Le patrimoine maritime culturel : de l'inventaire à l'action (exemple des espaces côtiers bretons)

http://www.meshs.fr/documents/pdf/publications/actes/colloque_littoral/Marie.pdfInternational audienceSeaside is an attractive territory, which is in perpetual evolution. However, the last evolutions have changed very quickly the coastal zone and raised the question of the identities, which are cultural creation. This paper deals with cultural maritime heritage, with example from the Breton coastal area. It takes part into the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). The research team of the “Observatoire du Patrimoine Maritime Culturel” set up a method of inventory of this specific heritage to make proposals of management geographically differentiated, to insert them into the public policies at different scales.Le patrimoine maritime culturel est un élément primordial et souvent oublié du développement durable des littoraux. Il existe pourtant, au sein de nos sociétés en mutation, un « risque culturel » de se couper du passé et par la même de perspectives d'avenir. Pour répondre à la nécessaire prise en compte des héritages maritimes – témoins de la diversité dans le temps et dans l'espace des relations Homme/mer –, un projet de recherche pluridisciplinaire et appliqué a été mis en place en appui des politiques publiques. Dans ce cadre, la question fondamentale est de réussir à passer du diagnostic à l'action, du simple inventaire des héritages maritimes à des propositions d'aménagement du territoire dans une démarche concertée avec les acteurs du littoral. L'objectif n'est pas de figer les territoires littoraux mais de les faire vivre. Il s'agit tout d'abord de cerner les éléments pris en compte. Dans un but d'accompagnement des mutations à l'œuvre actuellement sur les littoraux, ont été retenus comme éléments potentiels d'un patrimoine maritime culturel à mettre en valeur les éléments bâtis terrestres (phares, forteresses, conserveries, habitat de pêcheur, villas balnéaires...), les ouvrages maritimes (quais, digues...) et les éléments flottants (bateaux, pontons). Neuf champs patrimoniaux ont pu ainsi être définis. Les recherches sur le terrain et aux archives ont permis de réaliser une base de données géoréférencées dans laquelle chaque élément est présenté en trois volets : l'histoire, les caractéristiques techniques et juridiques, l'usage et le devenir. La spatialisation du territoire permet de donner une vue hiérarchisée de la distribution et de l'organisation spatiale de ces héritages maritimes. Des formes bien individualisées d'organisation de l'espace, en particulier celle des petits fronts portuaires, sont également mises en évidence afin de définir des types de risques et de proposer des types d'aménagement adaptés. L'étude a été réalisée dès le début en relation étroite avec les acteurs des littoraux à différentes échelles : locale, régionale, nationale. En effet, le patrimoine maritime culturel, comme tout patrimoine, est une construction sociale et culturelle développée en fonction d'un projet porté par la société ou les sociétés concernées. Aussi, des partenariats sont noués et des actions de sensibilisation sont menées en direction des divers publics. Il existe néanmoins des freins importants à la mise en place d'actions de valorisation du patrimoine maritime culturel. L'implication des élus et aménageurs n'est pas toujours à la hauteur des exigences en raison de leur manque d'intérêt pour le sujet. Les enjeux économiques à court terme, liés à la pression immobilière exercée actuellement sur les littoraux, s'opposent souvent à une politique de « développement culturel durable ». Les outils juridiques ne sont pas toujours adaptés. Quoi qu'il en soit, toute action de valorisation du patrimoine maritime culturel ne peut réussir que si elle est menée conjointement avec une politique de reconnaissance de son intérêt aux niveaux régional, national, voire aujourd'hui européen

Communication persuasive et communication engageante pour la santé : Favoriser des comportements sains avec les médias, Internet et les serious games.

Nous expliquons dans une première partie comment opèrent les processus de réception et d'influence des messages de santé publique destinés à faire changer des cognitions (des pensés), des affects et des intentions d'action. Ce type de communication repose sur le principe selon lequel de tels changements devraient être suivis de changement comportementaux. Cependant un grand nombre de recherches montrent que la communication persuasive classique ne s'avère pas toujours probante pour effectivement changer les comportements néfastes. C'est pour contrecarrer ses limites qu'a été proposé le concept de communication engageante, dont l'application récente au média Internet semble montrer une bonne efficacité dans le domaine de la santé. La communication engageante numérique sera l'objet de la deuxième partie. Dans la troisième partie, nous expliquons comment fonctionnent les récents moyens de communication numérique pour la santé, les serious games sur Internet ou applications mobiles

Evolutionary tinkering of the expression of PDF1s suggests their joint effect on zinc tolerance and the response to pathogen attack

Multigenic families of Plant Defensin type 1 (PDF1) have been described in several species, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as zinc tolerant and hyperaccumulator A. halleri. In A. thaliana, PDF1 transcripts (AtPDF1) accumulate in response to pathogen attack following synergic activation of ethylene/jasmonate pathways. However, in A. halleri, PDF1 transcripts (AhPDF1) are constitutively highly accumulated. Through an evolutionary approach, we investigated the possibility of A. halleri or A. thaliana species specialization in different PDF1s in conveying zinc tolerance and/or the response to pathogen attack via activation of the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway. The accumulation of each PDF1 from both A. halleri and A. thaliana was thus compared in response to zinc excess and MeJA application. In both species, PDF1 paralogues were barely or not at all responsive to zinc. However, regarding the PDF1 response to JA signaling activation, A. thaliana had a higher number of PDF1s responding to JA signaling activation. Remarkably, in A. thaliana, a slight but significant increase in zinc tolerance was correlated with activation of the JA signaling pathway. In addition, A. halleri was found to be more tolerant to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea than A. thaliana. Since PDF1s are known to be promiscuous antifungal proteins able to convey zinc tolerance, we propose, on the basis of the findings of this study, that high constitutive PDF1 transcript accumulation in A. halleri is a potential way to skip the JA signaling activation step required to increase the PDF1 transcript level in the A. thaliana model species. This could ultimately represent an adaptive evolutionary process that would promote a PDF1 joint effect on both zinc tolerance and the response to pathogens in the A. halleri extremophile species

Annexin A5 D226K structure and dynamics: identification of a molecular switch for the large-scale conformational change of domain III

AbstractThe domain III of annexin 5 undergoes a Ca2+- and a pH-dependent conformational transition of large amplitude. Modeling of the transition pathway by computer simulations suggested that the interactions between D226 and T229 in the IIID–IIIE loop on the one hand and the H-bond interactions between W187 and T224 on the other hand, are important in this process [Sopkova et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 14065–14074]. In agreement with the modeling, we demonstrate in this work that the D226K mutation behaves as a molecular switch of the pH- and Ca2+-mediated conformational transition. In contrast, the hydrogen bonds between W187 and T224 seem marginal

Calculation of combined diffusion coefficients from the simplified theory of transport properties

The aim of this study is to check if it is possible to use the combined diffusion coefficients introduced by Murphy at equilibrium in a two-temperature model (electron temperature Te different from that of heavy species Th) such as that denned by Devoto or Bonnefoi for transport properties. Murphy's coefficients describe the diffusive mixing of two non reactive ionized gases while the Devoto's or Bonnefoi's simplified theories allow the calculation of transport coefficients (except diffusion) out of thermal equilibrium. It has to be noticed that in the latter case when Te tends towards Th, the results are those obtained with an equilibrium calculation. The two-temperature (2-T) theory of transport properties was established by separating electrons and other species because of their mass difference. First, the exact combined diffusion coefficients of Murphy are calculated for an Ar-N2 (50wt%) mixture at atmospheric pressure. Then, expressions of combined diffusion coefficients are obtained using the simplified theory of Bonnefoi. The results of the calculation of combined diffusion coefficients from the simplified theory of transport properties, assuming equilibrium is achieved (Te=Th), is compared with those of Murphy at equilibrium. It is shown that large discrepancies occur when ionization is important. These results prove that the simplified 2-T theory cannot be used for the treatment of diffusion. Thus, a new theory of transport coefficients has to be developed taking into account the coupling of electrons and heavy species and work is in progress

Comparative Study between kinetic and thermodynamic calculation of composition in SF6 Plasmas

For an SF6 plasma at atmospheric pressure the compositions calculated in chemical equilibrium, in the multi-temperature model and using kinetics (33 reactions involving 18 species) are compared. The ratio of the electron temperature Te to that of heavy species Th was calculated as a function of electron density and an intermediate temperature T* between Te and Th was introduced to cope with the relationship kf(T*) / kr(T*) = Kx(T*) where kf and kr are the reaction rate coefficients (forward and reverse) and Kx the equilibrium constant. The main difference between equilibrium and kinetic calculations lies in the densities of S+, S2+, SF+, F- and S- species between 2000 and 6000 K. The multi-temperature method gives results very different from those of the kinetic calculations even when neglecting the charge loss reactions. This is in contrast to what happens with H2 or N2

New method to derive transport properties including diffusion in a two-temperature plasma

A new derivation of transport properties in a two-temperature plasma has been performed. The electron kinetic temperature Te is supposed to be different from that of heavy species Th. The resolution of the Boltzmann's equation, thanks to the Chapman-Enskog method, is used to calculate transport coefficients and it allows to the generalisation ofbracket integrals out of thermal equilibrium. Two-temperature diffusion coefficients are defined and the obtained results are presented for an atmospheric two-temperature argon plasma

Transport Coefficients in non equilibrium argon-hydrogen thermal plasmas

Transport coefficients in non-equmbrium argon-hydrogen thermal plasmas, where the kinetic temperature of electrons Te is different from that of heavy species Th, are calculated at atmospheric pressure from a recent theoretical approach of Rat et al. The latter consists in deriving transport properties in thermal plasmas from the solution of the Boltzmann's equation according to the Chapmann Enskog method keeping the coupling between electrons and heavy species. Plasma composition is obtained from a non equilibrium constant method and a stationnary kinetic calculation. First, electrical and translational thermal conductivities are compared with those evaluated with the simplified theory of transport properties of Devoto and Bonnefoi. Non-neglible discrepancies occur reaching more than 30% and 40% respectively for the electrical and electron thermal conductivities at Te= 15000 K for theta = 2. Second, the dependence with Te of electrical and total thermal conductivities (including translational, internal and reactional contributions) and viscosity is examined as a function of the method of calculation of plasma composition and the non-equilibrium parameter theta= Te /Th . It is emphasized that non-equilibrium transport coefficients are strongly dependent on the method of plasma composition

Clinical epidemiology of laboratory-confirmed Buruli ulcer in Benin: a cohort study

Background Buruli ulcer, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, was identifi ed as a neglected emerging infectious disease by WHO in 1998. Although Buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial disease worldwide, understanding of the disease is incomplete. We analysed a large cohort of laboratory-confi rmed cases of Buruli ulcer from Pobè, Benin, to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical presentation of the disease, its variation with age and sex, and its eff ect on the occurrence of permanent functional sequelae. Methods Between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2011, we prospectively collected clinical and laboratory data from all patients with Buruli ulcer diagnosed at the Centre de Dépistage et de Traitement de l’Ulcère de Buruli in Pobè, Benin. We followed up patients to assess the frequency of permanent functional sequelae. All analyses were done on cases that were laboratory confi rmed. Findings 1227 cases of laboratory-confi rmed Buruli ulcer were included in the analysis. Typically, patients with Buruli ulcer were children (median age at diagnosis 12 years) presenting with a unique (1172 [96%]) large (≥15 cm, 444 [36%]) ulcerative (805 [66%]) lesion of the lower limb (733 [60%]). Atypical clinical presentation of Buruli ulcer included Buruli ulcer osteomyelitis with no identifi able present or past Buruli ulcer skin lesions, which was recorded in at least 14 patients. The sex ratio of Buruli ulcer widely varied with age, with male patients accounting for 57% (n=427) of patients aged 15 years and younger, but only 33% (n=158) of those older than 15 years (odds ratio [OR] 2·59, 95% CI 2·04–3·30). Clinical presentation of Buruli ulcer was signifi cantly dependent on age and sex. 54 (9%) male patients had Buruli ulcer osteomyelitis, whereas only 28 (4%) of female patients did (OR 2·21, 95% CI 1·39–3·59). 1 year after treatment, 229 (22% of 1043 with follow-up information) patients presented with permanent functional sequelae. Presentation with oedema, osteomyelitis, or large (≥15 cm in diameter), or multifocal lesions was signifi cantly associated with occurrence of permanent functional sequelae (OR 7·64, 95% CI 5·29–11·31) and operationally defi nes severe Buruli ulcer. Interpretation Our fi ndings have important clinical implications for daily practice, including enhanced surveillance for early detection of osteomyelitis in boys; systematic search for M ulcerans in osteomyelitis cases of non-specifi c aspect in areas endemic for Buruli ulcer; and specifi c disability prevention for patients presenting with osteomyelitis, oedema, or multifocal or large lesions. Our fi ndings also suggest a crucial underestimation of the burden of Buruli ulcer in Africa and raise key questions about the contribution of environmental and physiopathological factors to the recorded heterogeneity of the clinical presentation of Buruli ulcer

Hypoxia-activated genes from early placenta are elevated in preeclampsia, but not in Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation.

BACKGROUND: As a first step to explore the possible relationships existing between the effects of low oxygen pressure in the first trimester placenta and placental pathologies developing from mid-gestation, two subtracted libraries totaling 2304 cDNA clones were constructed. For achieving this, two reciprocal suppressive/subtractive hybridization procedures (SSH) were applied to early (11 weeks) human placental villi after incubation either in normoxic or in hypoxic conditions. The clones from both libraries (1440 hypoxia-specific and 864 normoxia-specific) were spotted on nylon macroarrays. Complex cDNAs probes prepared from placental villi (either from early pregnancy, after hypoxic or normoxic culture conditions, or near term for controls or pathological placentas) were hybridized to the membranes. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty nine clones presenting a hybridization signal above the background were sequenced and shown to correspond to 276 different genes. Nine of these genes are mitochondrial, while 267 are nuclear. Specific expression profiles characteristic of preeclampsia (PE) could be identified, as well as profiles specific of Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation (IUGR). Focusing on the chromosomal distribution of the fraction of genes that responded in at least one hybridization experiment, we could observe a highly significant chromosomal clustering of 54 genes into 8 chromosomal regions, four of which containing imprinted genes. Comparative mapping data indicate that these imprinted clusters are maintained in synteny in mice, and apparently in cattle and pigs, suggesting that the maintenance of such syntenies is requested for achieving a normal placental physiology in eutherian mammals. CONCLUSION: We could demonstrate that genes induced in PE were also genes highly expressed under hypoxic conditions (P = 5 x 10(-5)), which was not the case for isolated IUGR. Highly expressed placental genes may be in syntenies conserved interspecifically, suggesting that the maintenance of such clusters is requested for achieving a normal placental physiology in eutherian mammals