Nonprofit good governance mechanisms: A systematic literature review

There is widespread acknowledgment of the importance of nonprofit good governance with a need for guidance on different effective mechanisms to increase ethical practices for the whole sector to assist professionals and researchers. This study explores two research questions: (1) What are the main reasons that inspire nonprofit organizations (NPOs) to implement good governance mechanisms? (2) What are the good governance mechanisms conducted by NPOs? The purpose is to serve as a reference and an instrument of reflection for interested NPOs exploring good governance mechanisms to make their accountability work more effective. We used a systematic literature review methodology for identification, selection, and analysis of published research on nonprofit good governance. A set of 89 articles published until 2021 was analyzed, and a new classification that identified 3 lines and 13 sublines of research was provided. Our results show that a variety of internal mechanisms and international third-party initiatives are underpinned by the need to adhere to standards of ethics and honesty.Grupo de Investigación “SEJ289: Information and Management Systems in the Andalusian Company” de la Universidad de Jaé

Small-area models to assess the geographical distribution of tobacco consumption by sex and age in Spain

Introduction: Complete and accurate data on smoking prevalence at a local level would enable health authorities to plan context-dependent smoking interventions. However, national health surveys do not generally provide direct estimates of smoking prevalence by sex and age groups at the subnational level. This study uses a small-area model-based methodology to obtain precise estimations of smoking prevalence by sex, age group and region, from a population-based survey. Methods: The areas targeted for analysis consisted of 180 groups based on a combination of sex, age group (15-34, 35-54, 55-64, 65-74, and ≥75 years), and Autonomous Region. Data on tobacco use came from the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey (2017 SNHS). In each of the 180 groups, we estimated the prevalence of smokers (S), ex-smokers (ExS) and never smokers (NS), as well as their coefficients of variation (CV), using a weighted ratio estimator (direct estimator) and a multinomial logistic model with random area effects. Results: When smoking prevalence was estimated using the small-area model, the precision of direct estimates improved; the CV of S and ExS decreased on average by 26%, and those of NS by 25%. The range of S prevalence was 11-46% in men and 4-37% in women, excluding the group aged ≥75 years. Conclusions: This study proposes a methodology for obtaining reliable estimates of smoking prevalence in groups or areas not covered in the survey design. The model applied is a good alternative for enhancing the precision of estimates at a detailed level, at a much lower cost than that involved in conducting large-scale surveys. This method could be easily integrated into routine data processing of population health surveys. Having such estimates directly after completing a health survey would help characterize the tobacco epidemic and/or any other risk factor more precisely.Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), reference: PI19/00288, co-funded by the European Union. The sponsors did not participate in the study in any way.S

Utility of CYP2D6 copy number variants as prognostic biomarker in localized anal squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is an infrequent tumor whose treatment has not changed since the 1970s. The aim of this study is the identification of biomarkers allowing personalized treatments and improvement of therapeutic outcomes. Methods: Forty-six paraffin tumor samples from ASCC patients were analyzed by whole-exome sequencing. Copy number variants (CNVs) were identified and their relation to disease-free survival (DFS) was studied and validated in an independent retrospective cohort of 101 ASCC patients from the Multidisciplinary Spanish Digestive Cancer Group (GEMCAD). GEMCAD cohort proteomics allowed assessing the biological features of these tumors. Results: On the discovery cohort, the median age was 61 years old, 50% were males, stages I/II/III: 3 (7%)/16 (35%)/27 (58%), respectively, median DFS was 33 months, and overall survival was 45 months. Twenty-nine genes whose duplication was related to DFS were identified. The most representative was duplications of the CYP2D locus, including CYP2D6, CYP2D7P, and CYP2D8P genes. Patients with CYP2D6 CNV had worse DFS at 5 years than those with two CYP2D6 copies (21% vs. 84%; p <.0002, hazard ratio [HR], 5.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7–24.9). In the GEMCAD validation cohort, patients with CYP2D6 CNV also had worse DFS at 5 years (56% vs. 87%; p =.02, HR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.1–5.7). Mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle proteins were overexpressed in patients with CYP2D6 CNV. Conclusions: Tumor CYP2D6 CNV identified patients with a significantly worse DFS at 5 years among localized ASCC patients treated with 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and radiotherapy. Proteomics pointed out mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle genes as possible therapeutic targets for these high-risk patients. Plain Language Summary: Anal squamous cell carcinoma is an infrequent tumor whose treatment has not been changed since the 1970s. However, disease-free survival in late staged tumors is between 40% and 70%. The presence of an alteration in the number of copies of CYP2D6 gene is a biomarker of worse disease-free survival. The analysis of the proteins in these high-risk patients pointed out mitochondria and mitochondrial cell-cycle genes as possible therapeutic targets. Therefore, the determination of the number of copies of CYP2D6 allows the identification of anal squamous carcinoma patients with a high-risk of relapse that could be redirected to a clinical trial. Additionally, this study may be useful to suggest new treatment strategies to increase current therapy efficacyIdiPAZ, Grant/Award Number: Jesús Antolín Garciarena Fellowship; European Proteomics Infrastructure Consortium, Grant/Award Number: 823839, Horizon 2020 Programm

EXPERIENCIAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y HUMANIDADES

Resultados de las intervenciones en las Jornadas de tesistas y estudiantes de posgrado en ciencias sociales realizadas en la ciudad de Córdoba en el año 2015

Trabajo, empleo, calificaciones profesionales, relaciones de trabajo e identidades laborales. Vol. I

CLACSO ha apoyado desde sus inicios la constitución y desarrollo de grupos de reflexión centrados en la problemática del mundo del trabajo. Los temas abordados sucesivamente han sido el empleo y el desempleo, los movimientos laborales, las relaciones de trabajo, las condiciones y medio ambiente de trabajo. Las reuniones y seminarios se han desarrollado en las principales ciudades del continente: México DF, La Habana, Medellín, Santiago de Chile, Río de Janeiro, San Pablo, Buenos Aires y Montevideo. Los objetivos son facilitar los encuentros, el debate y las acciones de cooperación entre los especialistas mas reconocidos y con los jóvenes investigadores, becarios, maestrandos y doctorandos y nutrir una comunidad muy diversa, y pluralista de científicos sociales que no han cesado de crecer. Los grupos han reunido a destacados especialistas de la casi totalidad de países de la región, con una composición multidisciplinaria y pluralista que abarca a sociólogos del trabajo y de la educación, cientistas políticos, economístas del trabajo y del desarrollo, abogados laboralistas y psicólogos del trabajo, entre otras. Sus estudios han dado lugar a numerosas publicaciones editadas por CLACSO, la UAM, el PREALC de la OIT, el CEIL PIETTE del CONICET y Trabajo y Sociedad de Argentina, y forman parte de las bibliografías de aquellas disciplinas. Desde 2007 se constituyó el actual grupo "Trabajo, empleo, calificaciones profesionales, relaciones de trabajo e identidades laborales" con sede en la UNAM, sede Iztapalapa y en el CEIL-PIETTE del CONICET. Los dos volúmenes que ofrecemos a la comunidad académica y a los actores sociales contienen la mayoría de las ponencias presentadas en el Seminario de Buenos Aires, realizado en noviembre de 2007.INDICE Presentación del Grupo de Trabajo: Trabajo, empleo, calificaciones profesionales, relaciones de trabajo e identidades laborales Julio César Neffa y Enrique de la Garza Toledo 11 Presentación de la obra: Nuevos y viejos escenarios en el mundo laboral latinoamericano: distintas miradas para su estudio Leticia Muñiz Terra 15 Primera parte Dimensiones teóricas y metodológicas Diez tesis sobre el trabajo del presente (y el futuro del trabajo) Ricardo Antunes 29 Aportes a una teoría del cambio: gubernamentalidad, fuerzas productivas y praxis de sujetos colectivos en nueva época Alberto L. Bialakowsky, María Ignacia Costa y M. Mercedes Patrouilleau 45 um ensaio sobre inércia social Adalberto Cardoso 83 Hacia un concepto ampliado de trabajo Enrique de la Garza Toledo 111 Comentarios: Del trabajo esclavo a las nuevas formas de esclavitud en el trabajo Irene Vasilachis de Gialdino 141 Segunda parte Trabajo, identidad y subjetividad Cuando el trabajo informal es espacio para la construcción de identificaciones colectivas. Un estudio sobre ferias comerciales urbanas Mariana Busso 159 Construcción del sujeto de trabajo en la condición de precariedad Karina Arellano, Diego Baccarelli, Cecilia Dallacia, Lucía De Gennaro, Soraya Giradles y Emilio Sadier 193 Comentarios: Comentarios críticos de las ponencias presentadas en la Mesa Trabajo, identidad y subjetividad Juan Montes Cató 203 Tercera parte Educación, calificación profesional, productividad y salarios Fuentes de la valorización del capital: la relación entre productividad y salarios. Argentina 1993-2006 Javier Lindenboim, Juan M. Graña y Damián Kennedy 215 Demandas empresariales en las estrategias de formación de los ingenieros en dos zonas argentinas Marta Panaia 243 Saberes, intervenciones profesionales y clasificaciones profesionales: nuevos requerimientos a idóneos, técnicos e ingenieros Julio Testa; Claudia Figari y Martín Spinosa 275 Pautas de desigualdad en el mundo social productivo uruguayo. Aportes para el debate en torno a la gestión por competencias Mariela Quiñones Montoro 309 Cuarta parte La nueva dinámica empresarial. Innovación y flexibilización en la industria Trabajo de organización y cadenas de valor. El caso de la vestimenta uruguaya Marcos Supervielle y Emiliano Rojido 337 Potencialidades y limitaciones de sectores dinámicos de alto valor agregado: la industria aeroespacial en México, Jorge Carrillo y Alfredo Hualde 373 La industria del salmón en Chile: ¿crecimiento social o explotación laboral?, Antonio Aravena 397 Rasgos posfordistas en el paisaje laboral de la gran industria del Valle del Cauca colombiano Carlos Mejía Sanabria 42

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Effectiveness, safety/tolerability of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 with/without HIV-1 co-infection, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage IIIb-V and dialysis in Spanish clinical practice - Vie-KinD study

Limited data are available on the effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapies in the real world for HCV-infected patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV (3D/2D regimen) with or without ribavirin (RBV) in HCV or HCV/HIV co-infected patients with GT1/GT4 and CKD (IIIb-V stages), including those under hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in routine clinical practice in Spain in 2015.Non-interventional, retrospective, multicenter data collection study in 31 Spanish sites. Socio-demographic, clinical variables, study treatment characteristics, effectiveness and tolerability data were collected from medical records.Data from 135 patients with a mean age (SD) of 58.3 (11.4) years were analyzed: 92.6% GT1 (81.6% GT1b and 17.6% GT1a) and 7.4% GT4, 14 (10.4%) HIV/HCV co-infected, 19.0% with fibrosis F3 and 28.1% F4 by FibroScan®, 52.6% were previously treated with pegIFN and RBV. 11.1%, 14.8% and 74.1% of patients had CKD stage IIIb, IV and V respectively. 68.9% of patients were on hemodialysis; 8.9% on peritoneal dialysis and 38.5% had history of renal transplant. A total of 125 (96.2%) of 135 patients were treated with 3D, 10 (7.4%) with 2D and 30.4% received RBV. The overall intention-to-treat (ITT) sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) was 92.6% (125/135) and the overall modified-ITT (mITT) SVR12 was 99.2% (125/126). The SVR12 rates (ITT) per sub-groups were: HCV mono-infected (91.7%), HCV/HIV co-infected (100%), GT1 (92.0%), GT4 (100%), CKD stage IIIb (86.7%), stage IV (95%) and stage V (93%). Among the 10 non-SVR there was only 1 virologic failure (0.7%); 4 patients had missing data due lost to follow up (3.0%) and 5 patients discontinued 3D/2D regimen (3.7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision.These results have shown that 3D/2D regimens are effective and tolerable in patients with advanced CKD including those in dialysis with GT 1 or 4 chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV coinfection in a real-life cohort. The overall SVR12 rates were 92.6% (ITT) and 99.2% (mITT) without clinically relevant changes in eGFR until 12 weeks post-treatment. These results are consistent with those reported in clinical trials

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Crowdfunding: A new way of financing for non-profit entities

This chapter provides a brief review of the main ways of obtaining resources from the non-profit entities in order to appreciate the new tools for doing so, as well as the possibilities of new technologies in this field. More specifically, this text analyzes how the social networks and the development of Web 2.0 affect the possibilities of obtaining resources for these organizations through crowdfunding, which represents an additional source of income to help fund projects with very specific characteristics, but is not the only way to enable these organizations to sustain their cost structures