Les fonctions sociales des cours magistraux à l'université, en France

À l époque d internet, de la littéracie en ligne, des relations faciles sur le plan documentaire et international, comment peut s expliquer, en Occident, en Europe et particulièrement en France, l existence et la survivance d une pratique didactique aussi ancienne que le cours magistral ?On peut penser qu au-delà de sa fonction première qui est de transmettre du savoir, il a d autres fonctions et d autres utilités, qui en justifient l existence, à côté des autres formes sociales de transmission du savoir, souvent plus commodes et ouvertes. Quelles sont-elles ? Le CM serait finalement un grand inconnu, avec des dimensions explicites connues mais aussi implicites à découvrir, à savoir un canal de la transmission des savoir-penser, un réservoir des valeurs éthiques et morales et enfin une source de repères en vue d établir un modèle de société.Reste, entre autres, une dernière question sur le plan didactique : Comment préparer ou aider les étudiants à accéder à cette part sociale du CM ? C est à éclaircir ces questions que s attache cette recherche, par l étude détaillée de trois CM de disciplines diverses, à savoir la Psychologie de l adolescence, la Macroéconomie et le Droit civil, enregistrés à l UJM de St Etienne, transcrits et soumis à une macro puis micro-analyse du discours.In this era of Internet, of online literacy, of easy linkage via documentation globally, how can we explain an interesting phenomenon in the West, in Europe continent and especially in France, the existence and the persistence of a didactic practice as old as the lecture? We propose that beyond its primary function, which is to transmit knowledge, it has other functions and other utilities. These functions and utilities justify its existence, alongside with other social forms of transmission of knowledge which are often more convenient and open. So what are those functions and utilities? Although the lectures (CM cours magistral) as a whole would still be a great unknown, there are some known but implicit aspects waiting to be discovered, namely a channel of transmission of knowledge and way of thinking, a reservoir of ethical-moral values and finally a source of benchmarks for a model of society.Among other important questions, there is a particular interesting and useful question on the sociodidactic plan: how to prepare or to help students access this social aspect of the lectures?The objective of this research is to clarify the above issues, by the method of detailed study of three lectures from various disciplines, which are Psychology of adolescence, Macroeconomy and Civil Law, recorded at University of Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne. These lectures are then transcribed and subjected to macro-analysis and after that also micro-analysis of speech.ST ETIENNE-Bib. électronique (422189901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Reliability of anthropometric measures in a longitudinal cohort of patients initiating ART in West Africa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anthropometric measurements are a non invasive, inexpensive, and suitable method for evaluating the nutritional status in population studies with relatively large sample sizes. However, anthropometric techniques are prone to errors that could arise, for example, from the inadequate training of personnel. Despite these concerns, anthropometrical measurement error is seldom assessed in cohort studies. We describe the reliability and challenges associated with measurement of longitudinal anthropometric data in a cohort of West African HIV+ adults .</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a cohort of patients initiating antiretroviral treatment in Mali, we evaluated nutritional status using anthropometric measurements(weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, waist circumference and triceps skinfold). Observers with no prior experience in the field of anthropometry were trained to perform anthropometrical measurements. To assess the intra- and inter-observer variability of the measurements taken in the course of the study, two sub-studies were carried out: one at the beginning and one at the end of the prospective study. Twelve patients were measured twice on two consecutive days by the same observer on both study occasions. The technical error of measurement (TEM) (absolute and relative value), and the coefficient of reliability (R) were calculated and compared across reliability studies.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to the R and relative TEM, inter-observer reliabilities were only acceptable for height and weight. In terms of intra-observer precision, while the first and second anthropometrists demonstrated better reliability than the third, only height and weight measurements were reliable. Looking at total TEM, we observed that while measurements remained stable between studies for height and weight, circumferences and skinfolds lost precision from one occasion to the next.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Height and weight were the most reliable measurements under the study's conditions. Circumferences and skinfolds demonstrated less reliability and lost precision over time, probably as a result of insufficient supervision over the entire length of the study. Our results underline the importance of a careful observer's selection, good initial preparation, as well as the necessity of ongoing training and supervision over the entire course of a longitudinal nutritional study. Failure to do so could have major repercussions on data reliability and jeopardize its utilization.</p

Differential Biological Effects of Dietary Lipids and Irradiation on the Aorta, Aortic Valve, and the Mitral Valve

peer reviewedAimsDietary cholesterol and palmitic acid are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affecting the arteries and the heart valves. The ionizing radiation that is frequently used as an anticancer treatment promotes CVD. The specific pathophysiology of these distinct disease manifestations is poorly understood. We, therefore, studied the biological effects of these dietary lipids and their cardiac irradiation on the arteries and the heart valves in the rabbit models of CVD.Methods and ResultsCholesterol-enriched diet led to the thickening of the aortic wall and the aortic valve leaflets, immune cell infiltration in the aorta, mitral and aortic valves, as well as aortic valve calcification. Numerous cells expressing α-smooth muscle actin were detected in both the mitral and aortic valves. Lard-enriched diet induced massive aorta and aortic valve calcification, with no detectable immune cell infiltration. The addition of cardiac irradiation to the cholesterol diet yielded more calcification and more immune cell infiltrates in the atheroma and the aortic valve than cholesterol alone. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analyses of aorta and heart valves revealed that a cholesterol-enriched diet mainly triggered inflammation-related biological processes in the aorta, aortic and mitral valves, which was further enhanced by cardiac irradiation. Lard-enriched diet rather affected calcification- and muscle-related processes in the aorta and aortic valve, respectively. Neutrophil count and systemic levels of platelet factor 4 and ent-8-iso-15(S)-PGF2α were identified as early biomarkers of cholesterol-induced tissue alterations, while cardiac irradiation resulted in elevated levels of circulating nucleosomes.ConclusionDietary cholesterol, palmitic acid, and cardiac irradiation combined with a cholesterol-rich diet led to the development of distinct vascular and valvular lesions and changes in the circulating biomarkers. Hence, our study highlights unprecedented specificities related to common risk factors that underlie CVD

The Achilles Heel of the Trojan Horse Model of HIV-1 trans-Infection

To ensure their survival, microbial pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to subvert host immune defenses. The human retrovirus HIV-1 has been proposed to hijack the natural endocytic function of dendritic cells (DCs) to infect interacting CD4 T cells in a process termed trans-infection. Although DCs can be directly infected by certain strains of HIV-1, productive infection of DCs is not required during trans-infection; instead, DCs capture and internalize infectious HIV-1 virions in vesicles for later transmission to CD4 T cells via vesicular exocytosis across the infectious synapse. This model of sequential endocytosis and exocytosis of intact HIV-1 virions has been dubbed the “Trojan horse” model of HIV-1 trans-infection. While this model gained rapid favor as a strong example of how a pathogen exploits the natural properties of its cellular host, our recent studies challenge this model by showing that the vast majority of virions transmitted in trans originate from the plasma membrane rather than from intracellular vesicles. This review traces the experimental lines of evidence that have contributed to what we view as the “rise and decline” of the Trojan horse model of HIV-1 trans-infection

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Pf7: an open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 20,000 worldwide samples

We describe the MalariaGEN Pf7 data resource, the seventh release of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation data from the MalariaGEN network.  It comprises over 20,000 samples from 82 partner studies in 33 countries, including several malaria endemic regions that were previously underrepresented.  For the first time we include dried blood spot samples that were sequenced after selective whole genome amplification, necessitating new methods to genotype copy number variations.  We identify a large number of newly emerging crt mutations in parts of Southeast Asia, and show examples of heterogeneities in patterns of drug resistance within Africa and within the Indian subcontinent.  We describe the profile of variations in the C-terminal of the csp gene and relate this to the sequence used in the RTS,S and R21 malaria vaccines.  Pf7 provides high-quality data on genotype calls for 6 million SNPs and short indels, analysis of large deletions that cause failure of rapid diagnostic tests, and systematic characterisation of six major drug resistance loci, all of which can be freely downloaded from the MalariaGEN website

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P &lt; 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Interactions verbales dans la formation initiale des enseignants de français au Vietnam

S'inscrivant dans le champ de la formation des enseignants, notre étude, centrée sur l'oral, tente de repérer d'abord quels savoirs sont requis et quels besoins se révèlent sur le terrain pour la constitution des compétences de communication professionnelles exigées des étudiants futurs enseignants de Français Langue Étrangère au Viet Nam ; ensuite de savoir dans quelle mesure la formation actuelle à l'Université de Pédagogie satisfait ou pas ces besoins ; puis de mener une expérimentation d'analyse des pratiques (AP), conçue comme un lien entre formation linguistique et formation professionnelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi d'analyser des interactions verbales en classe de langue, d'analyser des discours des formateurs sur leurs propres pratiques et l'évaluation des compétences langagières et professionnelles de leurs étudiants, d'étudier les pratiques langagières des étudiants lors de leurs stages à l'école secondaire. Ces indispensables investigations nous ont permis de mettre au jour le besoin d'une grande palette communicative et interactionnelle, centrée sur les actes de langage professionnels, chez l'enseignant dans sa classe. Ce besoin peut être satisfait peu à peu à travers les séances d AP, que nous avons expérimentées à titre d'innovation, qui ouvrent sans doute un espace de construction identitaire professionnelle qui pourrait être adéquate pour développer les diverses compétences d'un enseignant de langue, particulièrement dans un contexte asiatique. Cette recherche ouvre donc la voie à une perspective didactique professionnelle, qui permettra de perfectionner au moins la formation professionnalisante de futurs enseignants de langues à l'Université de Pédagogie de Ho Chi Minh-Ville, Viet Nam.This research falls within the scope of teacher training. In its focus on the verbal component, this study aims at exploring the acquired knowledge as well as the needs encountered in the field, for the constitution of the professional communicative skills that are required from prospective teachers of French as a Foreign Language in Viet Nam. The purpose is to investigate the extent to which the actual teacher training at the University of Pedagogy meets, or not, these needs. An analysis is conducted to examine those practices (AP) that are considered to be a link between linguistic and professional training. For the purposes of the current research we have retained for analysis the verbal interactions in language classes, the account of teacher trainers on their practices, the evaluation of their students linguistic and professional competences during the period of the students' internship. Those investigations, deemed to be crucial, have contributed to identify the need for a wide range of a communicative and interactive palette, with particular interest on the teacher s language acts in the classroom. This need could be met through AP sessions, an innovative experience for us thus far, which doubtlessly creates a space for identity construction that could be ideal for the development of the various competences of a language teacher, particularly in an Asian context. This study offers therefore a professional teaching perspective that will help improve professional training of prospective language teachers at the University of Pedagogy in Ho Chi Minh City, in Viet Nam.GRENOBLE2/3-BU Droit/Lettres (384212101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Détoxification d’hydrolysats lignocellulosiques par nanofiltration couplée à la diafiltration

National audienc

Iridium-Catalyzed Direct Reductive Amination of Ketones and Secondary Amines: Breaking the Aliphatic Wall

International audienceInvited for the cover of this issue are Matthieu Jouffroy from Discovery Process Research at Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. and the group of Rafael Gramage-Doria at the University of Rennes. The image depicts an Ir-based catalytic system &quot;fueled&quot; by hydrogen for the direct reductive amination of ketones and secondary amines, allowing complex aliphatic tertiary amines to be prepared and, so, new chemical space to be reached. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202201078