past five years and that it tends to be associated to male youth. These results suggest that university students tend to reproduce the dominant social imaginary in terms of risk behavior in youth. Further investigations should take into consideration the consequences of youth stigmatization, since this is a heterogeneous and diverse group.El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar la opinión que tienen los/as estudiantes de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Río Piedras (UPRRP), sobre algunas conductas de riesgo en jóvenes de ambos géneros, de 13-18 años.&nbsp; Administramos un cuestionario en línea que fue contestado por 1,836 estudiantes matriculados/as durante el primer semestre del año académico 2017-18. Utilizamos un método mixto: análisis estadístico descriptivo y análisis de contenido. Los hallazgos revelan que la opinión de la mayoría de los/as estudiantes universitarios/as es que la juventud es una etapa de confusión y turbulencia; que algunas conductas de riesgo han aumentado durante los pasados cinco años y que se asocian más con los jóvenes que con las jóvenes. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los/as estudiantes tienden a reproducir los imaginarios sociales dominantes sobre la conducta de riesgo en jóvenes entre las edades de 13-18 años. Futuros trabajos deben considerar las consecuencias de la estigmatización hacia los/as jóvenes, ya que este es un grupo heterogéneo y variado

First Long-Time Airborne Fungal Spores Study in Dublin, Ireland (1978&ndash;1980)

Ambient fungal spores within the atmosphere can contribute to a range of negative human, animal and plant health conditions and diseases. However, trends in fungal spore seasonality, species prevalence, and geographical origin have been significantly understudied in Ireland. Previously unpublished data from the late 1970s have recently been collected and analysed to establish historical fungal spore trends/characteristics for Dublin. Historical spore concentrations were largely dominated by Alternaria, Ascospores, Basidiospores, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Erysiphe and Rusts. The main fungal spore season for Dublin commenced in April with the fructification of Scopulariopsis and Ganoderma. However, the vast majority of other spore types did not reach peak spore release until late summer. The correlation between ambient spore concentration, and meteorological parameters was examined using Multivariable Regression Tree (MRT) analysis. The notable correlations found for fungal spore concentrations tended to involve temperature-based parameters. The use of a non-parametric wind regression was also employed to determine the potential geographical origin of ambient fungal spores. The impact of wind direction, and high windspeed on fungal spores was established, ultimately highlighting the importance of studying and monitoring fungal spores within Ireland, rather than attempting to rely on data from other regions, as most fungal spores collected in Dublin appeared to originate from within the island