Reconstrucción virtual de la secuencia de construcción de los patios exteriores de los hipogeos QH31, QH32, QH33 y QH34

[EN] 4000 years ago, during XII Dynasty, Elephantine’s Governors were buried in the Qubbet El-Hawa necropoli. The set made up for the QH32, QH31, QH33 and QH34 hypogea stands in this period out. The goal is to contribute with a virtual hypothesis of the outer set construction sequence, an enclosure which include the front courtyards of every one of the successively excavated tombs as a part of a bigger funerary set.[ES] Hace unos 4000 años, durante la Dinastía XII, los gobernadores de Elefantina se enterraron en la necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa. Destaca, durante este período, el conjunto formado por los complejos funerarios QH32, QH31, QH33 y el hipogeo QH34. El objetivo es aportar una hipótesis virtual de la secuencia de construcción del exterior del conjunto, un recinto que engloba los patios delanteros de cada una de las tumbas excavadas, sucesivamente, como parte de un conjunto funerario mayor.Martínez Hermoso, JA. (2019). Virtual reconstruction of the QH31, QH32, QH33 & QH34 hypogea’s outer courtyards construction sequence. EGA Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 24(37):108-119. https://doi.org/10.4995/ega.2019.7809OJS1081192437De Morgan, J. 1894. Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l'Ègypte Antique. Haute Égypte. Tome Premier: de la frontière de Nubie a Kom Ombos. Vienne: Adolphe Holzhausen.Edel E. 2008. Die Felsgräbernekropole der Qubbet el-Hawa bei Assuan. I. Abteilung. Architekture, Darstellungen, Texte, archäologischer Befund und Funde. München: Ferdinand Schöningh.Franke, D. 1994. Das Heiligtum des Heqaib auf Elephantine: Geschichte eines Provinzheiligtums im Mittleren Reich. Heidelberg.Habachi, L. 1985. Elephantine IV. The Sanctuary of Heqaib. Mainz am Rhein : Philipp von Zabern.Hournung, E., Krauss, R. & Warbuton, D. A. 2006. Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Boston: Brill, Leiden. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047404002Jiménez Serrano, A.; Martínez de Dios, J. L. y Anguita Ordóñez, J. M. 2008. Proyecto Qubbet el-Hawa: La tumba nº 33. Primera campaña, en Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología 18, 35-60.Jiménez Serrano, A.; Alemán Aguilera, I., Ayora Cañada, M.J., Botella López, M., Domínguez Vidal, A., Piquette, K., Rodriguez Ariza, M.O., Sáenz Pérez, M.P., Martínez de Dios, J. L., Alba Gómez, J.M., De la Torre Robles, Y., Martínez Hermoso, F. Martínez Hermoso, J.A., López-Obregón Silvestre, T., y Calero García, C. 2014. Proyecto Qubbet el-Hawa: Las tumbas 33, 34aa y QH34bb. Sexta campaña, en Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología 23, 7-48.Jiménez Serrano, A. 2015. A Unique Funerary Complex in Qubbet el-Hawa for Two Gobernors of the Late Twelfth Dynasty, G. Miniaci & W. Grajetzki (eds.): The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000-1550 BC), London: Golden House Publications, 169-176.Jiménez Serrano, A., Alba Gómez, J.M., De la Torre Robles, Y., García González, L., Barba Colmenero, V., Caño Dortez , A., Montes Moya, E., Rodriguez Ariza, O., Pérez García, J.L., Mozas Calvache , A., Martínez Hermoso, J.A., Barbonova , M., Van Neer, W., Eschenbrenner, G., López Grande, M.J., Botella López, M., Alemán Aguilera, I., Rúbio Salvador , A., Sáenz Pérez, M.P., López-Obregón Silvestre , T., Alarcón Robledo, S., Morales Rondan, A., Hakin Karrar, A. 2017. Trabajos arqueológicos de las tumbas QH32, QH33, QH34aa, QH34bb, QH122, QH35p y QH36. Novena campaña (2017), en Boletín de la Asociación Española de Egiptología, BAEDE 26,. 7-48. ISSN: 1331-6780.Martínez Hermoso, J. A., Martínez Hermoso, F., Montes Tubío, F., Jiménez Serrano, A. 2015. Geometry and Proportions in the Funeral Chapel of Sarenput II. Nexus Network Journal. Architecture and Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00004-014-0218-4Martínez Hermoso, J.A. (2015). Arquitectura funeraria durante el Reino Medio en Qubbet el-Hawa. El complejo funerario de Sarenput II. Actas del V Congreso Ibérico de Egiptología (Cuenca 9-12 marzo 2015). Colección Estudios 157. Cuenca: Universidad de Castilla la Mancha. I.S.B.N.: 978-84-9044-240-1.Martínez Hermoso, J.A. (2017). Representación Gráfica y Diseño de la tumba de Sarenput II (QH31). Arquitectura funeraria de la necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa. Colección Tesis Doctorales UCO del Repositorio Helvia de la Universidad de Córdoba. UCOPress. http://hdl.handle.net/10396/14783.Martínez Hermoso, J.A., Mellado García, I., Martínez de Dios, J.L., Martínez Hermoso, F., Espejo Jiménez, A.M., Jiménez Serrano, A. 2018. The construction of the Funerary Set QH31 (Sarenput II)-QH33. Part I: The exterior of the funerary complexes, The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture Vol.3 (2018), pp. 25-44. ISSN 2472-999XMüller, H. W. 1940. Die Felsengräber der Fürsten von Elephantine aus der Zeit des Mittleren Reiches. Glückstadt-Hamburg-New York: Verlag J. J. Augustin

Reconstrucción virtual del exterior del complejo funerario de Sarenput I (QH36)

The funeral complex of Sarenput I (QH36) stands out as being the only one built in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa, which was completely finished. In addition, it stands out as one of the few examples of the Middle Kingdom’s private funerary architecture, along with the monumental tombs of Qaw el-Kebir and Asyut, which in a simplified way follows the structure of royal funerary complexes with ascending stair, outer court, funerary chapel and burial chambers. This paper contributes to the “ideal” graphic reconstruction of the outer spaces of QH36, preserved partially, based on two levels of knowledge: the architectural elements and other archaeological evidences existing in the outer enclosure allow us its reconstruction guaranteeing its accurary; on the other hand, the lack of some of these elements forces us to make interpretative decisions that, based on the study of examples from contemporary Egyptian architecture, guarantee a model with accuracy and historical rigurosity.El complejo funerario de Sarenput I (QH36) destaca por ser el único de los construidos en la necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa, que fue completamente terminado. Además, destaca por ser uno de los escasos ejemplos de la arquitectura funeraria privada del Reino Medio, junto con las monumentales tumbas de Qaw el-Kebir y de Assiut que, de manera simplificada, sigue la estructura de los complejos funerarios reales con escalera ascendente, patio exterior, capilla funeraria y cámaras de enterramiento. En este artículo se aporta la reconstrucción gráfica “ideal” de los espacios exteriores de QH36, conservados parcialmente, basándonos en dos niveles de conocimiento: los elementos arquitectónicos y otras evidencias arqueológicas existentes en el recinto exterior que nos permiten su reconstrucción garantizando su autenticidad y la falta de algunos de éstos que nos obliga a tomar decisiones interpretativas que, basadas en el estudio de ejemplos de la arquitectura egipcia contemporánea, garanticen un modelo con rigurosidad y veracidad histórica

La doble orientación cardinal y solar (solsticial) en la planificación de los complejos funerarios del Reino Medio en Qubbet el-Hawa

The Qubbet el-Hawa necropolis, located on the west bank of the Nile, was the burial site chosen by the elite of Elephantine, from the Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom, and became one of the most important provincial cemeteries in the country. The hill affects the course of the River Nile and determines the disposition of the hypogea distributed between its two slopes (southeast and northeast). Therefore, the topography (and the river) determined the alignments of most of the tombs. During the Middle Kingdom, although only six large funerary complexes were built, there was a very significant change in the architecture of the necropolis in terms of the design of the burial chapels (which were planned as if they were a funerary temple), as well as the accuracy of the construction methods. In addition, they stand out because they were planned (and built) with a strongly symbolic double orientation, which is the subject of this study. The astronomical alignments of these funerary complexes, normally associated with royal temples and burials, appear to have been appropriated by the governors of Elephantine, lower-level officials, which has implications for our understanding of both Egyptian governance and Egyptian astronomy; undoubtedly, the architects had to possess knowledge of astronomy. The result is that these funerary complexes represent a clear example of “cultured” architecture carried out in a provincial cemetery. This article examines in detail the alignments of four of these funeral complexes: QH36, QH32, QH31 and QH33, building on the work of Belmonte and his collaborators in Qubbet el-Hawa, who are primarily responsible for increasing our data of Egyptian astronomical alignments.La necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa, situada en la orilla occidental del Nilo, fue el lugar de enterramiento elegido por la élite elefantina, desde el Reino Antiguo hasta el Reino Medio, convirtiéndose en uno de los cementerios provinciales más importantes del país. La colina condiciona el curso del río Nilo y determina la disposición de los hipogeos que se distribuyen entre sus dos vertientes (sureste y noreste), adaptándose a su topografía. Por tanto, la topografía (y el Nilo) determinaron las alineaciones de la mayoría de las tumbas. Durante el Reino Medio, aunque solo se construyeron seis grandes complejos funerarios, se produjo un cambio muy significativo en la arquitectura de la necrópolis tanto en el diseño de las capillas funerarias (planificadas como si fueran un templo funerario) como la exactitud de los métodos constructivos; además, destacan porque fueron planificados (y construidos) con una doble orientación cargada de fuerte carácter simbólico, que es el objeto de este estudio. Los alineamientos astronómicos de estos complejos funerarios, normalmente asociados con templos y tumbas reales, parecen haber sido apropiados por los gobernadores de Elefantina, funcionarios de nivel inferior, lo que nos dice algo interesante sobre el gobierno egipcio y la astronomía egipcia. Sin duda, sus arquitectos debían manejar los conocimientos que los antiguos egipcios tenían de astronomía. El resultado es que estos complejos funerarios representan un claro ejemplo de arquitectura “culta” realizada en un cementerio provincial. En este artículo se examinan en detalle las alineaciones de cuatro de estos complejos funerarios: QH36, QH32, QH31 y QH33, extendiendo en Qubbet el-Hawa el trabajo de Belmonte y sus colaboradores, los principales responsables de ampliar los datos de las alineaciones astronómicas egipcias

De tumba a iglesia. Análisis arqueológico y arquitectónico del complejo funerario del Reino Antiguo (QH34h) y su transformación en iglesia cristiana bizantina en la necrópolis de Qubbet el Hawa (Asuán, Egipto)

The archaeological site of Qubbet el Hawa contains one of the largest necropolis in southern Egypt. At this burial site the governors and high officials of the southernmost province of Egypt were buried from the Late Old Kingdom to the Late 12th Dynasty. This study aims to analyze one of the largest funerary complexes (QH34h), belonging to the local governor Khunes, and other annexed tombs of his relatives. This large funerary complex, with a great funerary chapel, includes an ascending stairway and a monumental courtyard. It was built during the last part of the reign of Pepy II (2216-2153 BC). It underwent a set of architectural transformations throughout its history, including several collapses and, centuries later, it was chosen by a Coptic community to establish a Christian church and other monastic places. The main aim of the present paper is to analyze how the sacred space changed over time and the architectonic spaces were used with different purposes.El yacimiento arqueológico de Qubbet el-Hawa alberga una de las mayores necrópolis del sur de Egipto. En ella se enterraron los altos dignatarios y los nobles que gobernaron la provincia más meridional de Egipto desde el Reino Antiguo (al menos la VI dinastía) hasta el Reino Medio (Dinastía XII). Se han llegado a documentar más de 70 hipogeos, alguno de los cuales aún siguen sin ser investigados en profundidad. El trabajo que aquí presentamos trata de comprender uno de los complejos funerarios más grandes y antiguos de la necrópolis, compuesto por la tumba conocida como QH34h, que perteneció al gobernador Khunes y las tumbas anexas de sus familiares. Fue construido hacia el final del reinado de Pepy II (2216-2153 a. C.), sufrió una serie de transformaciones arquitectónicas a lo largo de su historia, derrumbes importantes y finalmente fue elegido por una comunidad monástica para establecer en él una iglesia cristiana en el siglo VI. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar cómo un espacio sagrado cambió a lo largo del tiempo y los diferentes espacios arquitectónicos fueron usados en diferentes propósitos

Architectural Elements of the Funeral Chapel of Sarenput II (QH31) in Qubbet el-Hawa. Geochemical Characterization

La capilla del complejo funerario QH31 (Sarenput II), como el resto de hipogeos de la necrópolis de Qubbet el-Hawa, fue excavada directamente en la roca. Sin embargo, en la capilla existen algunos elementos destacados que, probablemente, fueron elaborados independientemente de los trabajos de excavación in situ, para ser situados en el lugar previsto como parte integrante del equipamiento funerario y el diseño general de la misma. Entre estos elementos destacan las tres parejas de estatuas osiríacas del corredor, los cuatro pilares de la cámara de las ofrendas y las losas con las que construyeron el santuario de la estatua del propietario de la tumba. Al encontrarse estos elementos revestidos para que sus superficies fueran aptas para ser decoradas, a simple vista es muy difícil determinar la piedra con la que fueron elaborados. Durante la última campaña (2018), el análisis in situ con técnicas no invasivas, como la Fluorescencia de rayos X, ha permitido determinar su composición química. Además, se han analizado algunos fragmentos de piedra, hallados durante las excavaciones que llevan a cabo desde el año 2008 el equipo del proyecto Qubbet el-Hawa (Universidad de Jaén), como son la peluca de la estatua decapitada de la pared norte del corredor y el fragmento de la jamba derecha de la fachada del santuario de la estatua. Los resultados de los análisis parecen indicar que estos elementos fueron elaborados con piedra arenisca muy similar a la de la propia excavación, y no con arenisca silicificada (cuarzoarenita) también muy abundante en Qubbet el-Hawa. Además, estos estudios muestran ciertas diferencias de composición entre la piedra utilizada para la construcción del santuario y otros elementos como las estatuas osiríacas. Finalmente, la losa del suelo del santuario, sobre la que se colocaba la estatua de Sarenput, es de piedra caliza de importación.The chapel of the QH31 funerary complex (Sarenput II) was excavated directly into the rock, like the rest of the hypogea of the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. However, in the chapel there are some outstanding elements that, probably, were elaborated independently of the excavation works in situ, to be located in the planned place as an integral part of the burial equipment, and the general design of the chapel. These elements include, for example, the three pairs of Osiride statues in the corridor, the four pillars in the offering chamber, and the slabs with which they built the sanctuary of the statue of the grave’s owner.As these elements were found coated so as to make their surfaces suitable for decoration, it is very difficult to determine the stone with which they were made. During the last campaign (2018), in situ analysis with non-invasive techniques, such as X-ray Fluorescence, has allowed determining its chemical composition. In addition, some stone fragments found during the excavations carried out since 2008 by the Qubbet el-Hawa project (University of Jaén), have been analyzed, such as the wig of the decapitated statue on the north wall of the corridor, and the fragment belonging to the right jamb of the façade of the sanctuary housing the statue. The results of the analysis seem to indicate that these elements were made from a very similar sandstone to that of the excavation itself and not with silicified sandstone (quartzarenite), which was also very abundant at Qubbet el-Hawa. Besides, these studies show several differences in composition between the stone employed for the construction of the sanctuary, and other elements such as the Osiride statues. Finally, the slab on the floor of the sanctuary, on which the statue of Sarenput was placed, was made of imported limestone

Uso y difusión de la plataforma educativa SWAD / OpenSWAD en la Universidad de Granada y en el mundo

Este trabajo resume el uso y la difusión que ha tenido la plataforma de b-learning y gestión académica SWAD desde 1999 hasta 2018. SWAD ofrece herramientas de apoyo a la gestión docente y al aprendizaje, y ha sido utilizada durante 19 años por 180 000 usuarios en la Universidad de Granada (UGR). En los últimos 5 años se ofrece además de forma abierta y gratuita a través del portal OpenSWAD.org, donde ha sido utilizada por 23 000 usuarios procedentes de 1 500 instituciones educativas de todo el mundo.This work summarizes the use and dissemination of the SWAD blearning and academic management platform from 1999 to 2018. SWAD offers tools to support teaching management and learning, and has been used for 19 years by 180,000 users at the University of Granada (UGR). In the last 5 years it is also offered in an open and free way through the portal OpenSWAD.org, where it has been used by 23,000 users from 1,500 educational institutions around the world.Universidad de Granada: Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadore

Benzimidazole derivatives as new and selective inhibitors of arginase from leishmania mexicana with biological activity against promastigotes and amastigotes

17 pags, 6 figs, 3 tabs, 2 schs. -- Supplementary materials are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijms222413613/s1.Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus that affects 98 countries worldwide, 2 million of new cases occur each year and more than 350 million people are at risk. The use of the actual treatments is limited due to toxicity concerns and the apparition of resistance strains. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity to find new drugs for the treatment of this disease. In this context, enzymes from the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, such as arginase, have been considered a good target. In the present work, a chemical library of benzimidazole derivatives was studied performing computational, enzyme kinetics, biological activity, and cytotoxic effect characterization, as well as in silico ADME-Tox predictions, to find new inhibitors for arginase from Leishmania mexicana (LmARG). The results show that the two most potent inhibitors (compounds 1 and 2) have an I50 values of 52 μM and 82 μM, respectively. Moreover, assays with human arginase 1 (HsARG) show that both compounds are selective for LmARG. According to molecular dynamics simulation studies these inhibitors interact with important residues for enzyme catalysis. Biological activity assays demonstrate that both compounds have activity against promastigote and amastigote, and low cytotoxic effect in murine macrophages. Finally, in silico prediction of their ADME-Tox properties suggest that these inhibitors support the characteristics to be considered drug candidates. Altogether, the results reported in our study suggest that the benzimidazole derivatives are an excellent starting point for design new drugs against leishmanisis.This research was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), grants 257848 (A.T.-V.) and 258694 (C.A.-D.). The work in Spain was funded by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Competitiveness PID2020-115331GB-100 to J.A.-H.Peer reviewe

Whole genome sequencing of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus; Pleuronectiformes):a fish adapted to demersal life

12 páginas, 5 figuras.-- Antonio Figueras ... et al.-- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedThe turbot is a flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) with increasing commercial value, which has prompted active genomic research aimed at more efficient selection. Here we present the sequence and annotation of the turbot genome, which represents a milestone for both boosting breeding programmes and ascertaining the origin and diversification of flatfish. We compare the turbot genome with model fish genomes to investigate teleost chromosome evolution. We observe a conserved macrosyntenic pattern within Percomorpha and identify large syntenic blocks within the turbot genome related to the teleost genome duplication. We identify gene family expansions and positive selection of genes associated with vision and metabolism of membrane lipids, which suggests adaptation to demersal lifestyle and to cold temperatures, respectively. Our data indicate a quick evolution and diversification of flatfish to adapt to benthic life and provide clues for understanding their controversial origin. Moreover, we investigate the genomic architecture of growth, sex determination and disease resistance, key traits for understanding local adaptation and boosting turbot production, by mapping candidate genes and previously reported quantitative trait loci. The genomic architecture of these productive traits has allowed the identification of candidate genes and enriched pathways that may represent useful information for future marker-assisted selection in turbotThis work was funded by the Spanish Government: projects Consolider Ingenio: Aquagenomics (CSD2007-00002) and Metagenoma de la Península Ibérica (CSD2007-00005), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European Regional Development Funds (AGL2012-35904), and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2014-51773 and AGL2014-57065-R); and Local Government Xunta de Galicia (GRC2014/010). P.P. and D.R. gratefully acknowledge the Spanish Ministerio de Educación for their FPU fellowships (AP2010-2408, AP2012-0254). Funding to pay the Open Access publication charges for this article was provided by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2014-51773) and Xunta de Galicia (GRC2014/010)Peer reviewe

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Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation