EFETIVIDADE NO ENSINO SUPERIOR BRASILEIRO: APLICAÇÃO DE MODELOS MULTINÍVEL À ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS DO EXAME NACIONAL DE CURSOS

This study analyses the impact of institutional characteristics on the students' performance in the National Examination of Higher Education Courses (Provão). A sample of more than 92500 students from Management, Law and Civil Engineering who had made the tests in the year 2000 was analyzed. Multilevel models have been fitted because these data present an evident hierarchical structure. Regarding individual aspects, one noted a nonlinear relation between economic condition and students´ performance. The contribution of higher levels of income on the performance had a limit, from which, the impacts were negative. As far as the institutional aspects are concerned, one found a positive impact on pupils´ performance of a teaching staff with higher percentage of PhDs and Masters, where there were better work conditions for the faculty and where research activities were used as a teaching/learning strategy. The students' participation in additional activities called "de extensão" had positive effects on their performance. Besides, this kind of activities generated an attenuating effect on the negative impact of the less favorable socioeconomic condition of the student. If the student had a familiar income less than R$454,00, its performance, in average, tend to be 3,6 points inferior to the one with familiar income higher than of R$ 7.550,00. However, if he participated in additional activities this difference will be reduced to approximately 2 points. If, additionally, the teaching staff shows more dedication and hard work, this difference will be reduced to 1 point.

Efetividade no Ensino Superior Brasileiro:Aplicação de Modelos Multinível À Análise dos Resultados do Exame Nacional de Cursos

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o impacto de características institucionais sobre o desempenho dos alunos no Exame Nacional de Cursos (Provão). Uma amostra de mais de 74.000 alunos das áreas de Administração, Direito e Engenharia Civil que realizaram os exames no ano de 2000 foi analisada. Foram estimados modelos multinível, pois estes dados apresentam uma nítida estrutura hierárquica. Relativamente aos aspectos individuais, verificou-se a existência de um padrão não-linear na relação entre a condição econômica dos alunos e o seu desempenho. A contribuição de níveis superiores de renda sobre o desempenho dos alunos possui um limite, a partir do qual, observam-se, inclusive, impactos negativos. Em relação aos aspectos institucionais, encontraram-se efeitos positives provenientes da maior qualificação e das melhores condições de trabalho para o corpo docente e da utilização de atividades de pesquisa como estratégia de ensino/aprendizagem. A participação em atividades de extensão, além de afetar positivamente o desempenho dos alunos, gera um efeito atenuador sobre o impacto negativo resultante da condição socioeconômica desfavorável do aluno. Verificou-se que se o aluno tinha uma renda familiar até R$454,00, seu desempenho, em média, tenderia a ser 3,6 pontos inferior ao de alunos com renda familiar superior a R$ 7.550,00. Porém, se ele participar de atividades de extensão essa diferença se reduzirá para aproximadamente 2 pontos e, se todos os docentes mostrarem empenho e dedicação, a diferença se situará na faixa de 1 ponto.Ensino Superior, Modelos Multinível, Provão, Efetividade Institucional

Qualidade do gasto público municipal em ensino fundamental no Brasil

Quality of municipal public spending on primary education in Brazil. The focus of this paper was to analyze the relationship between municipal public education spending and students' academic achievement, evaluated according to IDEB (Index of Basic Education Development) of 2005. The following databases were used: School Census 2005, Brazil Exam (mathematics evaluation applied to students from fourth grade of elementary school) and Finance of Brazil (FINBRA). A multilevel model was estimated and the results suggest that simply increasing the percentage of municipal expenditures on education or the percentage of spending on primary education in relation to municipal expenditures on education do not automatically guarantee improvements in the quality of education

Desigualdade de oportunidades no ensino médio: ENEM

Este artigo pretende contribuir ao debate sobre a existência e o nível de desigualdades de oportunidades existentes em relação ao conhecimento adquirido no Ensino Médio no Brasil. Para tanto, foram analisados os microdados produzidos pelo desempenho dos estudantes na prova do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) do ano de 2005. Os resultados indicaram que entre indivíduos mais velhos as desigualdades parecem ser predominantemente influenciadas por variáveis associadas a heterogeneidades relacionadas a diferenças de esforço ou mesmo de habilidades. Adicionalmente, foi possível verificar que os indicadores para indivíduos do sexo masculino em todas as categorias analisadas tendem a ser ligeiramente inferiores do que aqueles encontrados para as mulheres

Obesidade e o sucesso no mercado de trabalho utilizando a POF 2008-2009

O peso dos brasileiros vem aumentando nos últimos anos. A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 levantou que o país tinha cerca de 38,6 milhões de pessoas com peso acima do recomendado, o equivalente a 40,6% de sua população adulta. Deste total, 10,5 milhões eram obesos. Na POF 2008-2009, o excesso de peso em homens adultos saltou para 50,1% e ultrapassou, em 2008-2009, o das mulheres, que foi para 48%. Pretende-se verificar, de forma preliminar, se há relação entre obesidade nos salários através de uma análise empírica de modelos de regressão multivariada e de probabilidade de emprego. Foram utilizados microdados da POF 2008-2009. Os resultados indicam diferentes efeitos do IMC sobre salários e emprego para homens e mulheres. O efeito do IMC tanto sobre o salário e como sobre a probabilidade de emprego assume uma relação significativa positiva para homens e um impacto negativo para as mulheres. Para homens, verificamos que estar em situação de obesidade está associado a um prêmio de probabilidade de emprego de 2,2 pontos percentuais enquanto para mulheres, a mesma condição está associada a uma penalidade na probabilidade de emprego de 4,3 pontos percentuais

The Effects of Processing Non-Timber Forest Products and Trade Partnerships on People's Well-Being and Forest Conservation in Amazonian Societies

This study evaluated whether processing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and establishing trade partnerships between forest communities and companies enhance the outcomes of NTFP commercialization. In particular, we evaluated whether product processing, partnerships, or their combination was associated with a number of outcomes related to the well-being of forest inhabitants and forest conservation. We based our analyses on ethnographic and quantitative data (i.e., survey and systematic observations) gathered at seven communities from five societies of the Brazilian and Bolivian Amazon. Our results indicated that product processing and partnerships do not represent a silver bullet able to improve the results of NTFP commercialization in terms of well-being and conservation indicators. Compared with cases without interventions, households adopting partnerships but not product processing were most often associated with improved economic proxies of well-being (total income, NTFP income, food consumption and gender equality in income). In comparison, the combination of product processing and partnerships was associated with similar outcomes. Unexpectedly, product processing alone was associated with negative outcomes in the economic indicators of well-being. All of the investigated strategies were associated with less time spent in social and cultural activities. With respect to forest conservation, the strategies that included a partnership with or without processing produced similar results: while household deforestation tended to decrease, the hunting impact increased. Processing alone was also associated with higher levels of hunting, though it did not reduce deforestation. Our results indicate that establishing partnerships may enhance the outcomes of NTFP trade in terms of the financial outcomes of local communities, but practitioners need to use caution when adopting the processing strategy and they need to evaluate potential negative results for indicators of social and cultural activities. With respect to conservation, the three strategies are promising for reducing deforestation, but more pervasive impacts, such as hunting, might increase.Rainforest Alliance (USA)Rainforest Alliance (USA)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Brazil) [Fapesp 2005/01288-1, 2007/06844]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Brazil)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil) [CAPES AUX-PE-DGU 744/2010]National Science FoundationAnthropology (USA)National Science Foundation-Anthropology (USA)Direccion General das Universidades Espanholas (Spain)Direccion General das Universidades Espanholas (Spain) [HBP2009-0014

Exit and Failure of Credit Unions in Brazil: A Risk Analysis

Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar os fatores que afetam a saída do mercado das cooperativas de crédito singulares brasileiras de 1995 a 2009; ele também identifica e lista os determinantes dos diversos tipos de saída do mercado e analisa se a rentabilidade é um fator significativo para a sobrevivência da cooperativa de crédito. Este estudo foi realizado com dados contábeis fornecidos pelo Banco Central do Brasil, derivados apenas das cooperativas individuais, ou seja, as cooperativas de crédito singulares. As demonstrações financeiras trimestrais dessas cooperativas de crédito que estavam ativas desde 1995 até o segundo trimestre de 2009 foram empregadas, totalizando 71.325 observações para 1.929 cooperativas de crédito. Com base em modelos de sobrevivência e no modelo de riscos competitivos (como os modelos de Cox, Exponencial, Weibull, Gompertz e Risco Competitivo), os resultados demonstram que não há evidências estatísticas que garantam uma correlação entre rentabilidade e sobrevivência da cooperativa de crédito. Os resultados também sugerem que o porte das cooperativas de crédito desempenha um papel fundamental para sua sobrevivência e longevidade e que seu financiamento e sua gestão de investimentos estão relacionados à sua sobrevivência e ao seu risco de saída do mercado. Em conclusão, os resultados confirmam a ideia inicial de que a dualidade inerente às cooperativas de crédito - princípios cooperativos versus eficiência econômica - poderia influenciar a estabilidade, sobrevivência e longevidade dessas instituições. Tais resultados também podem implicar que uma cooperativa de crédito que adota a lógica de um banco privado ficará mais distante de seus membros, algo que prejudicará suas futuras operações e aumentará a probabilidade de sua saída do mercado.This study aims to investigate the factors that affect the market exit of Brazilian singular credit unions from 1995 to 2009; it also identifies and lists the determinants of various types of market exits and analyzes whether profitability is a significant factor for credit union survival. This study was conducted with accounting data provided by the Central Bank of Brazil, which derives only from individual cooperatives, i.e. singular credit unions. Quarterly financial statements from these credit unions that were active from 1995 to the second quarter of 2009 were employed, totaling 71,325 observations for 1,929 credit unions. Based on survival and the model of competing risks (such as the Cox, Exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, and Competing Risk models), the results show that there is no statistical evidence to ensure a correlation between profitability and credit union survival. The results also suggest that the size of credit unions plays a key role in their survival and longevity and that their funding and investment management are related to their survival and risk of market exit. In conclusion, the results confirm the initial idea that the duality inherent to credit unions - cooperative principles versus economic efficiency - might influence the stability, survival, and longevity of these institutions. Such results may also imply that a credit union embracing the rationale of a private bank will become more estranged from its members, something which will hinder its future operations and increase the likelihood of its exit from the market

Primary care coverage and individual health : evidence from a likelihood model using biomarkers in Brazil

BACKGROUND: Although the use of biomarkers to assess health outcomes has recently gained momentum, literature is still scarce for low- to middle-income countries. This paper explores the relationship between primary care coverage and individual health in Brazil using a dataset of blood-based biomarkers collected by the Brazilian National Health Survey. Both survey data and laboratory results were crossed with coverage data from the Family Health Strategy (ESF) program, the most important primary care program in Brazil; the coverage measures aim to capture both direct (household) and indirect (spill-over) effects. METHODS: The empirical strategy used a probit model to estimate the relationship between ESF program coverage and the likelihood of abnormal biomarker levels while controlling for a rich set of individual and household characteristics based on data from the national survey. RESULTS: Household ESF coverage was associated with a lower likelihood of abnormal results for biomarkers related to anemia (marginal effect between − 2.16 and − 2.18 percentage points), kidney failure (between − 1.01 and − 1.19 p.p.), and arterial hypertension (between − 1.48 and − 1.64 p.p). The likelihood of abnormal levels of white blood cells and thrombocytes was negatively related to primary care coverage (marginal effect between − 1.8 and − 2 p.p.). The spillover effects were relevant for kidney failure and arterial hypertension, depending on the regional level. Although not sensitive to household coverage, diabetes mellitus was negatively associated with the state supply of primary care, and abnormal cholesterol levels did not present any relationship with ESF program coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of spillover effects of ESF program coverage regarding these conditions reveals that the strengthening of primary care by increasing the household registration and the regional density of ESF teams is an efficient strategy to address important comorbidities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-021-07329-9

COVID-19 and violence against women : Current knowledge, gaps, and implications for public policy

On a global scale, 1 in 3 women experience physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, and women of disadvantaged backgrounds are at an even higher risk. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, data have shown that violence against women (VAW) has intensified. In this paper, we review an emerging literature evaluating the impact of stay-at-home measures implemented to curb the spread of COVID-19 on VAW in low and middle-income countries. We classify existing studies into three categories based on the quality of data and reliability of the empirical methodology: “causal”, “less causal” and “not causal. Overall, the most rigorous literature on low- and middle-income countries provides evidence of increases in calls to domestic violence hotlines and drops in police reports. Differences in the types of violence analysed (physical, sexual, psychological, or economic) and the challenges associated with reporting these types of VAW contribute to the mixed results. The main methodological limitations faced by this literature relate to data availability and the ability to distinguish the effects of social isolation from those associated with income and emotional shocks induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper highlights the need for innovative methods and data to better understand the unintended VAW consequences of movement restrictions and reliably effective policy responses to this major social and public health challenge

Risk factors and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with hematological malignancies

Background: Prognostic factors of poor outcome in patients with hematological malignancies and COVID-19 are poorly defned. Patients and methods: This was a Spanish transplant group and cell therapy (GETH) multicenter retrospective observational study, which included a large cohort of blood cancer patients with laboratory-confrmed SARS-CoV-2 infection through PCR assays from March 1st 2020 to May 15th 2020. Results: We included 367 pediatric and adult patients with hematological malignancies, including recipients of autologous (ASCT) (n=58) or allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) (n=65) from 41 hospitals in Spain. Median age of patients was 64 years (range 1-93.8). Recipients of ASCT and allo-SCT showed lower mortality rates (17% and 18%, respectively) compared to non-SCT patients (31%) (p=0.02). Prognostic factors identifed for day 45 overall mortality (OM) by logistic regression multivariate analysis included age>70 years [odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% con‑ fdence interval (CI) 1.2-3.8, p=0.011]; uncontrolled hematological malignancy (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.2, p20 mg/dL (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.4, p<0.0001). In multivariate analysis of 216 patients with very severe COVID-19, treatment with azithromycin or low dose corticosteroids was associated with lower OM (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.2-0.89 and OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.87, respectively, p=0.02) whereas the use of hidroxycloroquine did not show signifcant improvement in OM (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.37-1.1, P=0.1). Conclusions: In most patients with hematological malignancies COVID-19 mortality was directly driven by older age, disease status, performance status, as well as by immune (neutropenia) parameters and level of infammation (high CRP). Use of azithromycin and low dose corticosteroids may be of value in very severe COVID-19