Procedimiento para la producción de carbones activos a partir de pulpa de manzana

Referencia OEPM: P200002114.-- Fecha de solicitud: 22/08/2000.-- Titular: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC).Procedimiento para la producción de carbones activos a partir de pulpa de manzana. Este invento describe un procedimiento para la producción de carbones activos por activación química con ácido fosfórico a partir de pulpa de manzana. La pulpa de manzana es un subproducto sin valor, que se obtiene en el proceso industrial de la fabricación de la sidra natural, de la sidra gasificada y de zumos de manzana. La novedad que presenta nuestra invención radica en la utilización para la producción de carbones de un material lignocelulósico con bajo contenido en lignina (28%) con respecto al resto de materiales lignocelulósicos utilizados hasta el momento como materia prima para la producción de carbones activos. Para la obtención de los carbones activos a partir de pulpa de manzana se ha seguido un proceso de activación química con ácido fosfórico. Los desechos de manzana procedentes del prensado de las manzanas para producción de sidra se secaron y se molieron a un tamaño menor de 1 milímetro.Peer reviewe

From graphene oxide to pristine graphene: revealing the inner workings of the full structural restoration

Producción CientíficaHigh temperature annealing is the only method known to date that allows the complete repair of a defective lattice of graphenes derived from graphite oxide, but most of the relevant aspects of such restoration processes are poorly understood. Here, we investigate both experimentally (scanning probe microscopy) and theoretically (molecular dynamics simulations) the thermal evolution of individual graphene oxide sheets, which is rationalized on the basis of the generation and the dynamics of atomic vacancies in the carbon lattice. For unreduced and mildly reduced graphene oxide sheets, the amount of generated vacancies was so large that they disintegrated at 1773–2073 K. By contrast, highly reduced sheets survived annealing and their structure could be completely restored at 2073 K. For the latter, a minor atomic-sized defect with six-fold symmetry was observed and ascribed to a stable cluster of nitrogen dopants. The thermal behavior of the sheets was significantly altered when they were supported on a vacancy-decorated graphite substrate, as well as for the overlapped/stacked sheets. In these cases, a net transfer of carbon atoms between neighboring sheets via atomic vacancies takes place, affording an additional healing process. Direct evidence of sheet coalescence with the step edge of the graphite substrate was also gathered from experiments and theory.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project AT2011-26399 and MAT2011-22781)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación - Ref. VA158A11-2

FRACTURA SUBCAPITAL DE FÉMUR SECUNDARIA A OSTEOPOROSIS IDIOPÁTICA EN EL EMBARAZO: A PROPÓSITO DE UN CASO

Presentamos el caso de una paciente imposibilitada para la deambulación durante el puerperio, consecuencia de una fractura de fémur producida por una osteoporosis idiopática durante el embarazo. A los 11 meses del parto, la paciente presenta una evolución favorable con tratamiento médico con bifosfonatos y calcio

Ensiling on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation in rabbits of different forages

The effect of chemical composition of silages on in vitro gas fermentation profiles in rabbits was examined. The study was performed using 7 silages: beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), faba bean (FB, Vicia faba), common vetch (CV, Vicia sativa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), barley (B, Hordeum vulgare), barley with common vetch (BCV) and barley with faba bean (BFB). We used 3 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits as donors of caecal content in each incubation run (n=3). Data were analyzed in a completely randomized experimental design. The CV silage showed higher values of crude protein (CP), followed by FB and bean silages (P<0.001). Barley silage had the lowest CP content (96g kg -1 DM) (P=0.001). The NDF and ADF content were lower (P<0.001) for beans and CV compared with the rest of the forage silages. Ryegrass silage had higher values of dry matter degradation, organic matter degradation, relative GP and SCFA (P<0.001). The highest values of digestible energy were for CV and bean silages (P<0.001). Ryegrass and CV silages showed higher levels in GP parameters, which could be associated with their better chemical composition characteristics, mainly pr otein and fiber content

Impact of Covalent Functionalization on the Aqueous Processability, Catalytic Activity, and Biocompatibility of Chemically Exfoliated MoS2 Nanosheets

Chemically exfoliated MoS2 (ce-MoS2) has emerged in recent years as an attractive two-dimensional material for use in relevant technological applications, but fully exploiting its potential and versatility will most probably require the deployment of appropriate chemical modification strategies. Here, we demonstrate that extensive covalent functionalization of ce-MoS2 nanosheets with acetic acid groups (∼0.4 groups grafted per MoS2 unit) based on the organoiodide chemistry brings a number of benefits in terms of their processability and functionality. Specifically, the acetic acid-functionalized nanosheets were furnished with long-term (>6 months) colloidal stability in aqueous medium at relatively high concentrations, exhibited a markedly improved temporal retention of catalytic activity toward the reduction of nitroarenes, and could be more effectively coupled with silver nanoparticles to form hybrid nanostructures. Furthermore, in vitro cell proliferation tests carried out with murine fibroblasts suggested that the chemical derivatization had a positive effect on the biocompatibility of ce-MoS2. A hydrothermal annealing procedure was also implemented to promote the structural conversion of the functionalized nanosheets from the 1T phase that was induced during the chemical exfoliation step to the original 2H phase of the starting bulk material, while retaining at the same time the aqueous colloidal stability afforded by the presence of the acetic acid groups. Overall, by highlighting the benefits of this type of chemical derivatization, the present work should contribute to strengthen the position of ce-MoS2 as a two-dimensional material of significant practical utility.Financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through project MAT2015-69844-R is gratefully acknowledged, as well as partial support of the ERDF/FEDER. Operative Program of the Región de Murcia 2007–2013. We also acknowledge partial funding by Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias and FEDER through grant GRUPIN14-056.Peer reviewe

Efficient Pt electrocatalysts supported onto flavin mononucleotide–exfoliated pristine graphene for the methanol oxidation reaction

Due to its large surface area, high electrical conductivity as well as mechanical and thermal stability, pristine graphene has the potential to be an excellent support for metal nanoparticles (NPs), but the scarce amount of intrinsic chemical groups/defects in its structure that could act as anchoring sites for the NPs hinders this type of use. Here, a simple strategy based on the stabilization of pristine graphene in aqueous dispersion with the assistance of a low amount of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is shown to yield a material that combines high electrical conductivity and abundance of extrinsic anchoring sites, so that pristine graphene–metal (Pd and Pt) NP hybrids with good dispersion and metal loading can be obtained from FMN–stabilized graphene. The activity of these hybrids towards the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) both in acidic and alkaline media is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and their stability investigated by chronoamperometry. The pristine graphene–Pt NP hybrid prepared by this simple, eco–friendly protocol is demonstrated to outperform most previously reported pristine graphene– and reduced graphene oxide–metal NP hybrids as electrocatalyst for the MOR, both in terms of catalytic activity and stability, avoiding at the same time the use of harsh chemicals or complex synthetic routes.Financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through projects MAT2015-69844-R and MAT2016-76595-R is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge partial funding by Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias and FEDER through grant GRUPIN14-056. M.A-V. is thankful to MINECO and for his pre-doctoral contract. R.R.R acknowledges financial support from MINECO through “Juan de la Cierva” program (JCI-2012-12664)

Modelo de gestión urbana sostenible

Este libro tiene como propósito brindar al lector un compendio de opiniones y puntos de vista generados por expertos desde diferentes áreas del conocimiento, que le permitan tener una visión global de los elementos que se deben considerar cuando se busca entender y generar soluciones a problemas que emergen de sistemas urbanos. Vale mencionar que lo presentado aquí no contiene todos los puntos de vista y opiniones posibles, y que en muchos casos es factible aportar desde algún tópico no incluido aquí. Este libro está dirigido a todas aquellas personas que tengan algún interés en el análisis de problemas urbanos, así como a un público más amplio que pueda encontrar aquí ideas y opiniones que le permitan formarse las suyas propias sobre estos asuntos

High Performance Na-O2 Batteries and Printed Microsupercapacitors Based on Water-Processable, Biomolecule-Assisted Anodic Graphene

Integrated approaches that expedite the production and processing of graphene into useful structures and devices, particularly through simple and environmentally friendly strategies, are highly desirable in the efforts to implement this two-dimensional material in state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technologies. Here, we introduce natural nucleotides (e.g., adenosine monophosphate) as bifunctional agents for the electrochemical exfoliation and dispersion of graphene nanosheets in water. Acting both as exfoliating electrolytes and colloidal stabilizers, these biomolecules facilitated access to aqueous graphene bio-inks that could be readily processed into aerogels and inkjet-printed interdigitated patterns. Na-O2 batteries assembled with the graphene-derived aerogels as the cathode and a glyme-based electrolyte exhibited a full discharge capacity of ∼3.8 mAh cm–2 at a current density of 0.2 mA cm–2. Moreover, shallow cycling experiments (0.5 mAh cm–2) boasted a capacity retention of 94% after 50 cycles, which outperformed the cycle life of prior graphene-based cathodes for this type of battery. The positive effect of the nucleotide-adsorbed nanosheets on the battery performance is discussed and related to the presence of the phosphate group in these biomolecules. Microsupercapacitors made from the interdigitated graphene patterns as the electrodes also displayed a competitive performance, affording areal and volumetric energy densities of 0.03 μWh cm–2 and 1.2 mWh cm–3 at power densities of 0.003 mW cm–2 and 0.1 W cm–3, respectively. Taken together, by offering a green and straightforward route to different types of functional graphene-based materials, the present results are expected to ease the development of novel energy storage technologies that exploit the attractions of graphene.Funding by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through project MAT2015-69844-R and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and ERDF through project RTI2018-100832-B-I00 is gratefully acknowledged. Partial funding by Plan de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (PCTI) 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias and the ERDF through project IDI/2018/000233 is also acknowledged. J.M.M. is grateful to the Spanish Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD) for his pre-doctoral contract (FPU14/00792). J.N.C. acknowledges the ERC Adv. Gr. FUTUREPRINT. This work was also financially supported by the European Union (Graphene Flagship, Core 2, Grant number 785219).Peer reviewe

Ethics guidelines for the creation and use of registries for biomedical research purposes

The clinical information stored in registries and records of different types is a fundamental tool for biomedical research. Up until just a few years ago, hardly any limitations existed on the creation and use of epidemiological registries or the use of information from pre-existing records for research purposes. This situation has changed substantially due mainly to the growing importance current laws place upon the safeguarding of the privacy and confidentiality of personal data. Although the legal framework is already quite explicit, a certain degree of leeway exists for ethical debate and prudence advice for the purpose of conducting valid, useful research with this information which will also respect the rights of the subjects and the laws in force. These guidelines deal with those aspects which have been considered relevant from an ethical standpoint in the handling of records and registries for research-related purposes, including not only the use but also the creation proper of the registries. A total of twenty-four recommendations are provided, grouped into ten sections: warranting of the creation of registry, organization and definition of responsibilities, scientific validity of the research project, ethical requirements of the collections of anonymous and anonymized data, ethical requirements of the registries including personal data, uses of medical records for research purposes, use of historical records of deceased individuals, contact with the research subjects, notification of results and review by a Research Ethics Committee. La información clínica almacenada en registros de diverso tipo constituye una herramienta fundamental para la investigación biomédica. Hasta hace pocos años la creación y uso de registros epidemiológicos, o la utilización de información procedente de registros pre-existentes con fines de investigación, apenas tenía limitaciones. Esta situación ha cambiado de modo sustancial debido básicamente a la creciente importancia que las leyes actuales conceden a la protección de la intimidad, la privacidad y la confidencialidad de los datos de carácter personal. Aunque el marco legal es ya muy explícito, hay un cierto espacio para la deliberación ética y el consejo prudente, al objeto de realizar con dicha información una investigación válida y útil y que, al mismo tiempo, respete los derechos de los sujetos y la legalidad vigente. En las presentes directrices se abordan aquellos aspectos que se han considerado relevantes desde un punto de vista ético en el manejo de registros con fines de investigación, incluyendo no sólo el uso sino la creación misma del registro. Se proporcionan 24 recomendaciones agrupadas en 10 apartados: justificación de la creación de un registro, organización y definición de responsabilidades, validez científica del proyecto de investigación, requisitos éticos de las colecciones de datos anónimos y de los registros anonimizados, requisitos éticos de los registros que contienen datos de carácter personal, usos de la historia clínica con fines de investigación, uso de registros históricos y de personas fallecidas, contacto con los sujetos de investigación, comunicación de resultados y revisión por un Comité de Ética de la Investigación

Integración de recursos electrónicos en las bibliotecas del Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Andaluzas (CBUA)

En los últimos años, el presupuesto en recursos electrónicos ha ido creciendo paulatinamente en las Bibliotecas Universitarias y como consecuencia las inversiones en este tipo de materiales han ido aumentando, convirtiéndose hoy día la Biblioteca Universitaria en una gran factoría virtual. El Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias Andaluzas (CBUA) que asume entre sus políticas el desarrollo de proyectos para la mejora de la calidad de los servicios a través de la cooperación, consciente de esta situación, acomete el plan de dotar a las Bibliotecas del Consorcio de tecnologías centradas en el usuario, para hacer más accesibles las colecciones de recursos electrónicos y poder competir en la Europa del conocimiento con parámetros de calidad. Se presenta el proyecto que está llevando a cabo el Grupo de Trabajo de MAP y ERM del CBUA, de implementación y puesta en marcha de herramientas, para el acceso, integración y gestión de los recursos electrónicos en las Bibliotecas Universitarias Andaluzas, para un mejor uso de las colecciones digitales contratadas, que redundará en la calidad y mejora de los servicios prestados. Se enumeran las fases del proyecto, los objetivos operativos, las líneas de acción, las acciones realizadas, la documentación generada, la difusión y formación en las nuevas herramientas y la repercusión que está teniendo en las Bibliotecas del CBU