Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feed for food-producing animals

Moulds are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff as well as elaborating several mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed has adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Also, mycotoxins may be carried over into meat and eggs when poultry are fed with contaminated feed. In a point prevalence study feedstuff used for poultry nutrition in Argentina was analyzed for fungal flora, natural incidence of selected mycotoxins, and nutritional quality. Ten mould genera were recovered, six of them known to be mycotoxigenic. More than 28 species were determined. Fumonisins were detected in all the samples (median 1,750 ppb). Forty-four out of 49 samples (90%) were contaminated with DON (median 222 ppb) and OTA (median 5 ppb). Also, 44 out of 49 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (median 2.685 ppb), 42 samples (86%) with ZEA (median 50 ppb), and 38 samples (78%) with T2-toxin (median 50 ppb). Ninety percent of the samples had at least one type of nutritional deficiency. This study indicates the need for continuous assessment of the mycological status of animal feed production, in order to feed animals for optimal performance ensuring food safety.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon: a preliminary study

Simultaneous measurements of outdoor and indoor pollution were performed at three schools in Lisbon. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde and NO2 were passively monitored over a two-week period. Bacterial and fungal colony-forming units and comfort parameters were also monitored at classrooms and playgrounds. The highest indoor levels of CO2 (2666 µg/m3), NO2 (40.3 µg/m3), VOCs (10.3 µg/m3), formaldehyde (1.03 µg/m3) and bioaerosols (1634 CFU/m3), and some indoor/outdoor ratios greater than unity, suggest that indoor sources and building conditions might have negative effects on air indoors. Increasing ventilation rates and use of low-emission materials would contribute towards improving indoor air quality.publishe

Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feed for food-producing animals

Moulds are capable of reducing the nutritional value of feedstuff as well as elaborating several mycotoxins. Mycotoxin-contaminated feed has adverse effects on animal health and productivity. Also, mycotoxins may be carried over into meat and eggs when poultry are fed with contaminated feed. In a point prevalence study feedstuff used for poultry nutrition in Argentina was analyzed for fungal flora, natural incidence of selected mycotoxins, and nutritional quality. Ten mould genera were recovered, six of them known to be mycotoxigenic. More than 28 species were determined. Fumonisins were detected in all the samples (median 1,750 ppb). Forty-four out of 49 samples (90%) were contaminated with DON (median 222 ppb) and OTA (median 5 ppb). Also, 44 out of 49 samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (median 2.685 ppb), 42 samples (86%) with ZEA (median 50 ppb), and 38 samples (78%) with T2-toxin (median 50 ppb). Ninety percent of the samples had at least one type of nutritional deficiency. This study indicates the need for continuous assessment of the mycological status of animal feed production, in order to feed animals for optimal performance ensuring food safety.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Determinação seletiva de tributilestanho na presença de Sn(IV) em amostras ambientais usando HG-ICP OES e Saccharomyces cerevisiae como material sorvente

A method for selective determination of tributyltin in the presence of Sn(IV) by combining hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP OES) and solid phase extraction (SPE) using baker's yeast is proposed. The procedure is based on selective retention of TBT by the yeast at pH = 6. Detection limit of 1.9 µg L-1 and quantification limit of 6.3 µg L-1 were obtained. TBT and San(IV) were determined in the range of 0-25 µg L-1 and the proposed approach was applied to analyze river water, sea water and biological extracts, with recoveries of 114, 101 and 86%, respectively

AVALIAÇÃO DA IMUNOMARCAÇÃO DA PROTEÍNA C-KIT (CD-117) EM TUMORES MAMÁRIOS CANINOS

Mammary neoplasms in dogs have a significant relevance in the veterinary clinical routine and the search for new associated factors in its etiopathogenesis and therapy is necessary to enable the study of new more effective therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of c-kit expression in benign and malignant canine mammary tumors by immunohistochemistry. The samples were evaluated for intensity staining, percentage of labeled cells, to obtain the final score. For the positive control was used a positive mastocytoma sample for c-kit expression. 32 samples of breast carcinomas and five samples of benign breast tumors were used. All tumors express c-kit, with cytoplasmic pattern. Sixteen carcinomas showed a low score of immunostaining and 16 had high scores. All benign breast tumors had high immunostaining score. Expression of c-kit was greater in tumors compared to benign malignant tumors. The anaplastic carcinomas showed high final score and grade III. suggesting greater expression in this tumor type.As neoplasias mamárias em cadelas têm uma significativa relevância na rotina clínica veterinária e a busca de novos fatores associados na sua etiopatogenia e terapêutica faz-se necessária para possibilitar o estudo de novas terapias mais eficazes. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a imunomarcação do c-kit em tumores amários caninos benignos e malignos pela técnica de imunohistoquímica. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto a sua intensidade de marcação e porcentagem de células marcadas para obtenção do escore final. Como controle positivo foi utilizada uma amostra de mastocitoma. Foram avaliadas 32 amostras previamente diagnosticadas de carcinomas mamários e cinco amostras de tumores mamários benignos. Todos os tumores apresentaram imunomarcação pelo c-kit com padrão citoplasmático. Dezesseis carcinomas apresentaram escore baixo de imunomarcação e 16 apresentaram escore alto. Em relação aos tumores mamários benignos, todos apresentaram escore de imunomarcação alto. A imunomarcação pelo c-kit foi maior nos tumores benignos quando comparados aos tumores malignos. Os carcinomas anaplásicos apresentaram escore final alto e grau III, sugerindo uma maior expressão neste tipo tumoral

Simulação computacional via ATPDraw das alternativas para expansão da capacidade de transmissão de energia elétrica na região de Jaíba e Janaúba em Minas Gerais/ Computational simulation via ATPDraw of alternatives for expanding electricity transmission capacity in the Jaíba and Janaúba region in Minas Gerais

A inserção de fontes de energia alternativas renováveis na matriz elétrica do país se torna cada vez mais presente, tornando-se necessário implantar e potencializar sistemas capazes de explorar todo o potencial elétrico das regiões onde se faz mais presente o uso deste potencial, seja ele eólico, solar ou hídrico. Todavia, para que os sistemas implantados sejam capazes de escoar o máximo de potencial elétrico de uma região, é necessário um período de análises e estudos específicos, com a utilização de critérios também específicos para cada tipo de região utilizada como referência. No caso da região norte do estado de Minas Gerais, ao observar a conexão entre os municípios de Jaíba e Janaúba, nota-se que a subestação Janaúba 3 apresenta problemas para escoamento de potencial elétrico devido a ultrapassagem dos limites de carregamento com a atual quantidade de autotransformadores presentes nesta subestação. A adição do 3° e 4° bancos de autotransformadores nesta subestação foi a solução encontrada para resolver o problema do escoamento. Sendo que, esta solução teve sua eficácia comprovada por meio de simulações realizadas pela Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE) utilizando o programa computacional Anarede, que requer a aquisição de uma licença para uso. No presente trabalho foram replicadas as mesmas simulações, porém utilizando-se o software livre ATPDraw, apresentando resultados plenamente satisfatórios em suas análises, comprovando a eficácia de sua utilização se comparando com os resultados obtidos pelo software Anarede

Quitirrisí

Producto de Trabajo Comunal UniversotarioReúne la historia de vida de algunos de los pobladores de la comunidad indígena de QuitirrisíUCR::Vicerrectoría de Acción SocialUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Histori

Quitirrisí

Producto de Trabajo Comunal UniversotarioReúne la historia de vida de algunos de los pobladores de la comunidad indígena de QuitirrisíUCR::Vicerrectoría de Acción Social::Trabajo Comunal Universitario (TCU)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Sociales::Escuela de Histori

Innate immune recognition of flagellin limits systemic persistence of Brucella

Brucella are facultative intracellular bacteria that cause chronic infections by limiting innate immune recognition. It is currently unknown whether Brucella FliC flagellin, the monomeric subunit of flagellar filament, is sensed by the host during infection. Here, we used two mutants of Brucella melitensis, either lacking or overexpressing flagellin to show that FliC hinders bacterial replication in vivo. The use of cells and mice genetically deficient for different components of inflammasomes suggested that FliC was a target of the cytosolic innate immune receptor NLRC4 in vivo but not in macrophages in vitro where the response to FliC was nevertheless dependent on the cytosolic adaptor ASC, therefore suggesting a new pathway of cytosolic flagellin sensing. However, our work also suggested that the lack of TLR5 activity of Brucella flagellin and the regulation of its synthesis and/or delivery into host cells are both part of the stealthy strategy of Brucella towards the innate immune system. Nevertheless, since a flagellin-deficient mutant of B. melitensis was found to cause histologically demonstrable injuries in the spleen of infected mice, we suggested that recognition of FliC plays a role in the immunologic standoff between Brucella and its host, which is characterized by a persistent infection with limited inflammatory pathology

FATORES QUE INFLUENCIAM A ADESÃO DA TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL (TARV)

The scope of the present work is to report the factors that influence adherence to antiretroviral therapy (TARV) and to propose strategies for the young population living with HIV. This is an integrative review, in which a search was made for studies published in the form of an article between the years 2016 to 2021. As inclusion criteria, articles were sought that deal with the following themes: I) HIV; II) AIDS; III) HIV infections; IV) Antiretroviral therapy; V) Adherence to treatment; VI) Immunosuppression; and VII) Anti-HIV Antibodies, published in Portuguese, English or Spanish and available in full text. It was observed that, in the year 2020, 27.5 million infected people received the medication. However, in individuals up to 14 years old it was shown that only 54% received it, against the global rate of 73%. Without treatment, the risk of morbidity and mortality increases, quality of life is lost, psychiatric conditions develop and costs for the health system increase. The adversities for effective treatment are the strictness of taking the medication, as well as the complex list of medication doses and their side effects; Cultural, psychological and personal issues also interfere negatively in the treatment. In conclusion, in order to address these issues and increase the young population in treatment, the incentive for self-care and reduction of socioeconomic and cultural interference, it is necessary to create clinics adapted to the adolescent public with their demands met and adherence groups where there is sharing of experiences with each other.El objetivo del presente estudio es informar los factores que influyen en el adeforefactor de la terapia antirretroviral (TARV) y proponer estrategias para la población joven que vive con el VIH. Se trata de una revisión integradora, en la que se realizó una búsqueda de estudios publicados en forma de artículo entre los años 2016 y 2021. Como criterios de inclusión, se buscaron artículos que trataran los siguientes temas: I) VIH; II) SIDA; III) Infecciones por VIH; IV) Terapia antirretroviral; V) Adherencia al tratamiento; VI) Inmunosupresión; e VII) Anticuerpos contra el VIH, publicados en portugués, español o inglés y disponibles en forma de texto completo. Se observó que en 2020, 27,5 millones de personas infectadas recibieron el medicamento. Sin embargo, en individuos de hasta 14 años de edad se demostró que solo el 54% lo recibió, contra la tasa general del 73%. Sin tratamiento, el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad aumenta, se pierde la calidad de vida, se desarrollan afecciones psiquiátricas y aumentan los costos para el sistema de salud. Entre las adversidades para un tratamiento efectivo está el rigor de tomar el medicamento, así como la compleja lista de dosis de medicamentos y sus efectos secundarios; Los problemas culturales, psicológicos y personales también provienen de la intervención negativa en el tratamiento. Se concluye que, para suplir estos temas y aumentar el subtratamiento de la población joven, el incentivo para el autocuidado y la reducción de la injerencia socioeconómica y cultural, es necesario crear clínicas adaptadas al público.O escopo do presente trabalho é relatar os fatores que influenciam a adesão da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) e propor estratégias para a população jovem convivendo com o HIV. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, na qual foi feita uma busca por estudos publicados na forma de artigo entre os anos de 2016 a 2021. Como critérios de inclusão, buscaram-se artigos que tratam das temáticas: I) HIV; II) AIDS; III) Infecções por HIV; IV) Terapia antiretroviral; V) Adesão ao tratamento; VI) Imunossupressão; e VII) Anticorpos Anti-HIV, publicados em língua portuguesa, inglesa ou espanhola e disponíveis na forma de texto completo. Observou-se que, no ano de 2020, 27,5 milhões de pessoas infectadas receberam a medicação. Entretanto, em indivíduos até 14 anos foi mostrado que apenas 54% a receberam, contra a taxa global de 73%. Sem o tratamento, aumenta-se o risco de morbimortalidade, perde-se qualidade de vida, desenvolve-se quadros psiquiátricos e o consequente aumento dos custos para o sistema de saúde. Dentre as adversidades para o tratamento de forma efetiva está a rigorosidade da tomada do medicamento, bem como a complexa lista de doses medicamentosas e seus efeitos colaterais; questões culturais, psicológicas e pessoais também vem por intervir negativamente no tratamento. Conclui-se que, para suprir essas questões e aumentar a população jovem em tratamento, o incentivo para o autocuidado e redução da interferência socioeconômica e cultural, é necessário a criação de clínicas adaptadas para o público adolescentes com suas demandas atendidas e de grupos de adesão onde haja compartilhamento de experiências entre si