Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know? Hoodies in Contemporary British Horror Cinema

The late 2000s and early 2010s saw the rise of a new subgenre in British horror cinema now often referred to as hoodie horror. Government and media campaigns against antisocial behaviour or Broken Britain under Blair and Cameron’s premierships undoubtedly helped revive the stereotype of a rebellious and dangerous youth, also a great cinematic trope, which culminated with the summer riots of 2011. The enemy image of the hoodie thus gelled on and off screen around the powerful symbol of that garment. Because of the possibilities offered by genre films, the often claimed “feral” nature of these creatures is sometimes taken in a literal sense and young people from sink estates are presented as amoral and bloodthirsty monsters causing the general collapse of society. These gangs of predators appear to be fascinated by their own evil image that they proudly advertise through the use of social media. Hoodies are thus othered, but they also ironically reclaim that enemy image. Hoodie horror has sometimes been criticised because of its perceived conservative or even reactionary and/or racist overtones. Allegedly feeding on and fuelling moral panic, it may perpetuate clichés about a so-called new underclass, thereby further blurring the thin boundary between reality and fantasy for spectators. As a by-product of neoliberalism, it is deemed to depoliticise or deny the wider social context in order to better essentialise evil through the construction of a new folk devil. To a certain extent, this cycle of films does reinforce the horrific character of poor British youths, presenting them not only as culturally but also biologically different. However, this interpretation has to be mitigated. Many of these films play with the conventions of a subgenre inspired by several American models in order to somehow subvert and question the enemy image given to hoodies as they implicitly point to the society that generates, to better demonise, these new evil hordes. By putting the media and their effects into perspective, by looking at the other side i.e. the victims of hoodies (Middle England, “us”, spectators) and questioning their own values and attitudes, these films finally advocate sotto voce a discourse that is quite pessimistic but not as cynical and hostile towards these youths as expected. The worst enemy of the nation may be the excommunicators.La fin des années 2000 et le début des années 2010 ont été marqués au Royaume-Uni par la vague d’un sous-genre du cinéma d’horreur, le hoodie horror. Les campagnes médiatiques contre les incivilités, l’obsession des gouvernements Blair et Cameron envers les comportements antisociaux ont sans doute ravivé le stéréotype d’une jeunesse révoltée et dangereuse, grand classique du cinéma en général et du cinéma britannique en particulier, qui a culminé avec les émeutes de l’été 2011. L’image d’un nouvel ennemi de la nation s’est donc forgée à la ville et à l’écran autour de la symbolique dégagée par ce vêtement qu’est le sweat à capuche (hoodie). Le prisme du genre permet au cinéma de littéraliser certains éditoriaux des tabloïds en montrant des jeunes de banlieue comme des monstres amoraux et sanguinaires. Ces groupes de prédateurs semblent de plus en plus fascinés par leur propre image maléfique qu’ils diffusent sur les réseaux sociaux. Les hoodies revendiquent donc leur image d’ennemi. Ce sous-genre souffre souvent d’une mauvaise réputation car il demeure perçu comme conservateur, voire réactionnaire et raciste : il est accusé de participer à la phobie ambiante en perpétuant les clichés médiatiques à propos d’une supposée nouvelle underclass et, à ce titre, de brouiller la frontière entre réalité et fantasme. Pur produit du néolibéralisme, il chercherait comme lui à dépolitiser ou nier les problèmes sociaux pour mieux essentialiser le mal à travers la figure d’un jeune qui sert de bouc-émissaire à une société aliénée par ses dirigeants et ses médias. Dans une certaine mesure, ces films renforcent effectivement le caractère terrifiant de ces jeunes en les présentant comme différents, non seulement culturellement mais aussi biologiquement. Cependant, cette vision doit être nuancée. Nombre de ces films jouent sur les codes d’un sous-genre inspiré de plusieurs modèles américains pour subvertir quelque peu cette image de l’ennemi et dénoncer implicitement la société qui produit ces nouvelles hordes pour mieux les diaboliser. En remettant en question le rôle des médias et de leurs effets, en s’intéressant à l’autre partie, en d’autres termes aux victimes des hoodies (les classes moyennes anglaises, la majorité silencieuse, les spectateurs supposés de ces films) et en interrogeant leurs propres valeurs et attitude, ces films font passer sotto voce un discours pour le moins pessimiste mais pas aussi cynique et hostile envers ces jeunes qu’on pourrait le croire de prime abord. Les pires ennemis de la nation pourraient in fine être les excommunicateurs

A working class hero’s sidekick is something to be: sidekicks and underlings in British social realist cinema (1956-2014)

This essay focuses on the vital importance of the presence of the sidekick for the working class hero in contemporary British films. Far from being a mere underling or foil, the sidekick often reveals to be more of a double or a partner in the couple he makes with the hero. The evolution of the sidekick from the position of second to that of an alter ego seems to be confirmed by recent developments in British films which increasingly present multi-character stories. In what may be a sign of the times, the hero is then just the “first among equals” in a group of multiple sidekicks.La présence du sidekick aux côtés du working class hero se révèle d’une importance capitale dans le cinéma britannique contemporain. Loin de n’être qu’un second couteau ou un simple faire-valoir, le sidekick est souvent un double ou un compagnon au sein du couple qu’il forme avec le héros ouvrier. Ce passage d’un statut subalterne à celui d’un alter ego semble se confirmer dans les films britanniques les plus récents qui présentent de plus en plus des intrigues à personnages multiples, se rapprochant du film choral. Possible signe des temps, le héros n’est alors que primus inter pares, un sidekick parmi d’autres

(De)Constructing the Myth of the North in British Cinema (1959-2019)

The British North has featured regularly on screen since 1959. The representation of its industrial and urban features has given birth to a two-pronged mythical construction over sixty years: a geographical and a psychoanalytical/gendered one using the figure of the Northerner. Cinema is a myth and identity maker but it is also a medium which has reflected the socioeconomic evolutions of the North, first synonymous with relative prosperity and modernity until the 1980s, then decline and recession owing to deindustrialisation. Simultaneously, films try to deconstruct both the archetypal North – which ends up being geographically and socioeconomically more diverse than it first seems to be – and the figure of the Northerner – who takes his self-proclaimed image or the one that the South seeks to give him with a pinch of salt. The common identity of Northerners mostly channelled through their common aversion towards the South nonetheless leads them to reconstruct the myth of their native North.Depuis 1959, le Nord apparaît de manière récurrente dans le cinéma britannique. À travers sa dimension industrielle et urbaine, il subit sur soixante ans une double édification mythologique d’ordre géographique et psychanalytique ou sexuel/genré en mettant en avant la figure du Northerner. Si le cinéma est un forgeur de mythe et d’identité, il ne méconnaît pas pour autant les évolutions socioéconomiques de cette région d’abord synonyme de relative prospérité et de modernité puis, à partir des années 1980, de déclin et de marasme en raison de la désindustrialisation. Parallèlement, le cinéma cherche aussi à démythifier ce Nord archétypal, finalement assez pluriel du point de vue démographique et économique, et cette figure du Northerner, peu dupe de l’image qu’il se donne ou que le Sud cherche à lui donner. Toutefois l’identité commune aux Northerners qui s’exprime par leur aversion pour le Sud conduit in fine à une forme de remythification de la région

Clinical Knowledge Platform (CKP): a collaborative ecosystem to share interoperable clinical forms, viewers, and order sets with various EMRs

International audienceA large number of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) are currently available with a variety of features and architectures. Existing studies and frameworks presented some solutions to overcome the problem of specification and application of clinical guidelines toward the automation of their use at the point of care. However, they could not yet support thoroughly the dynamic use of medical knowledge in EMRs according to the clinical contexts and provide local application of international recommendations. This study presents the development of the Clinical Knowledge Platform (CKP): a collaborative interoperable environment to create, use, and share sets of information elements that we entitled Clinical Use Contexts (CUCs). A CUC could include medical forms, patient dashboards, and order sets that are usable in various EMRs. For this purpose, we have identified and developed three basic requirements: an interoperable, inter-mapped dictionary of concepts leaning on standard terminologies, the possibility to define relevant clinical contexts, and an interface for collaborative content production via communities of professionals. Community members work together to create and/or modify, CUCs based on different clinical contexts. These CUCs will then be uploaded to be used in clinical applications in various EMRs. With this method, each CUC is, on the one hand, specific to a clinical context and on the other hand, could be adapted to the local practice conditions and constraints. Once a CUC has been developed, it could be shared with other potential users that can consume it directly or modify it according to their needs

Temperature Dependence of Water Absorption in the Biological Windows and Its Impact on the Performance of Ag2S Luminescent Nanothermometers

The application of nanoparticles in the biological context generally requires their dispersion in aqueous media. In this sense, luminescent nanoparticles are an excellent choice for minimally invasive imaging and local temperature sensing (nanothermometry). For these applications, nanoparticles must operate in the physiological temperature range (25–50 °C) but also in the nearinfrared spectral range (750–1800 nm), which comprises the three biological windows of maximal tissue transparency to photons. In this range, water displays several absorption bands that can strongly affect the optical properties of the nanoparticles. Therefore, a full understanding of the temperature dependence of water absorption in biological windows is of paramount importance for applications based on these optical properties. Herein, the absorption spectrum of water in the biological windows over the 25–65 °C temperature range is systematically analyzed, and its temperature dependence considering the coexistence of two states of water is interpreted. Additionally, to illustrate the importance of state-of-the-art applications, the effects of the absorption of water on the emission spectrum of Ag2S nanoparticles, the most sensitive luminescent nanothermometers for in vivo applications to date, are presented. The spectral shape of the nanoparticles’ emission is drastically affected by the water absorption, impacting their thermometric performanceThis work was financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación under project PID2019-106211RB-I00, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00565), by the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (S2017/BMD3867 RENIM-CM) and co-financed by the European structural and investment fund. Additional funding was provided by the European Union Horizon 2020 FETOpen project NanoTBTech (801305), the Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal project IMP21_A4 (2021/0427), and by COST action CA17140. A.B. acknowledges funding support through the TALENTO 2019T1/IND14014 contract (Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid). F.E.M. and L.D.C. acknowledge the financial support received from the project Shape of Water (PTDC/NAN-PRO/3881/2020) through Portuguese fund

Different aspects of emotional processes in apathy: Application of the French translated dimensional apathy scale

Apathy is a behavioural symptom that occurs in neuropsychiatric, neurological and neurodegenerative disease. It is defined as a lack of motivation and/or a quantitative reduction of goal-directed behaviour. Levy and Dubois Cerebral Cortex, 16(7), 916–928 (2006) proposed a triadic substructure of apathy and similar subtypes can be assessed using the Dimensional Apathy Scale (DAS), via the Executive, Emotional and Initiation subscales. The aim of this study was to translate the DAS in to French (f-DAS), examine its psychometric properties and the substructure of apathy using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed an acceptable internal consistency reliability of the f-DAS and a similar relationship to depression as in the original DAS development study. The CFA supported a triadic dimensional substructure of the f-DAS, similar to the original DAS but suggested a more complex substructure, specifically, two further processes of the Emotional apathy dimension relating to “Social Emotional” and “Individual Emotional” aspects of demotivation. To conclude, the f-DAS is a robust and reliable tool for assessing multidimensional apathy. Further research should explore the utility of the f-DAS in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases in view of social emotional aspects in apathy

Escape of HIV-1-Infected Dendritic Cells from TRAIL-Mediated NK Cell Cytotoxicity during NK-DC Cross-Talk—A Pivotal Role of HMGB1

Early stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are associated with local recruitment and activation of important effectors of innate immunity, i.e. natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Immature DCs (iDCs) capture HIV-1 through specific receptors and can disseminate the infection to lymphoid tissues following their migration, which is associated to a maturation process. This process is dependent on NK cells, whose role is to keep in check the quality and the quantity of DCs undergoing maturation. If DC maturation is inappropriate, NK cells will kill them (“editing process”) at sites of tissue inflammation, thus optimizing the adaptive immunity. In the context of a viral infection, NK-dependent killing of infected-DCs is a crucial event required for early elimination of infected target cells. Here, we report that NK-mediated editing of iDCs is impaired if DCs are infected with HIV-1. We first addressed the question of the mechanisms involved in iDC editing, and we show that cognate NK-iDC interaction triggers apoptosis via the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-Death Receptor 4 (DR4) pathway and not via the perforin pathway. Nevertheless, once infected with HIV-1, DCHIV become resistant to NK-induced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This resistance occurs despite normal amounts of TRAIL released by NK cells and comparable DR4 expression on DCHIV. The escape of DCHIV from NK killing is due to the upregulation of two anti-apoptotic molecules, the cellular-Flice like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2), induced by NK-DCHIV cognate interaction. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin and a key mediator of NK-DC cross-talk, was found to play a pivotal role in NK-dependent upregulation of c-FLIP and c-IAP2 in DCHIV. Finally, we demonstrate that restoration of DCHIV susceptibility to NK-induced TRAIL killing can be obtained either by silencing c-FLIP and c-IAP2 by specific siRNA, or by inhibiting HMGB1 with blocking antibodies or glycyrrhizin, arguing for a key role of HMGB1 in TRAIL resistance and DCHIV survival. These findings provide evidence for a new strategy developed by HIV to escape immune attack, they challenge the question of the involvement of HMGB1 in the establishment of viral reservoirs in DCs, and they identify potential therapeutic targets to eliminate infected DCs

APOBEC3G expression is dysregulated in primary HIV-1 infection and polymorphic variants influence CD4R T-cell counts and plasma viral load.

Objectives: In the absence of HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif), cellular cytosine deaminases such as apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) inhibit the virus by inducing hypermutations on viral DNA, among other mechanisms of action. We investigated the association of APOBEC3G mRNA levels and genetic variants on HIV-1 susceptibility, and early disease pathogenesis using viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts as outcomes. Methods: Study participants were 250 South African women at high risk for HIV-1 subtype C infection.We used real-time PCR to measure the expression of APOBEC3G in HIV-negative and HIV-positive primary infection samples. APOBEC3G variants were identified by DNA re-sequencing and TaqMan genotyping. Results: We found no correlation between APOBEC3G expression levels and plasma viral loads (r=0.053, P=0.596) or CD4+ T-cell counts (r=0.030, P=0.762) in 32 seroconverters. APOBEC3G expression levels were higher in HIV-negative individuals as compared with HIV-positive individuals (P<0.0001), including matched pre and postinfection samples from the same individuals (n=13, P<0.0001). Twenty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms, including eight novel, were identified within APOBEC3G by re-sequencing and genotyping. The H186R mutation, a codon-changing variant in exon 4, and a 3' extragenic mutation (rs35228531) were associated with high viral loads (P=0.0097 and P<0.0001) and decreased CD4+ T-cell levels (P=0.0081 and P<0.0001), respectively. Conclusion: These data suggest that APOBEC3G transcription is rapidly downregulated upon HIV-1 infection. During primary infection, APOBEC3G expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells do not correlate with viral loads or CD4+ T-cell counts. Genetic variation of APOBEC3G may significantly affect early HIV-1 pathogenesis, although the mechanism remains unclear and warrants further investigation

Correlating Global Gene Regulation to Angiogenesis in the Developing Chick Extra-Embryonic Vascular System

International audienceBACKGROUND: Formation of blood vessels requires the concerted regulation of an unknown number of genes in a spatial-, time- and dosage-dependent manner. Determining genes, which drive vascular maturation is crucial for the identification of new therapeutic targets against pathological angiogenesis. METHOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We accessed global gene regulation throughout maturation of the chick chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM), a highly vascularized tissue, using pan genomic microarrays. Seven percent of analyzed genes showed a significant change in expression (>2-fold, FDR<5%) with a peak occurring from E7 to E10, when key morphogenetic and angiogenic genes such as BMP4, SMO, HOXA3, EPAS1 and FGFR2 were upregulated, reflecting the state of an activated endothelium. At later stages, a general decrease in gene expression occurs, including genes encoding mitotic factors or angiogenic mediators such as CYR61, EPAS1, MDK and MYC. We identified putative human orthologs for 77% of significantly regulated genes and determined endothelial cell enrichment for 20% of the orthologs in silico. Vascular expression of several genes including ENC1, FSTL1, JAM2, LDB2, LIMS1, PARVB, PDE3A, PRCP, PTRF and ST6GAL1 was demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Up to 9% of the CAM genes were also overexpressed in human organs with related functions, such as placenta and lung or the thyroid. 21-66% of CAM genes enriched in endothelial cells were deregulated in several human cancer types (P<.0001). Interfering with PARVB (encoding parvin, beta) function profoundly changed human endothelial cell shape, motility and tubulogenesis, suggesting an important role of this gene in the angiogenic process. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study underlines the complexity of gene regulation in a highly vascularized organ during development. We identified a restricted number of novel genes enriched in the endothelium of different species and tissues, which may play crucial roles in normal and pathological angiogenesis

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe