Larval transcriptomes reflect the evolutionary history of plant-insect associations

In this study, we investigated whether patterns of gene expression in larvae feeding on different plants can explain important aspects of the evolution of insect-plant associations, such as phylogenetic conservatism of host use and re-colonization of ancestral hosts that have been lost from the host repertoire. To this end, we performed a phylogenetically informed study comparing the transcriptomes of 4 nymphalid butterfly species in Polygonia and the closely related genus Nymphalis. Larvae were reared on Urtica dioica, Salix spp., and Ribes spp. Plant-specific gene expression was found to be similar across butterfly species, even in the case of host plants that are no longer used by two of the butterfly species. These results suggest that plant-specific transcriptomes can be robust over evolutionary time. We propose that adaptations to particular larval food plants can profitably be understood as an evolved set of modules of co-expressed genes, promoting conservatism in host use and facilitating re-colonization. Moreover, we speculate that the degree of overlap between plant-specific transcriptomes may correlate with the strength of trade-offs between plants as resources and hence to the probability of colonizing hosts and complete host shifts

Larval transcriptomes reflect the evolutionary history of plant-insect associations

In this study, we investigated whether patterns of gene expression in larvae feeding on different plants can explain important aspects of the evolution of insect-plant associations, such as phylogenetic conservatism of host use and re-colonization of ancestral hosts that have been lost from the host repertoire. To this end, we performed a phylogenetically informed study comparing the transcriptomes of 4 nymphalid butterfly species in Polygonia and the closely related genus Nymphalis. Larvae were reared on Urtica dioica, Salix spp., and Ribes spp. Plant-specific gene expression was found to be similar across butterfly species, even in the case of host plants that are no longer used by two of the butterfly species. These results suggest that plant-specific transcriptomes can be robust over evolutionary time. We propose that adaptations to particular larval food plants can profitably be understood as an evolved set of modules of co-expressed genes, promoting conservatism in host use and facilitating re-colonization. Moreover, we speculate that the degree of overlap between plant-specific transcriptomes may correlate with the strength of trade-offs between plants as resources and hence to the probability of colonizing hosts and complete host shifts

Mechanisms of Localized Corrosion Inhibition of AA2024 by Cerium Molybdate Nanowires

The cerium molybdate nanowires were recently reported as an efficient inhibiting pigment for aluminum alloys. In the present work, the inhibition mechanism of localized corrosion of S-phase intermetallics in AA2024 was studied in detail using a complementary combination of localized and analytical techniques. A significant suppression of dealloying of S-phase was demonstrated in the presence of cerium molybdate nanowires. Microscopic observations dearly show the formation of a conversion layer on the entire alloy surface after immersion in nanowire-containing solutions. A noticeable Volta potential difference (VPD) increase up to around -0.25 V vs Ni reference was measured on alloy after immersion in inhibited solutions. Such VPD changes have been related to the presence of Mo oxides on the alloy surface. Analysis performed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the surface oxide film is mainly composed by Mo(VI) and/or Mo(IV) oxides, and cerium(M) and cerium(IV), and aluminum oxides/hydroxides. A model galvanic couple made of aluminum and copper wires was used to simulate corrosion inhibition processes on S-phase intermetallics and alloy matrix. An enhanced inhibition efficiency of cerium molybdate was observed in electrolytes with higher concentration of sodium chloride. This was associated with the structural transformation of amorphous cerium molybdate nanowires into crystalline (NaCe)(0.5)MoO4 in concentrated NaCl solution, thereby triggering the release of cerium(III). This active feedback release can be used for development of \"smart\" self-healing coatings with inhibition triggered by the presence of corrosive salts in environment