Specific heat effects in two-dimensional shock refractions

Compressible mixtures in supersonic flows are subject to significant temperature changes via shock waves and expansions, which affect several properties of the flow. Besides the widely studied variable transport effects such as temperature-dependent viscosity and conductivity, vibrational and rotational molecular energy storage is also modified through the variation of the heat capacity cp and heat capacity ratio gamma , especially in hypersonic flows. Changes in the composition of the mixture may also modify its value through the species mass fraction Yalfa, thereby affecting the compression capacity of the flow. Canonical configurations are studied here to explore their sharply conditioned mechanical equilibrium under variations of these thermal models. In particular, effects of cp(T , Yalfa) and gamma (T , Yalfa) on the stability of shock-impinged supersonic shear and mixing layers are addressed, on condition that a shock wave is refracted. It is found that the limits defining regular structures are affected (usually broadened out) by the dependence of heat capacities with temperature. Theoretical and high-fidelity numerical simulations exhibit a good agreement in the prediction of regular shock reflections and their post-shock aerothermal properties.Work produced with the support of a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation and Project PID2019-108592RB-C41 and PID2019-108592RA-C43 (MICINN/ FEDER, UE). Numerical simulations were carried out on the MareNostrum 4 supercomputer with the Grant RES FI-2019-1-0046. The authors gratefully acknowledge Arnaud Mura, CNRS researcher at Institut PPRIME in France, for the numerical tool CREAMS.Publicad

A moderate protein diet does not cover the requirements of growing rabbits with high growth rate

[EN] Genetic selection for feed efficiency has increased the growth rate and requirements of growing rabbits, while the protein content of commercial feeds has been adjusted to avoid digestive disorders. The aim of this work was to evaluate how a diet with moderate levels of protein content [146 g crude protein (CP)/kg] could be affecting protein and amino acids acquisition depending on the growth rate of the animals. From 189 weaned rabbits (28 days old), only 41 animals were selected at 42 days, in order to ensure the greatest variability for growth rate during fattening. To achieve this goal, animals came from three genetic lines: H and LP (maternal lines selected by litter size) and R (paternal line selected for growth rate), characterised by normal, moderate and high growth rate during the fattening period, respectively. Apparent faecal digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP and gross energy (GE) of the diet from 49-53 days of age, as well as the ileal apparent digestibility of DM, CP and amino acids at 63 days of age, was determined in all the selected animals. Protein, energy and amino acids retained in the empty body during the fattening period were also determined by slaughtering 15 weaning rabbits at 28 days, and the 41 selected animals at 63 days of age. Animals from the R line showed higher feed intake than those from maternal lines, as well as lower feed conversion ratio, even below that expected from their growth rate. Apparent faecal digestibility of GE and apparent ileal digestibility of DM, CP and cystine of the diet were higher in LP than in H rabbits (P < 0.05), showing intermediate values in R rabbits. However, apparent ileal digestibility of glutamic acid and glycine was significantly higher in R than in H rabbits (P < 0.05), showing intermediate values in LP rabbits. As expected, both daily protein and energy retained in the empty body increased as growth increased. However, R growing rabbits seem to have lower protein retained and higher energy retained in the empty body than that expected from their growth. In fact, protein to energy retained ratio was clearly lower for R growing rabbits. These results seem to show the possible existence of some limiting amino acid when current moderate protein diets are used in growing rabbits with high growth rates, recommending a review of the amino acid requirements for the growing rabbits from paternal lines.This study was supported by the Interministerial Commission for Science and Technology (CICYT) from the Spanish Government (AGL2017-85162-C2-1-R). The grant for Pablo Marin from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU-2014-01203) is also gratefully acknowledged.Marín-García, P.; Ródenas Martínez, L.; Martinez-Paredes, E.; Cambra López, M.; Blas Ferrer, E.; Pascual Amorós, JJ. (2020). A moderate protein diet does not cover the requirements of growing rabbits with high growth rate. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 264:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114495S111264Alagón, G., Arce, O. N., Martínez-Paredes, E., Ródenas, L., Moya, V. J., Blas, E., … Pascual, J. J. (2016). Nutritive value of distillers dried grains with solubles from barley, corn and wheat for growing rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 222, 217-226. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.024Batey, I. L. (1982). Starch Analysis Using Thermostable alpha-Amylases. Starch - Stärke, 34(4), 125-128. doi:10.1002/star.19820340407Birolo, M., Trocino, A., Zuffellato, A., & Xiccato, G. (2016). Effect of feed restriction programs and slaughter age on digestive efficiency, growth performance and body composition of growing rabbits. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 222, 194-203. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.014Cartuche, L., Pascual, M., Gómez, E. A., & Blasco, A. (2014). Economic weights in rabbit meat production. World Rabbit Science, 22(3), 165. doi:10.4995/wrs.2014.1747Cifre, J., Baselga, M., García-Ximénez, F., & Vicente, J. S. (1998). Performance of a hyperprolific rabbit line I. Litter size traits. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 115(1-6), 131-138. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1998.tb00336.xCosta, C., Baselga, M., Lobera, J., Cervera, C., & Pascual, J. J. (2004). Evaluating response to selection and nutritional needs in a three-way cross of rabbits. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 121(3), 186-196. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00450.xEstany, J., Camacho, J., Baselga, M., & Blasco, A. (1992). Selection response of growth rate in rabbits for meat production. Genetics Selection Evolution, 24(6), 527. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-24-6-527García-Quirós, A., Arnau-Bonachera, A., Penadés, M., Cervera, C., Martínez-Paredes, E., Ródenas, L., … Pascual, J. J. (2014). A robust rabbit line increases leucocyte counts at weaning and reduces mortality by digestive disorder during fattening. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 161(3-4), 123-131. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.005Gidenne, T., & Perez, J.-M. (2000). Replacement of digestible fibre by starch in the diet of the growing rabbit. I. Effects on digestion, rate of passage and retention of nutrients. Annales de Zootechnie, 49(4), 357-368. doi:10.1051/animres:2000127Lv, J.-M., Chen, M., Qian, L.-C., Ying, H.-Z., & Liu, J.-X. (2009). Requirement of crude protein for maintenance in a new strain of laboratory rabbit. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151(3-4), 261-267. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.01.001Mínguez, C., Sanchez, J. P., EL Nagar, A. G., Ragab, M., & Baselga, M. (2015). Growth traits of four maternal lines of rabbits founded on different criteria: comparisons at foundation and at last periods after selection. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 133(4), 303-315. doi:10.1111/jbg.12197Partridge, G. G., Garthwaite, P. H., & Findlay, M. (1989). Protein and energy retention by growing rabbits offered diets with increasing proportions of fibre. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 112(2), 171-178. doi:10.1017/s0021859600085063Pascual, M., & Pla, M. (2007). Changes in carcass composition and meat quality when selecting rabbits for growth rate. Meat Science, 77(4), 474-481. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.009Pascual, M., Pla, M., & Blasco, A. (2008). Effect of selection for growth rate on relative growth in rabbits1,2. Journal of Animal Science, 86(12), 3409-3417. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-0976Quevedo, F., Cervera, C., Blas, E., Baselga, M., & Pascual, J. J. (2006). Long-term effect of selection for litter size and feeding programme on the performance of reproductive rabbit does 2. Lactation and growing period. Animal Science, 82(5), 751-762. doi:10.1079/asc200688Sánchez, J. P., Theilgaard, P., Mínguez, C., & Baselga, M. (2008). Constitution and evaluation of a long-lived productive rabbit line1. Journal of Animal Science, 86(3), 515-525. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0217Savietto, D., Blas, E., Cervera, C., Baselga, M., Friggens, N. C., Larsen, T., & Pascual, J. J. (2012). Digestive efficiency in rabbit does according to environment and genetic type. World Rabbit Science, 20(3). doi:10.4995/wrs.2012.1152Savietto, D., Cervera, C., Ródenas, L., Martínez-Paredes, E., Baselga, M., García-Diego, F. J., … Pascual, J. J. (2014). Different resource allocation strategies result from selection for litter size at weaning in rabbit does. Animal, 8(4), 618-628. doi:10.1017/s1751731113002437Trocino, A., García Alonso, J., Carabaño, R., & Xiccato, G. (2013). A meta-analysis on the role of soluble fibre in diets for growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 21(1). doi:10.4995/wrs.2013.1285Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78551-

Plasmatic Urea Nitrogen in Growing Rabbits with Different Combinations of Dietary Levels of Lysine, Sulphur Amino Acids and Threonine

[EN] Formulating diets to maximize nutrient harnessing has positive effects on performance and environment. In the case of growing rabbits, clues exist indicating that animals with high growth rate when consuming current diets show lower protein retention than expected, and it could be related to amino acid supply. The aim of this work is to find the amino acid combination (27 experimental diets: 3 levels of the 3 main limiting amino acids: lysine, sulphur amino acids, and threonine) that would minimize the nitrogen excretion in the bloodstream, a marker of the efficiency in the amino acid use This combination is a good candidate to be tested in order to improve performance and reduce pollution. A total of 27 experimental diets were formulated starting from the same basal mixture, with a moderate content of crude protein and digestible energy (155 g and 9.86 MJ/kg of digestible matter (DM), respectively, both estimated). The contents of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine were variable. The first one, close to the current recommendations (Medium, M; 8.1, 5.8 and 6.9 g/kg DM for lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively), and two other levels were on average 15% higher (High, H; 9.4, 6.6 and 7.8 g/kg DM for lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively) or lower (Low, L; 6.7, 4.9 and 5.7 g/kg DM for lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively). Diets were named with three letters, indicating lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine levels, respectively. In total, 918 weaned rabbits (28 days old) were used (34 per diet). At weaning, animals were fed ad libitum with a commercial diet until day 46, day 47 each collective cage was randomly switched to one experimental diet. At day 48, blood samples were collected at 08:00h then the animals were subjected to 10 h of fasting and a second blood sample was extracted at 21.00h. At 08:00h, Pasmatic urea nitrogen (PUN) was higher with the L level of lysine (p< 0.001), unaffected by the level of sulphur amino acids and increased with the level of threonine (p< 0.001). At 21:00h, minimum PUN was observed with the MHL diet (14.72 +/- 0.661 mg/dL). Taken into account the usual recommendations (established for a diet containing 11.3 MJ DE/kg DM, and then being 0.72, 0.51 and 0.61 g/MJ DE for lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively), these results suggest that a diet containing more lysine and sulphur amino acids per energy unit (around 0.82 and 0.67 g/MJ DE) could better fit the growing rabbit requirements, although studies on the effects of such a diet on performance and protein retention are necessary.This study was supported by the Interministerial Commission for Science and Technology (CICYT) from the Spanish Government (AGL2017-85162-C2-1-R). The grant for Pablo Marin from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU-2014-01203) is also gratefully acknowledged.Marín-García, P.; López Luján, MDC.; Ródenas Martínez, L.; Martinez-Paredes, E.; Blas Ferrer, E.; Pascual Amorós, JJ. (2020). Plasmatic Urea Nitrogen in Growing Rabbits with Different Combinations of Dietary Levels of Lysine, Sulphur Amino Acids and Threonine. Animals. 10(6):1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060946S18106Quevedo, F., Cervera, C., Blas, E., Baselga, M., & Pascual, J. J. (2006). Long-term effect of selection for litter size and feeding programme on the performance of reproductive rabbit does 2. Lactation and growing period. Animal Science, 82(5), 751-762. doi:10.1079/asc200688Pascual, M., Pla, M., & Blasco, A. (2008). Effect of selection for growth rate on relative growth in rabbits1,2. Journal of Animal Science, 86(12), 3409-3417. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-0976Pascual, M., & Pla, M. (2007). Changes in carcass composition and meat quality when selecting rabbits for growth rate. Meat Science, 77(4), 474-481. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.009Marín-García, P. J., Ródenas, L., Martínez-Paredes, E., Cambra-López, M., Blas, E., & Pascual, J. J. (2020). A moderate protein diet does not cover the requirements of growing rabbits with high growth rate. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 264, 114495. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114495Carabaño R., Villamide M.J., García J., Nicodemus N., Llorente A., Chamorro S., & Menoyo D. (2010). New concepts and objectives for protein-amino acid nutrition in rabbits: a review. World Rabbit Science, 17(1). doi:10.4995/wrs.2009.664Taboada, E., Mendez, J., & de Blas, J. (1996). The response of highly productive rabbits to dietary sulphur amino acid content for reproduction and growth. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 36(2), 191-203. doi:10.1051/rnd:19960204Taboada, E., Mendez, J., Mateos, G. ., & De Blas, J. . (1994). The response of highly productive rabbits to dietary lysine content. Livestock Production Science, 40(3), 329-337. doi:10.1016/0301-6226(94)90099-xDe Blas, J. C., Taboada, E., Nicodemus, N., Campos, R., Piquer, J., & Méndez, J. (1998). Performance response of lactating and growing rabbits to dietary threonine content. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 70(1-2), 151-160. doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00063-1Roth-Maier, D. A., Ott, H., Roth, F. X., & Paulicks, B. R. (2004). Effects of the level of dietary valine supply on amino acids and urea concentration in milk and blood plasma of lactating sows. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 88(1-2), 39-45. doi:10.1046/j.0931-2439.2003.00458.xDonsbough, A. L., Powell, S., Waguespack, A., Bidner, T. D., & Southern, L. L. (2010). Uric acid, urea, and ammonia concentrations in serum and uric acid concentration in excreta as indicators of amino acid utilization in diets for broilers. Poultry Science, 89(2), 287-294. doi:10.3382/ps.2009-00401Marín-García, P. J., López-Luján, M. del C., Ródenas, L., Martínez-Paredes, E. M., Blas, E., & Pascual, J. J. (2020). Plasma urea nitrogen as an indicator of amino acid imbalance in rabbit diets. World Rabbit Science, 28(2), 63. doi:10.4995/wrs.2020.12781Van Milgen, J., & Dourmad, J.-Y. (2015). Concept and application of ideal protein for pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6(1). doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0016-1Fernández-Carmona J., Blas E., Pascual J.J., Maertens L., Gidenne T., Xiccato G., & García. (2010). Recommendations and guidelines for applied nutrition experiments in rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 13(4). doi:10.4995/wrs.2005.516Real Decreto 53/2013, Por el Que se Establecen las Normas Básicas Aplicables Para la Protección de los Animales Utilizados en Experimentación y Otros Fines Científicos, Incluyendo la Docencia. BOE 34https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2013-1337Cifre, J., Baselga, M., García-Ximénez, F., & Vicente, J. S. (1998). Performance of a hyperprolific rabbit line I. Litter size traits. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 115(1-6), 131-138. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0388.1998.tb00336.xEstany, J., Camacho, J., Baselga, M., & Blasco, A. (1992). Selection response of growth rate in rabbits for meat production. Genetics Selection Evolution, 24(6), 527. doi:10.1186/1297-9686-24-6-527Bosch, L., Alegría, A., & Farré, R. (2006). Application of the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) reagent to the RP-HPLC determination of amino acids in infant foods. Journal of Chromatography B, 831(1-2), 176-183. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.002Eggum, B. O. (1970). Blood urea measurement as a technique for assessing protein quality. British Journal of Nutrition, 24(4), 983-988. doi:10.1079/bjn19700101Nicodemus, N., Mateos, J., Blas, J. C. de, Carabaño, R., & Fraga, M. J. (1999). Effect of diet on amino acid composition of soft faeces and the contribution of soft faeces to total amino acid intake, through caecotrophy in lactating doe rabbits. Animal Science, 69(1), 167-170. doi:10.1017/s1357729800051201García, A. I., de Bias, J. C., & Carabaño, R. (2004). Effect of type of diet (casein-based or protein-free) and caecotrophy on ileal endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flow in rabbits. Animal Science, 79(2), 231-240. doi:10.1017/s1357729800090093Monteiro-Motta, A. C., Scapinello, C., Oliveira, A. F. G., Figueira, J. L., Catelan, F., Sato, J., & Stanquevis, C. E. (2013). Levels of lysine and methionine+cystine for growing New Zealand White rabbits. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 42(12), 862-868. doi:10.1590/s1516-3598201300120000

First measurement of Ωc0 production in pp collisions at s=13 TeV

The inclusive production of the charm–strange baryon 0 c is measured for the first time via its hadronic √ decay into −π+ at midrapidity (|y| &lt;0.5) in proton–proton (pp) collisions at the centre-of-mass energy s =13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The transverse momentum (pT) differential cross section multiplied by the branching ratio is presented in the interval 2 &lt; pT &lt; 12 GeV/c. The pT dependence of the 0 c-baryon production relative to the prompt D0-meson and to the prompt 0 c-baryon production is compared to various models that take different hadronisation mechanisms into consideration. In the measured pT interval, the ratio of the pT-integrated cross sections of 0 c and prompt + c baryons multiplied by the −π+ branching ratio is found to be larger by a factor of about 20 with a significance of about 4σ when compared to e+e− collisions

Elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity relative to the spectator plane in Pb–Pb and Xe–Xe collisions

Measurements of the elliptic flow coefficient relative to the collision plane defined by the spectator neutrons v2{ SP} in collisions of Pb ions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon pair √ 2.76 TeV and Xe ions at √ sNN = sNN =5.44 TeV are reported. The results are presented for charged particles produced at midrapidity as a function of centrality and transverse momentum for the 5–70% and 0.2–6 GeV/c ranges, respectively. The ratio between v2{ SP} and the elliptic flow coefficient relative to the participant plane v2{4}, estimated using four-particle correlations, deviates by up to 20% from unity depending on centrality. This observation differs strongly from the magnitude of the corresponding eccentricity ratios predicted by the TRENTo and the elliptic power models of initial state fluctuations that are tuned to describe the participant plane anisotropies. The differences can be interpreted as a decorrelation of the neutron spectator plane and the reaction plane because of fragmentation of the remnants from the colliding nuclei, which points to an incompleteness of current models describing the initial state fluctuations. A significant transverse momentum dependence of the ratio v2{ SP}/v2{4} is observed in all but the most central collisions, which may help to understand whether momentum anisotropies at low and intermediate transverse momentum have a common origin in initial state f luctuations. The ratios of v2{ SP} and v2{4} to the corresponding initial state eccentricities for Xe–Xe and Pb–Pb collisions at similar initial entropy density show a difference of (7.0 ±0.9)%with an additional variation of +1.8% when including RHIC data in the TRENTo parameter extraction. These observations provide new experimental constraints for viscous effects in the hydrodynamic modeling of the expanding quark–gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Stoma-free survival after anastomotic leak following rectal cancer resection: worldwide cohort of 2470 patients

Background: The optimal treatment of anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection is unclear. This worldwide cohort study aimed to provide an overview of four treatment strategies applied. Methods: Patients from 216 centres and 45 countries with anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection between 2014 and 2018 were included. Treatment was categorized as salvage surgery, faecal diversion with passive or active (vacuum) drainage, and no primary/secondary faecal diversion. The primary outcome was 1-year stoma-free survival. In addition, passive and active drainage were compared using propensity score matching (2: 1). Results: Of 2470 evaluable patients, 388 (16.0 per cent) underwent salvage surgery, 1524 (62.0 per cent) passive drainage, 278 (11.0 per cent) active drainage, and 280 (11.0 per cent) had no faecal diversion. One-year stoma-free survival rates were 13.7, 48.3, 48.2, and 65.4 per cent respectively. Propensity score matching resulted in 556 patients with passive and 278 with active drainage. There was no statistically significant difference between these groups in 1-year stoma-free survival (OR 0.95, 95 per cent c.i. 0.66 to 1.33), with a risk difference of -1.1 (95 per cent c.i. -9.0 to 7.0) per cent. After active drainage, more patients required secondary salvage surgery (OR 2.32, 1.49 to 3.59), prolonged hospital admission (an additional 6 (95 per cent c.i. 2 to 10) days), and ICU admission (OR 1.41, 1.02 to 1.94). Mean duration of leak healing did not differ significantly (an additional 12 (-28 to 52) days). Conclusion: Primary salvage surgery or omission of faecal diversion likely correspond to the most severe and least severe leaks respectively. In patients with diverted leaks, stoma-free survival did not differ statistically between passive and active drainage, although the increased risk of secondary salvage surgery and ICU admission suggests residual confounding

ALICE luminosity determination for Pb−-Pb collisions at sNN=5.02\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceLuminosity determination within the ALICE experiment is based on the measurement, in van der Meer scans, of the cross sections for visible processes involving one or more detectors (visible cross sections). In 2015 and 2018, the Large Hadron Collider provided Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of √s$_{NN}$ = 5.02 TeV. Two visible cross sections, associated with particle detection in the Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) and in the V0 detector, were measured in a van der Meer scan.This article describes the experimental set-up and the analysis procedure, and presents the measurement results. The analysis involves a comprehensive study of beam-related effects and an improved fitting procedure, compared to previous ALICE studies, for the extraction of the visible cross section. The resulting uncertainty of both the ZDC-based and the V0-based luminosity measurement for the full sample is 2.5%. The inelastic cross section for hadronic interactions in Pb–Pb collisions at √s$_{NN}$ = 5.02 TeV, obtained by efficiency correction of the V0-based visible cross section, was measured to be 7.67 ± 0.25 b, in agreement with predictions using the Glauber model