Educação moral: o aprender e o ensinar sobre justiça na escola

A educação moral é um tema importante do ponto de vista da área da moralidade, visto que aprender e ensinar valores morais estão entre as ações que promovem a humanização do homem, tanto no sentido moral (respondendo à pergunta como devo viver?), quanto no sentido ético (em resposta à questão que vida quero viver?). A educação moral pode acontecer em diferentes contextos sociais. A presente pesquisa enfoca a escola. Além disso, a referida educação envolve diversos temas morais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como aprenderam aqueles que ensinam, e como ensinam aqueles que aprenderam o valor moral da justiça. Para isso, entrevistamos vinte professoras do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental de cinco diferentes escolas particulares do município de Vitória, Espírito Santo, buscando identificar como elas julgam ter aprendido sobre justiça durante sua vida escolar e como julgam que ensinam esse valor moral em suas práticas pedagógicas. Nossa proposta incluiu, ainda, averiguar se houve mudanças nas práticas mencionadas e, em caso afirmativo, analisar tais transformações. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das professoras relata que aprendeu sobre o valor moral da justiça por meio de ações impositivas. A forma pela qual elas julgam que ensinam esse valor manifesta-se em exemplos em que a imposição ainda está presente, mesmo que esteja relacionada a conversas, revelando que as professoras ensinam do modo como aprenderam. Esses dados podem contribuir para a intervenção na prática pedagógica de tais profissionais e para o aprimoramento de sua formação, possibilitando a ruptura do círculo vicioso de aprender e ensinar por meio da imposição.Moral education is an important theme from the point of view of the field of morality, since learning and teaching moral values are among the actions that promote the humanization of man, both in its moral sense (answering the question how should I live?), and in the ethical sense (answering the question what life do I want to live?). Moral education can happen within different social contexts. The present research focuses on the school. The study of this kind of education involves several moral themes. The objective of this research was to investigate how those who teach have themselves learned, and how those who learned the moral value of justice teach. For that, we interviewed 20 teachers from the sixth to the ninth year of fundamental education from five private schools of the city of Vitória, Espírito Santo, trying to identify how they thought they had learned about justice during their school lives and how they reckoned they taught this moral value in their pedagogical practices. Our proposal included also to investigate the existence of changes in the practices mentioned above and, if so, to analyze such transformations. The results demonstrate that most teachers describe that they have learned about the moral value of justice through mandatory actions. The way in which they believe they teach about this value is manifested in examples in which imposition is still present, even if related to conversations, revealing that teachers teach the way they learned. This information can contribute to intervene in the pedagogical practice of these professionals and to improve their education, helping to break up the vicious circle of learning and teaching through imposition

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Neuroproteção na ressecção cirúrgica de gliomas cerebrais: revisão da evidência atual

Os gliomas cerebrais são tumores primários do sistema nervoso central que se desenvolvem a partir de células gliais e têm alta morbimortalidade. Seu tratamento padrão envolve a ressecção cirúrgica, radioterapia e quimioterapia, os quais possivelmente podem levar os pacientes a um prognóstico desfavorável. Nesse contexto, a neuroproteção entra como uma aliada para minimizar os efeitos colaterais da ressecção cirúrgica e melhorar a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir sobre a evidência atual da neuroproteção na ressecção cirúrgica de gliomas cerebrais. Para isso, foram selecionados quatro artigos que que abordavam sobre a evidência atual da neuroproteção na ressecção cirúrgica de gliomas cerebrais, por meio de uma estratégia de busca com recorte temporal entre 2014 e 2023, nas bases de dados PubMed (Medline), Embase e Cochrane Library. Os resultados indicam que o grupo de pacientes que recebeu dexmedetomidina apresentou melhora significativa na cognição e redução da inflamação cerebral em comparação com o grupo-controle pós-ressecção dos gliomas cerebrais, além de menor incidência de efeitos colaterais anestésicos, como náusea e vômitos (p < 0,05). Ademais, foi observado que a modulação da via metabólica do glutamato/glutamina pode inibir o crescimento de gliomas e proteger o parênquima cerebral. Nesse sentido, as evidências atuais indicam que proteger as células nervosas é uma estratégia importante para minimizar os efeitos colaterais da ressecção cirúrgica de gliomas cerebrais, e a dexmedetomidina e a co-cultura de células de glioma e astrócitos que aumenta a concentração extracelular de glutamato e glutamina parecem ser importantes aliadas nessa profilaxia

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Aspectos anatomopatológicos da miocardite chagásica aguda por transmissão oral

Vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has declined in Latinpt_B America, which has been attributed to better epidemiological control of this form of transmission, estimated at 8 to 10 million chronic cases, in addition to reducing the number of new cases.1,2 However, there has been an increase in the incidence of acute cases, predominantly by oral transmission due to the ingestion of food contaminated with feces of triatomids, both in isolated cases and in family micro-outbreaks.3 Necropsy studies that describe myocarditis in the acute phase of Chagas' disease are scarce and the existing reports in the literature are of studies carried out in the past decades and involve vector transmission in endemic areas. Cardiac involvement in the acute phase may have varied aspects, especially in relation to myocardial lesion, from an undetectable one, to the evolution to acute heart failure with severe myocarditis and death. Cardiac involvement is present in 90% of the cases, manifesting with myocarditis and pericardial effusion.4,5 The analysis of a series of acute myocarditis cases showed a mortality of 5.6%.A transmissão vetorial do Tripanossoma cruzi tem diminuído em países da América Latina, o que tem sido atribuído ao melhor controle epidemiológico dessa forma de transmissão, estimada em 8 a 10 milhões de casos crônicos, além da redução do número de casos novos.1,2 No entanto, ocorre o crescimento da incidência de casos agudos, predominando a transmissão por via oral, devido à ingesta de alimentos contaminados com fezes de triatomíneos, tanto em apresentações de casos isolados quanto em surtos de microepidemia familiar.3 Estudos de necrópsia que descrevem a miocardite na fase aguda da doença de Chagas são escassos, e os relatos existentes na literatura são de décadas passadas e envolviam a transmissão vetorial nas áreas endêmicas. O comprometimento cardíaco na fase aguda pode ter aspectos variados, principalmente em relação à lesão miocárdica, desde inaparente até evolução para insuficiência cardíaca aguda, com miocardite grave e óbito. O envolvimento cardíaco está presente em 90%, manifestando-se com miocardite e derrame pericárdico.4,5 A análise de série de casos de miocardite aguda apresentou mortalidade de 5,6%.ARAUJO, M. T. F.; SANTOS, P. R. S. G.; FURTADO JUNIOR, J. C. B.; FIGUEIREDO, M. T. S. Universidade Federal do Par

ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF RAW MILK CONSUMPTION RELATED TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING

This study aimed to identify the risks of staphylococcal food poisoning due to the consumption of raw milk. Fifty-one farms in Londrina (PR) and 50 in Pelotas (RS) were analyzed, to determinethe population of coagulase-positive staphylococci (UFC/ mL), as well as to verify the ability of producing Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) by immunodifusion (OSP), the presence of the gene for the production of SEA (PCR) in the cultures, and the research of enterotoxin (SEA to SEE) in milk samples using ELISA commercial kit. Considering the 101 farms analyzed, 19 (18.8%) presented coagulase-positive staphylococci count above 105 UFC/mL. For the evaluation of the enterotoxigenic ability (SEA) by the OSP technique, six cultures coagulase-positive (5.5%) were positive to the test and identified as S. aureus. From the coagualse-negative sample, one (5.5%) was OSP positive. For the evaluation of the presence of the gene for EEA synthesis, 51 cultures of staphylococci were tested. From this total, 14 (27.45%) presented the gene, and from that, only 5 (9.81%) cultures were capable of expressing it in the technique of the OSP. The morphologiccharacteristic of the evaluated cultures that had enterotoxigenic capacity, from the 14 (33,3%) cultures that presented the gene for EEA production, 05 (11.9%) were characterized as typical cultures of S.aureus in Baird Parker agar. All the 12 milk samples studied for the presence of EEA to EEE in milk were negative. Thus, it can be concluded that there is extensive contamination of raw milk for staphylococci coagulase, however, most of the isolated strains were not enterotoxigenic or did not express such a characteristic. Only 9.81% of the tested colonies expressed the gene and effectivelyproduced SEA. None of the samples had sufficient counts to produce detectable amounts of SEA. The milk samples did not present risk to cause staphylococcal food poisoning if consumed in natura until the collection moment

Assessment of the risk of raw milk consumption related to staphylococcal food poisoning

This study aimed to identify the risks of staphylococcal food poisoning due to the consumption of raw milk. Fifty-one farms in Londrina (PR) and 50 in Pelotas (RS) were analyzed, to determine the population of coagulase-positive staphylococci (UFC/ mL), as well as to verify the ability of producing Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) by immunodifusion (OSP), the presence of the gene for the production of SEA (PCR) in the cultures, and the research of enterotoxin (SEA to SEE) in milk samples using ELISA commercial kit. Considering the 101 farms analyzed, 19 (18.8%) presented coagulase-positive staphylococci count above 105 UFC/mL. For the evaluation of the enterotoxigenic ability (SEA) by the OSP technique, six cultures coagulase-positive (5.5%) were positive to the test and identified as S. aureus. From the coagualse-negative sample, one (5.5%) was OSP positive. For the evaluation of the presence of the gene for EEA synthesis, 51 cultures of staphylococci were tested. From this total, 14 (27.45%) presented the gene, and from that, only 5 (9.81%) cultures were capable of expressing it in the technique of the OSP. The morphologic characteristic of the evaluated cultures that had enterotoxigenic capacity, from the 14 (33,3%) cultures that presented the gene for EEA production, 05 (11.9%) were characterized as typical cultures of S.aureus in Baird Parker agar. All the 12 milk samples studied for the presence of EEA to EEE in milk were negative. Thus, it can be concluded that there is extensive contamination of raw milk for staphylococci coagulase, however, most of the isolated strains were not enterotoxigenic or did not express such a characteristic. Only 9.81% of the tested colonies expressed the gene and effectively produced SEA. None of the samples had sufficient counts to produce detectable amounts of SEA. The milk samples did not present risk to cause staphylococcal food poisoning if consumed in natura until the collection moment.Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os riscos de intoxicação estafilocócica pelo consumo de leite cru. Foram analisadas amostras de 51 propriedades em Londrina (PR) e 50 em Pelotas (RS), com o objetivo de determinar a população de estafilococos coagulase-positivos (UFC/mL) em leite, verificar a capacidade de produzir enterotoxina estafilocócica A (EEA) através do teste de imunodifusão (OSP), a presença do gene para produção EEA (PCR) nas culturas isoladas e a pesquisa de enterotoxina (EEA a EEE) nas amostras de leite através do kit comercial ELISA. Das 101 amostras, 19 (18,8%) apresentaram contagens de estafilococos coagulase positivos (ECP) acima de 105 UFC/mL. Quanto à capacidade enterotoxigênica das culturas isoladas (OSP), seis culturas produtoras de coagulase (5,5%) foram positivas no teste e identificadas como S. aureus. Das amostras coagulase negativas, 1 foi positiva no OSP (5,5%). Quanto à presença do gene para síntese de EEA, das 51 culturas de estafilococos testadas, 14 (27,45%) apresentaram o gene, sendo que, destas, somente 5 (9,81%) culturas foram capazes de expressá-lo na técnica do OSP. Quanto à característica morfológica das culturas avaliadas para a capacidade enterotoxigênica, 14 (33,3%) culturas que apresentaram o gene para produção de EEA foram caracterizadas como culturas típicas de S. aureus no ágar Baird Parker. Das amostras (12) utilizadas para pesquisa de EEA a EEE no leite, em nenhuma se detectou a presença de EE. Pode-se concluir que há extensa contaminação do leite cru por estafilococos coagulase-positivos, embora a maioria das colônias isoladas não fosse enterotoxigê- nica ou não expressasse esta característica. Somente 9,81% das colônias testadas expressaram o gene e efetivamente produziram EEA. Nenhuma das amostras apresentou enterotoxina detectável no leite. As amostras de leite testadas não apresentaram risco de causar intoxicação estafilocócica (EEA) se consumidas in natura até o momento da coleta