Energy Level Alignment in Organic-Organic Heterojunctions: The TTF-TCNQ Interface

The energy level alignment of the two organic materials forming the TTF-TCNQ interface is analyzed by means of a local orbital DFT calculation, including an appropriate correction for the transport energy gaps associated with both materials. These energy gaps are determined by a combination of some experimental data and the results of our calculations for the difference between the TTF_{HOMO} and the TCNQ_{LUMO} levels. We find that the interface is metallic, as predicted by recent experiments, due to the overlap (and charge transfer) between the Density of States corresponding to these two levels, indicating that the main mechanism controlling the TTF-TCNQ energy level alignment is the charge transfer between the two materials. We find an induced interface dipole of 0.7 eV in good agreement with the experimental evidence. We have also analyzed the electronic properties of the TTF-TCNQ interface as a function of an external bias voltage \Delta, between the TCNQ and TTF crystals, finding a transition between metallic and insulator behavior for \Delta~0.5 eV

Nuevos datos sobre Euphorbia medicaginea Boiss: (euphorbiaceae) en la provincia de Alicante

Se da a conocer una nueva población de Euphorbia medicaginea en la provincia de Alicante (España), en el municipio de Mutxamel. Es la segunda localidad del taxon en la provincia, situada a más de 50 km al sur de Pego, localidad en la que se citó por primera vez. Así, se amplía notablemente su área de distribución, a la vez que su rango corológico, desde el distrito Diánico (sector Setabense) al distrito Alicantino (sector Alicantino-Murciano). Además, se ofrecen datos sobre los caracteres diagnósticos que la separan de otras especies próximas, con las que muy probablemente ha sido confundida hasta la fecha.A new population of Euphorbia medicaginea was found in Alicante (Spain), near Mutxamel. This is the second record for this species in Alicante province, in a site that is located over 50 km south from its first location in Pego. The distribution area is therefore widened as well as its chorological rank, from the Diánico district (Setabense sector) to the Alicantino district (Alicantino-Murciano sector). Data are also shown on diagnostic characters allowing easy differentiation of this species from its closer allies, with which it has been probably misidentified

Nuevos datos sobre el endemismo balear Daucus carota L. subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas (Apiaceae) en el archipiélago de Cabrera

Daucus carota L. subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas es un endemismo balear que sólo se conoce del archipiélago de Cabrera y del oeste de Mallorca (incluyendo Dragonera). Este taxon pertenece al grupo de D. carota L. sensu lato, un agregado taxonómico que incluye un gran número de subespecies y que se considera muy problemático debido a su marcada variabilidad morfológica (tanto inter- como intrapoblacional). En este artículo se aportan datos morfológicos complementarios a los ya existentes, con la intención de ofrecer, en conjunto, una caracterización morfológica de la población presente en el archipiélago de Cabrera con el máximo detalle. Dicha caracterización será útil para establecer comparaciones con otras poblaciones mediterráneas que resultan problemáticas en su taxonomía. Por otro lado, también se presentan datos sobre ecología, fitosociología y conservación del taxon.Daucus carota L. subsp. majoricus A. Pujadas is a Balearic endemic plant which is only present in the Cabrera archipelago and west of Majorca island. This taxon belongs to the D. carota L. sensu lato group, a taxonomic aggregate that includes a large number of taxa and that is considered very problematic due to its remarkable morphological variation (both interand intrapopulation). New complementary data are reported to characterize the Cabrera population in a more detailed extent. This will be useful for further morphological studies we are undertaking with other related Mediterranean populations that are still not well resolved taxonomically. Moreover, ecological, phytosociological and conservation data are also presented

On the analysis of non-homogeneous laminates using the refined zigzag theory

This work shows possibilities and limitations of the refined zigzag theory (RZT) that has been used in different structural (beam, plate and shell) finite elements. The refined zigzag theory can deal with composite laminates, adding only one nodal degree of freedom per spatial dimension of the laminate, obtaining very good accuracy. It assumes that the in-plane displacements have a piece-wise linear shape across the thickness depending on the shear stiffness of each composite layer. This paper presents the main aspects of a beam/shell of revolution element used for the numerical simulations. The details of the refined zigzag theory are given also in order to discuss some limitations that occur when dealing with the non-linear phenomenon of delamination. Two examples are presented and discussed, including different inhomogeneities that show the limitations of the RZT for the treatment of partially delaminated beams.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Nuevos datos sobre Euphorbia medicaginea Boiss. (euphorbiaceae) en la provincia de Alicante

Se da a conocer una nueva población de Euphorbia medicaginea en la provincia de Alicante (España), en el municipio de Mutxamel. Es la segunda localidad del taxon en la provincia, situada a más de 50 km al sur de Pego, localidad en la que se citó por primera vez. Así, se amplía notablemente su área de distribución, a la vez que su rango corológico, desde el distrito Diánico (sector Setabense) al distrito Alicantino (sector Alicantino-Murciano). Además, se ofrecen datos sobre los caracteres diagnósticos que la separan de otras especies próximas, con las que muy probablemente ha sido confundida hasta la fecha.A new population of Euphorbia medicaginea was found in Alicante (Spain), near Mutxamel. This is the second record for this species in Alicante province, in a site that is located over 50 km south from its first location in Pego. The distribution area is therefore widened as well as its chorological rank, from the Diánico district (Setabense sector) to the Alicantino district (Alicantino-Murciano sector). Data are also shown on diagnostic characters allowing easy differentiation of this species from its closer allies, with which it has been probably misidentified

Historia Y Evolución De La Industria De Semiconductores Y La Integración De México En El Sector

Semiconductors and their applications, represent one of the technological revolutions with greatest impact on society, generating Industrial changes, new companies, jobs, professional careers and development of new products that have given a twist in the way of life of people around the world. This has produced an industrial war between developed countries, which dispute the first place in terms of production, import and export of semiconductors. The semiconductors industry has given way to agreements and alliances between countries; allowing México to participate on the import, export and the formation of research and development in the industry. The present research, have as an objective to review theoretically the historical evolution of the semiconductor industry and the incorporation of México in the sector

Analysis of the dispensation fo outpatient antibiotics in a community pharmacy at Murcia, Spain

Antecedentes: El uso inadecuado de los antibióticos es considerado como una de las principales causas de la aparición de resistencia microbiana. Este es considerado a su vez como un problema de salud pública, y los farmacéuticos tienen una importante oportunidad de intervención durante la dispensación de estos medicamentos. Objetivos: Identificar y resolver las incidencias relacionadas con el uso de antibióticos durante la dispensación en una farmacia comunitaria, y caracterizar el perfil de paciente y tipo de antibiótico solicitado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental (sin grupo control), que incluyó a los pacientes que acudieron a la farmacia a retirar un antibiótico durante el periodo de estudio. La intervención en los pacientes que solicitaban el antibiótico por primera vez consistió en verificar si existían criterios para la no dispensación e informar sobre el proceso de uso del medicamento. En dispensación repetida se evaluó la efectividad y seguridad del antibiótico. En ambos casos se realizó la detección y resolución de incidencias, a través de un episodio de seguimiento. Cuando se solicitó el antibiótico sin receta, se intervino para intentar evitarlo, ofreciendo al paciente otras alternativas. Resultados: El 76,2% (64) de las solicitudes fueron con receta, con una media de edad de 44,5 (DE = 18,2) años, en su mayoría mujeres (65,6%), con estudios universitarios (68,8%). El grupo terapéutico más prescrito fue el de los beta-lactámicos (48,4%), y la infección más frecuente fue la respiratoria (45,3%). El 20,3% (13) del grupo de población que demandó con receta tuvo un episodio de seguimiento; esta incidencia se resolvió en el 100% de los casos. El 23,8% (20) de las solicitudes fueron automedicación, la cual se evitó en un 25% hablando con el paciente. El 58,3% (7) de los pacientes fueron remitidos al médico, mientras que el 41,7% (5) no aceptó la propuesta. Conclusiones: Una de cada cinco dispensaciones de antibióticos tienen algún tipo de incidencia relacionada, y en su mayoría se pueden resolver a través de un protocolo de dispensación. La intervención del farmacéutico puede disminuir la automedicación, ya que se consiguió evitar en uno de cada cuatro casos.Background: Misuse of antibiotics is considered as one of the main drivers for the emergence of microbial resistance. This is in turn considered as a public health problem, and chemists have a fruitful opportunity in intervening the dispensation of these medicines. Objectives: To identify and resolve incidents regarding the use of antibiotics during the dispensation in a community pharmacy, as well as to classify the demand for antibiotics according to the patient´s profile and the type of demanded antibiotic. Methods: A quasiexperimental study (without a control group) was carried out, including the patients who came to the chemist to withdraw an antibiotic during the period of study. The intervention in patients requesting the antibiotic for the first time consisted in verifying any possible criteria for its non-provision, and informing about the process of using the medicine. While supplying the product repeatedly, both its effectiveness and safety were tested together with incidents identification and resolution through a follow-up process. When the antibiotic was required without prescription, an action was taken in order to avoid it and offer to the patient other alternatives. Results: 76.1 % (64) of requests were under medical prescription. The average age was 44.5 (DE=18.2), most of them women (65.6%), with a bachelor degree (68.8 %). The most prescribed therapeutic group was the beta-lactams (48.4 %), and the most frequent case of infection was the respiratory (45.3 %). 20.2 % (13) of the population group demanding prescription medicines had a follow-up process, and this incident was resolved in 100% of the cases. 23.8% (20) of the requests were self-medication, and 25% was avoided after talking to the patient. 58.3% (7) of the patients were referred to the doctor, and 41.6% (5) did not accept the proposal. Conclusions: One in every five antibiotics dispensations have some kind of related incident, and in most of the cases they can be resolved through a distribution protocol. The chemist’s intervention can reduce self-medication, since it may be avoided in one out of four cases