Modelos Alom?tricos Para La Estimaci?n De La Biomasa A?rea Total En El P?ramo De Anaime, Departamento Del Tolima, Colombia.

79 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoLos modelos alom?tricos son herramientas ?tiles para estimar biomasa y carbono, sin embargo, son escasos para la zona de p?ramos. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar modelos alom?tricos para estimar la biomasa a?rea total de tres especies de bosques de p?ramo en Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 30 individuos (Baccharis sp, Miconia sp y Weinmannia auriculata). El di?metro a la altura del pecho, altura total y de reiteraci?n promedio fue de 26,2 cm (5 ? 67 cm), 12 m (4,22 ? 25,5 m) y de 7,3 m (2,14 ? 22 m), respectivamente. La biomasa a?rea total promedio fue de 311,56 kg/?rbol (variando de 8,3 ? 1211,6 kg/?rbol), la especie que report? la mayor cantidad de biomasa a?rea total fue Weinmannia auriculata. Los modelos de mejor ajuste se seleccionaron con base en el coeficiente de determinaci?n (R2), el R2 ajustado, error cuadr?tico medio de predicci?n, los criterios de Akaike, Bayesiano y la l?gica biol?gica del modelo. El di?metro a la altura de pecho estuvo altamente correlacionado con la biomasa a?rea total (r = 0,93; P<0,05). El modelo de mejor ajuste para la estimaci?n de la biomasa a?rea total fue Ln(BT) = -1.85+2.11*Ln(dap); (BT en kg/?rbol y dap en cm), con un R2 y R2-ajust = 0.94. Tanto los modelos como los par?metros fueron altamente significativos (P<0.05). La especie que present? la mayor gravedad espec?fica fue Weinmannia auriculata seguida de Miconia sp y Baccharis sp con 0.57; 0,56; 0,54 g/cm3, respectivamente. Se encontr? un FEB promedio para las tres especies de 1.3.ABSTRACT The allometric models are useful for estimating biomass and carbon tools, however, are limited to the area of moorland. The aim of the study was to develop allometric to estimate the total biomass of three species of forest wilderness in Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia models. 30 individuals were selected (Baccharis sp, Miconia sp y Weinmannia auriculata). The diameter at breast height, total height and average repetition was 26,2 cm (5 ? 67 cm), 12 m (4,22 ? 25,5 m) y de 7,3 m (2,14 ? 22 m), respectively. The average total biomass was 311,56 kg/ tree (varying de 8,3 ? 1211,6 kg/ tree), the species reported the highest amount of total aboveground biomass was Weinmannia auriculata. Best fit models are selected based on the determination coefficient (R2), the R2 adjusted, mean squared error of prediction, criteria Akaike, Bayesiano logical and biological model. The diameter at breast height was highly correlated with total biomass (r = 0,93; P<0,05). The best fit model for estimating total aboveground biomass was Ln(BT) = -1.85+2.11*Ln(dap); (BT in kg/ tree y dap in cm), an R2 y R2-ajust = 0.94. Both the models and parameters were highly significant (P<0.05). The species that showed the highest specific gravity was Weinmannia auriculata seguida of Miconia sp and Baccharis sp with 0.57; 0,56; 0,54 g/cm3, respectively. FEB average one to three species of 1.3 was found.ADVERTENCIA La Facultad de Ingenier?a Forestal de la Universidad del Tolima, la directora y codirector del trabajo y el jurado calificador, no son responsables de los conceptos ni de las ideas expuestas por los autores del presente trabajo. Art?culo 16, Acuerdo 032 de 1976 y Art?culo 29, acuerdo 064 de 1991, Consejo Acad?mico de la Universidad del Tolima.INTRODUCCI?N 13 1. JUSTIFICACI?N 15 2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 17 3. OBJETIVOS 19 3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 19 3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 19 4. MARCO TE?RICO Y ANTECEDENTES 20 4.1 EFECTO INVERNADERO 20 4.2 CAMBIO CLIM?TICO 21 4.3 ACTIVIDADES POTENCIALES DE MITIGACI?N AL CAMBIO CLIMATICO 22 4.4 ECOSISTEMAS DE P?RAMO 23 4.5 LA VEGETACI?N DE P?RAMO 24 4.5.1 Miconia sp. 25 4.5.2 Weinmannia auriculata. 25 4.5.3 Baccharis sp. 26 4.6 CLIMA DE P?RAMO 27 4.7 BIOMASA 28 4.8 CUANTIFICACI?N DE BIOMASA EN BOSQUE NATURAL 29 4.8.1 M?todo Tradicional. 30 4.8.2 M?todo Destructivo. 30 4.8.3 Estimaci?n de la Biomasa a trav?s de Sensores Remotos. 31 4.9 GRAVEDAD ESPEC?FICA 31 4.9.1 Medici?n Directa o Estereom?trica. 34 p?g. 7 4.9.2 Desplazamiento de Fluidos. 34 4.9.3 Poros?metro de Mercurio. 35 4.10 FACTOR DE EXPANSI?N DE BIOMASA (FEB) 36 4.11 MODELOS ALOM?TRICOS 37 4.12 SELECCI?N DEL MODELO ALOM?TRICO DE MEJOR AJUSTE 39 5. HIP?TESIS 42 6. DISE?O METODOL?GICO 43 6.1 ?REA DE ESTUDIO 43 6.2 SELECCI?N DE LAS ESPECIES 44 6.3 SELECCI?N DE INDIVIDUOS 45 6.4 GRAVEDAD ESPEC?FICA 45 6.4.1 Procesamiento de las Muestras Recolectadas. 46 6.4.2 Determinaci?n del Peso Seco al Horno (PSH). 46 6.4.3. C?lculo del Volumen en Verde. 47 6.5 C?LCULO DE LA GRAVEDAD ESPEC?FICA. 47 6.6 DESARROLLO DE MODELOS ALOM?TRICOS 48 6.6.1 Medici?n de Volumen y Biomasa. 49 6.6.2 Construcci?n de Modelos Alom?tricos para Estimar la Biomasa A?rea Total 51 6.7 DETERMINACI?N DEL FACTOR DE EXPANCI?N DE BIOMASA (FEB) 52 7. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSI?N 53 7.1 C?LCULO DE ?REA BASAL 53 7.2 GRAVEDAD ESPEC?FICA 54 7.3 BIOMASA EN ?RBOLES ESTUDIADOS 57 7.4 MODELOS ALOM?TRICOS PARA LA ESTIMACI?N DE BIOMASA A?REA TOTAL 58 p?g. 8 8. CONCLUSIONES 63 RECOMENDACIONES 64 REFERENCIAS 65 ANEXOS 7

Modelos alom?tricos para la estimaci?n de la biomasa a?rea total en el p?ramo de Anaime, departamento del Tolima, Colombia

79 p. Recurso Electr?nicoLos modelos alom?tricos son herramientas ?tiles para estimar biomasa y carbono, sin embargo, son escasos para la zona de p?ramos. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar modelos alom?tricos para estimar la biomasa a?rea total de tres especies de bosques de p?ramo en Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 30 individuos (Baccharis sp, Miconia sp y Weinmannia auriculata). El di?metro a la altura del pecho, altura total y de reiteraci?n promedio fue de 26,2 cm (5 ? 67 cm), 12 m (4,22 ? 25,5 m) y de 7,3 m (2,14 ? 22 m), respectivamente. La biomasa a?rea total promedio fue de 311,56 kg/?rbol (variando de 8,3 ? 1211,6 kg/?rbol), la especie que report? la mayor cantidad de biomasa a?rea total fue Weinmannia auriculata. Los modelos de mejor ajuste se seleccionaron con base en el coeficiente de determinaci?n (R2), el R2 ajustado, error cuadr?tico medio de predicci?n, los criterios de Akaike, Bayesiano y la l?gica biol?gica del modelo. El di?metro a la altura de pecho estuvo altamente correlacionado con la biomasa a?rea total (r = 0,93; P<0,05). El modelo de mejor ajuste para la estimaci?n de la biomasa a?rea total fue Ln(BT) = -1.85+2.11*Ln(dap); (BT en kg/?rbol y dap en cm), con un R2 y R2-ajust = 0.94. Tanto los modelos como los par?metros fueron altamente significativos (P<0.05). La especie que present? la mayor gravedad espec?fica fue Weinmannia auriculata seguida de Miconia sp y Baccharis sp con 0.57; 0,56; 0,54 g/cm3, respectivamente. Se encontr? un FEB promedio para las tres especies de 1.3. Palabras claves: Gravedad espec?fica, factor de expansi?n de biomasa, regresi?n lineal, di?metro a la altura de pecho, usos de la madera.The allometric models are useful for estimating biomass and carbon tools, however, are limited to the area of moorland. The aim of the study was to develop allometric to estimate the total biomass of three species of forest wilderness in Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia models. 30 individuals were selected (Baccharis sp, Miconia sp y Weinmannia auriculata). The diameter at breast height, total height and average repetition was 26,2 cm (5 ? 67 cm), 12 m (4,22 ? 25,5 m) y de 7,3 m (2,14 ? 22 m), respectively. The average total biomass was 311,56 kg/ tree (varying de 8,3 ? 1211,6 kg/ tree), the species reported the highest amount of total aboveground biomass was Weinmannia auriculata. Best fit models are selected based on the determination coefficient (R2), the R2 adjusted, mean squared error of prediction, criteria Akaike, Bayesiano logical and biological model. The diameter at breast height was highly correlated with total biomass (r = 0,93; P<0,05). The best fit model for estimating total aboveground biomass was Ln(BT) = -1.85+2.11*Ln(dap); (BT in kg/ tree y dap in cm), an R2 y R2-ajust = 0.94. Both the models and parameters were highly significant (P<0.05). The species that showed the highest specific gravity was Weinmannia auriculata seguida of Miconia sp and Baccharis sp with 0.57; 0,56; 0,54 g/cm3, respectively. FEB average one to three species of 1.3 was found. Keywords: Specific gravity, biomass expansion factor, linear regression, diameter at breast height, uses of wood

Association of anti-citrullinated vimentin and anti-citrullinated ?-enolase antibodies with subsets of rheumatoid arthritis.

[EN] Objective. To determine whether the anti? citrullinated vimentin peptide 60?75 (anti?Cit-vimentin) and the immunodominant anti?citrullinated -enolase peptide 1 (anti?CEP-1) antibodies are associated with subsets of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) independently of the associations between anti?cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and clinical features of RA. Methods. The 3 antibody types were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples from 521 patients with RA and 173 healthy controls of Spanish ancestry. Genotypes for HLA?DRB1 alleles and rs2476601 in PTPN22 were available for these patients and controls plus an addi- tional 106 healthy controls. A combined analysis of the 3 antibodies was conducted using stratified contingency tables and logistic regression models. Results. A differential, particularly strong, and independent association was observed between the pres- ence of anti?Cit-vimentin antibodies and the presence of shared epitope (SE) alleles, specifically in patients carrying 2 SE alleles, and between the presence of anti? Cit-vimentin antibodies and the prevalence of joint erosion. Associations were observed between anti? CEP-1 positivity and the presence of HLA?DRB1 and PTPN22 risk alleles and their additive interaction. These associations were not accounted for by the anti- CCP status. Conclusion. Our results indicate that the 2 anti- bodies against citrullinated peptides analyzed in this study add specific information beyond that obtained with the anti-CCP status. They define subgroups of patients with RA in which genetic factors have different weight and there is an observed difference in the prev- alence of erosions.Fondo de Investigaci?n Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)European Regional Development Fund of the European UnionXunta de GaliciaFundaci?n Espa?ola de Reumatolog?

Identificaci?n y an?lisis de conflictos entre los actores de la cadena de suministros de la leche en el Per?

Para 2018, la producci?n mundial de leche se estim? en 827 millones de TM, lo que representar?a un incremento de 2% con relaci?n al a?o anterior. Para 2030 se estima que alcance las 1,268 TM que representar?a un incremento de 2.3% promedio anual. Sin embargo, el principal eslab?n est? fragmentado puesto que el 85.9% de los actores tiene menos de diez vacas. A esto se suma que la mayor?a de organizaciones de productores ganaderos carecen de una gesti?n adecuada lo que reduce su poder de negociaci?n y su capacidad de insertarse en el mercado. Frente a ellos, est? la gran industria, integrada b?sicamente por tres grandes empresas: Laive SA, Nestl? Per? SA y Leche Gloria SA. En el Per?, los conflictos de mayor envergadura dan motivo a disputas administrativas que se ventilan en las salas y tribunal del organismo regulador denominado INDECOPI que interviene s?lo ante fallas de mercado que lesionen intereses p?blicos. Para este estudio, se revisaron las resoluciones emitidas desde 2006 A trav?s de la relectura de los expedientes seleccionados, se identificaron los siguientes conflictos: 1. Reconstituci?n de leche en polvo importada; 2. Baja calidad de la leche fresca; 3. Bajos precios al productor; y 4. Ejercicio de la posici?n de dominio de los procesadores

Non-Canonical WNT5A Signaling Through RYK Contributes to Aggressive Phenotype of the Rheumatoid Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes

We hypothesized that WNT5A could contribute to the enhanced migration and invasiveness of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA FLS), which is one of the incompletely understood aspects of the RA FLS aggressive phenotype. This hypothesis is based on the previous evidence of a WNT5A role in both, RA and cell migration. Migration and invasion of RA FLS were assessed after incubation with recombinant Wnt5a (rWnt5a) or silencing of the endogenous WNT5A expression. The expression of WNT5A, WNT receptors, cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases was quantified with RT-PCR. The WNT pathway was explored with gene silencing, antibody and pharmacological inhibition followed by migration assays and phosphoprotein western blots. Here, we reported that rWnt5a promoted migration and invasion of RA FLS, whereas knockdown of the endogenous WNT5A reduced them. These effects were specific to the RA FLS since they were not observed in FLS from osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Also, rWnt5a induced the expression of IL6, IL8, CCL2, CXCL5, MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13 from baseline or potentiating the TNF induction, WNT5A signaling required the RYK receptor and was mediated through the WNT/Ca(2+) and the ROCK pathway. These pathways involved the RYK and ROCK dependent activation of the p38, ERK, AKT, and GSK3beta kinases, but not the activation of JNK. Together these findings indicate that WNT5A contributes to the enhanced migration and invasiveness of RA FLS through RYK and the specific activation of ROCK and downstream kinases

Plan de negocio para evaluar la viabilidad de la implementaci?n de una cadena de sangucher?as de cerdo con tem?tica musical

En Lima existe una gran cantidad de estudiantes de educaci?n superior los cuales por su ritmo de vida buscan alternativas de alimentaci?n cercanas a su centro de estudios que puedan satisfacer sus necesidades las cuales abarcan no solamente el hambre sino tambi?n la necesidad de entretenimiento y sociabilizaci?n. Actualmente estas necesidades no son cubiertas por las cadenas de sangucher?as tradicionales las cuales optan por dirigirse a niveles socio-econ?micos AB, dejando un espacio para que las sangucher?as independientes, las cuales deben desarrollar una oferta de valor que pueda suplir estas necesidades. Observando esta oportunidad, la Porc?cola Don Lucho, productores de carne de cerdo, desea desarrollar una cadena sangucher?as la cual a trav?s de din?micas musicales pueda brindar entretenimiento es te p?blico objetivo, ofreciendo a su vez s?nguches con sabores especiales que puedan diferenciarlo de sus competidores

LipoDDx: a mobile application for identification of rare lipodystrophy syndromes

BACKGROUND: Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of disorders characterized by a loss of adipose tissue once other situations of nutritional deprivation or exacerbated catabolism have been ruled out. With the exception of the HIV-associated lipodystrophy, they have a very low prevalence, which together with their large phenotypic heterogeneity makes their identification difficult, even for endocrinologists and pediatricians. This leads to significant delays in diagnosis or even to misdiagnosis. Our group has developed an algorithm that identifies the more than 40 rare lipodystrophy subtypes described to date. This algorithm has been implemented in a free mobile application, LipoDDx(R). Our aim was to establish the effectiveness of LipoDDx(R). Forty clinical records of patients with a diagnosis of certainty of most lipodystrophy subtypes were analyzed, including subjects without lipodystrophy. The medical records, blinded for diagnosis, were evaluated by 13 physicians, 1 biochemist and 1 dentist. Each evaluator first gave his/her results based on his/her own criteria. Then, a second diagnosis was given using LipoDDx(R). The results were analysed based on a score table according to the complexity of each case and the prevalence of the disease. RESULTS: LipoDDx(R) provides a user-friendly environment, based on usually dichotomous questions or choice of clinical signs from drop-down menus. The final result provided by this app for a particular case can be a low/high probability of suffering a particular lipodystrophy subtype. Without using LipoDDx(R) the success rate was 17 +/- 20%, while with LipoDDx(R) the success rate was 79 +/- 20% (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: LipoDDx(R) is a free app that enables the identification of subtypes of rare lipodystrophies, which in this small cohort has around 80% effectiveness, which will be of help to doctors who are not experts in this field. However, it will be necessary to analyze more cases in order to obtain a more accurate efficiency value

CD5L, Macrophage Apoptosis Inhibitor, Was Identified in Epicardial Fat-Secretome and Regulated by Isoproterenol From Patients With Heart Failure

Objectives: Neurohormonal dysfunction, which can regulate epicardial fat activity, is one of the main promoters of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with heart failure (HF). Our aim was to study the epicardial fat mediators for AF in patients with HF and its catecholaminergic regulation. Methods: We have included 29 patients with HF who underwent cardiac surgery and were followed up for 5 years. Released proteins by epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) after isoproterenol treatment were identified by nano-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and triple time-of-flight (TOF) analysis. Common and differential identified proteins in groups of patients with AF before and after surgery were determined by the FunRich tool. Plasma and epicardial fat biopsy proteins were quantified by western blot. Results: Our results identified 17 common released proteins by EAT, after isoproterenol treatment, from HF patients who suffered AF or developed new-onset AF during follow-up. Mostly, they were involved on inflammatory response and extracellular matrix. One of them was CD5L, a macrophage apoptosis inhibitor. Its secretion by isoproterenol treatment was validated on western blot. The CD5L levels on epicardial fat were also higher in the group of male patients who present or develop AF (0.44 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.15; p < 0.016). However, there were no differences regarding plasma levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest the role of epicardial fat CD5L as a mediator of AF and its possible paracrine effect by catecholaminergic activity

Correlation of RECIST, Computed Tomography Morphological Response, and Pathological Regression in Hepatic Metastasis Secondary to Colorectal Cancer: The AVAMET Study.

Background: The prospective phase IV AVAMET study was undertaken to correlate response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST)-defined response rates with computed tomography-based morphological criteria (CTMC) and pathological response after liver resection of colorectal cancer metastases. Methods: Eligible patients were aged >/=18 years, with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0/1 and histologically-confirmed colon or rectal adenocarcinoma with measurable liver metastases. Preoperative treatment was bevacizumab (7.5 mg on day 1) + XELOX (oxaliplatin 130 mg/m(2), capecitabine 1000 mg/m(2) bid on days 1-14 q3w). After three cycles, response was evaluated by a multidisciplinary team. Patients who were progression-free and metastasectomy candidates received one cycle of XELOX before undergoing surgery 3-5 weeks later, followed by four cycles of bevacizumab + XELOX. Results: A total of 83 patients entered the study; 68 were eligible for RECIST, 67 for CTMC, and 51 for pathological response evaluation. Of these patients, 49% had a complete or partial RECIST response, 91% had an optimal or incomplete CTMC response, and 81% had a complete or major pathological response. CTMC response predicted 37 of 41 pathological responses versus 23 of 41 responses predicted using RECIST (p = 0.008). Kappa coefficients indicated a lack of correlation between the results of RECIST and morphological responses and between morphological and pathological response rates. Conclusion: CTMC may represent a better marker of pathological response to bevacizumab + XELOX than RECIST in patients with potentially-resectable CRC liver metastases

Bacterial DNA topology and infectious disease

The Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and its close relative Salmonella enterica have made important contributions historically to our understanding of how bacteria control DNA supercoiling and of how supercoiling influences gene expression and vice versa. Now they are contributing again by providing examples where changes in DNA supercoiling affect the expression of virulence traits that are important for infectious disease. Available examples encompass both the earliest stages of pathogen–host interactions and the more intimate relationships in which the bacteria invade and proliferate within host cells. A key insight concerns the link between the physiological state of the bacterium and the activity of DNA gyrase, with downstream effects on the expression of genes with promoters that sense changes in DNA supercoiling. Thus the expression of virulence traits by a pathogen can be interpreted partly as a response to its own changing physiology. Knowledge of the molecular connections between physiology, DNA topology and gene expression offers new opportunities to fight infection